Arnold J. Wilkins
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198521747
- eISBN:
- 9780191706691
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521747.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This book provides the first general neurological theory of visual discomfort. The theory attributes the experience of visual discomfort to the strong physiological excitation that certain visual ...
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This book provides the first general neurological theory of visual discomfort. The theory attributes the experience of visual discomfort to the strong physiological excitation that certain visual stimuli give rise to, and the effects of such excitation when the visual cortex of the brain is hyperexcitable. Cortical hyperexcitability is now thought to occur in migraine as well as in epilepsy and other neurological disorders in which seizures are relatively common, such as autism. The theory explains why visual discomfort is experienced from flicker and from striped patterns; why fluorescent lighting and visual display terminals cause headaches; and why reading can give you tired eyes. The theory is based on the observation that people find certain specific visual patterns uncomfortable to look at, and that these same patterns can induce seizures in patients with photosensitive epilepsy. The spatial and temporal characteristics of the unpleasant visual stimuli are described in detail. The theory is applied to the design of lighting, the design of text, and indeed to design more generally. The use of ophthalmic tints to treat visual stress is introduced, and techniques for its prevention are discussed.Less
This book provides the first general neurological theory of visual discomfort. The theory attributes the experience of visual discomfort to the strong physiological excitation that certain visual stimuli give rise to, and the effects of such excitation when the visual cortex of the brain is hyperexcitable. Cortical hyperexcitability is now thought to occur in migraine as well as in epilepsy and other neurological disorders in which seizures are relatively common, such as autism. The theory explains why visual discomfort is experienced from flicker and from striped patterns; why fluorescent lighting and visual display terminals cause headaches; and why reading can give you tired eyes. The theory is based on the observation that people find certain specific visual patterns uncomfortable to look at, and that these same patterns can induce seizures in patients with photosensitive epilepsy. The spatial and temporal characteristics of the unpleasant visual stimuli are described in detail. The theory is applied to the design of lighting, the design of text, and indeed to design more generally. The use of ophthalmic tints to treat visual stress is introduced, and techniques for its prevention are discussed.
Wolfram Hinzen
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199289257
- eISBN:
- 9780191706424
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289257.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This book introduces generative grammar as an area of study, asking what it tells us about the human mind. It lays the foundation for the unification of modern generative linguistics with the ...
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This book introduces generative grammar as an area of study, asking what it tells us about the human mind. It lays the foundation for the unification of modern generative linguistics with the philosophies of mind and language. It introduces Chomsky's program of a ‘minimalist’ syntax as a novel explanatory vision of the human mind. It explains how the Minimalist Program originated from work in cognitive science, biology, linguistics, and philosophy, and examines its implications for work in these fields. It also considers the way the human mind is designed when seen as an arrangement of structural patterns in nature, and argues that its design is the product not so much of adaptive evolutionary history as of principles and processes that are historical and internalist in character. The book suggests that linguistic meaning arises in the mind as a consequence of structures emerging on formal rather than functional grounds. From this, the book substantiates an unexpected and deeply unfashionable notion of human nature. It also provides an insight into the nature and aims of Chomsky's Minimalist Program.Less
This book introduces generative grammar as an area of study, asking what it tells us about the human mind. It lays the foundation for the unification of modern generative linguistics with the philosophies of mind and language. It introduces Chomsky's program of a ‘minimalist’ syntax as a novel explanatory vision of the human mind. It explains how the Minimalist Program originated from work in cognitive science, biology, linguistics, and philosophy, and examines its implications for work in these fields. It also considers the way the human mind is designed when seen as an arrangement of structural patterns in nature, and argues that its design is the product not so much of adaptive evolutionary history as of principles and processes that are historical and internalist in character. The book suggests that linguistic meaning arises in the mind as a consequence of structures emerging on formal rather than functional grounds. From this, the book substantiates an unexpected and deeply unfashionable notion of human nature. It also provides an insight into the nature and aims of Chomsky's Minimalist Program.
Herman Cappelen and Ernest Lepore
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231195
- eISBN:
- 9780191710810
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231195.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This book examines what happens when language becomes self-reflexive; when language is used to talk about language. Those who think, talk, and write about language are habitual users of various ...
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This book examines what happens when language becomes self-reflexive; when language is used to talk about language. Those who think, talk, and write about language are habitual users of various meta-linguistic devices, but reliance on these devices begins early — kids are told, “That's called a rabbit”. It's not implausible that a primitive capacity for the meta-linguistic kicks in at the beginning stages of language acquisition. But no matter when or how frequently these devices are invoked, one thing is clear: they present theorists of language with a complex data pattern. This book shows that the study of these devices and patterns not only represents an interesting and neglected project in the philosophy of language, but also carries important consequences for other parts of philosophy. Part I is devoted to presenting data about various aspects of our meta-linguistic practices. In Part II, the book examines and rejects the four leading meta-linguistic theories, and offers a new account of our use of quotation in a variety of different contexts. But the primary goal of this book is not to promote one theory over another. Rather, it is to present a deeply puzzling set of problems and explain their significance.Less
This book examines what happens when language becomes self-reflexive; when language is used to talk about language. Those who think, talk, and write about language are habitual users of various meta-linguistic devices, but reliance on these devices begins early — kids are told, “That's called a rabbit”. It's not implausible that a primitive capacity for the meta-linguistic kicks in at the beginning stages of language acquisition. But no matter when or how frequently these devices are invoked, one thing is clear: they present theorists of language with a complex data pattern. This book shows that the study of these devices and patterns not only represents an interesting and neglected project in the philosophy of language, but also carries important consequences for other parts of philosophy. Part I is devoted to presenting data about various aspects of our meta-linguistic practices. In Part II, the book examines and rejects the four leading meta-linguistic theories, and offers a new account of our use of quotation in a variety of different contexts. But the primary goal of this book is not to promote one theory over another. Rather, it is to present a deeply puzzling set of problems and explain their significance.
Wilfrid S. Kendall and Ilya Molchanov (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199232574
- eISBN:
- 9780191716393
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232574.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Geometry / Topology
Stochastic geometry is a subject with roots stretching back at least 300 years, but one which has only been formed as an academic area in the last 50 years. It covers the study of random patterns, ...
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Stochastic geometry is a subject with roots stretching back at least 300 years, but one which has only been formed as an academic area in the last 50 years. It covers the study of random patterns, their probability theory, and the challenging problems raised by their statistical analysis. It has grown rapidly in response to challenges in all kinds of applied science, from image analysis through to materials science. Recently, still more stimulus has arisen from exciting new links with rapidly developing areas of mathematics, from fractals through percolation theory to randomized allocation schemes. Coupled with many ongoing developments arising from all sorts of applications, the area is changing and developing rapidly. This book is intended to lay foundations for future research directions by collecting together seventeen chapters contributed by leading researchers in the field, both theoreticians and people involved in applications, surveying these new developments both in theory and in applications. It will introduce and lay foundations for appreciating the fresh perspectives, new ideas, and interdisciplinary connections now arising from stochastic geometry and from other areas of mathematics now connecting to this area.Less
Stochastic geometry is a subject with roots stretching back at least 300 years, but one which has only been formed as an academic area in the last 50 years. It covers the study of random patterns, their probability theory, and the challenging problems raised by their statistical analysis. It has grown rapidly in response to challenges in all kinds of applied science, from image analysis through to materials science. Recently, still more stimulus has arisen from exciting new links with rapidly developing areas of mathematics, from fractals through percolation theory to randomized allocation schemes. Coupled with many ongoing developments arising from all sorts of applications, the area is changing and developing rapidly. This book is intended to lay foundations for future research directions by collecting together seventeen chapters contributed by leading researchers in the field, both theoreticians and people involved in applications, surveying these new developments both in theory and in applications. It will introduce and lay foundations for appreciating the fresh perspectives, new ideas, and interdisciplinary connections now arising from stochastic geometry and from other areas of mathematics now connecting to this area.
Igor Aranson and Lev Tsimring
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199534418
- eISBN:
- 9780191714665
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534418.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This book is a systematic introduction to the new and rapidly evolving field of patterns in granular materials. Granular matter is usually defined as a collection of discrete macroscopic solid ...
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This book is a systematic introduction to the new and rapidly evolving field of patterns in granular materials. Granular matter is usually defined as a collection of discrete macroscopic solid particles (grains) with a typical size large enough that thermal fluctuations are negligible. Despite this seeming simplicity, properties of granular materials set them apart from conventional solids, liquids, and gases due to the dissipative and highly nonlinear nature of forces among grains. The last decade has seen an explosion of interest to nonequilibrium phenomena in granular matter among physicists, both on experimental and theoretical sides. Among these phenomena, one of the most intriguing is the ability of granular matter upon mechanical excitation to form highly ordered patterns of collective motion, such as ripples, avalanches, waves, or bands of segregated materials. This book combines a review of experiments with exposition of theoretical concepts and models introduced to understand the mechanisms of pattern formation in granular materials. The unique feature of this book is a strong effort to extend concepts and ideas developed in granular physics beyond the traditionally defined boundaries of the granular physics towards emergent fields, especially in biology, such as cytoskeleton dynamics, molecular motors transport, ordering of cells and other active (self-propelled) particles, dynamic self-assembly, etc.Less
This book is a systematic introduction to the new and rapidly evolving field of patterns in granular materials. Granular matter is usually defined as a collection of discrete macroscopic solid particles (grains) with a typical size large enough that thermal fluctuations are negligible. Despite this seeming simplicity, properties of granular materials set them apart from conventional solids, liquids, and gases due to the dissipative and highly nonlinear nature of forces among grains. The last decade has seen an explosion of interest to nonequilibrium phenomena in granular matter among physicists, both on experimental and theoretical sides. Among these phenomena, one of the most intriguing is the ability of granular matter upon mechanical excitation to form highly ordered patterns of collective motion, such as ripples, avalanches, waves, or bands of segregated materials. This book combines a review of experiments with exposition of theoretical concepts and models introduced to understand the mechanisms of pattern formation in granular materials. The unique feature of this book is a strong effort to extend concepts and ideas developed in granular physics beyond the traditionally defined boundaries of the granular physics towards emergent fields, especially in biology, such as cytoskeleton dynamics, molecular motors transport, ordering of cells and other active (self-propelled) particles, dynamic self-assembly, etc.
Om Prakash Mishra
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198075950
- eISBN:
- 9780199080892
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198075950.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
Set against the backdrop of the capital’s history, culture, and socio-political scenario, this is a full-length study of the connection between rapid urbanization, rising crime, and law enforcement ...
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Set against the backdrop of the capital’s history, culture, and socio-political scenario, this is a full-length study of the connection between rapid urbanization, rising crime, and law enforcement in Delhi. Providing an insider’s account of the evolution of policing in Delhi since the mid-19th century, the book closely looks at the patterns of policing in the ‘seven cities of Delhi’. From infrastructure constraints and related crime, crime against women and juveniles, terrorism to technology, the typology of criminals, and its trends in the process of the growth of the metropolis—the analyses demonstrates Delhi’s uniqueness as a metropolis and the attendant challenges. Aside from presenting different methods the Delhi police adopt to prevent crime, this book attempts to evaluate the successes and failures of these methods. While the rich historical records, statistical data, maps, and empirical surveys and observations brought together for the first time provide a wealth of additional information, the bibliography offers suggestions for the interested reader. Focusing on the challenges posed by over-urbanization and the changes in policing to counter them, the book draws out valuable lessons applicable in various degrees in other Indian cities.Less
Set against the backdrop of the capital’s history, culture, and socio-political scenario, this is a full-length study of the connection between rapid urbanization, rising crime, and law enforcement in Delhi. Providing an insider’s account of the evolution of policing in Delhi since the mid-19th century, the book closely looks at the patterns of policing in the ‘seven cities of Delhi’. From infrastructure constraints and related crime, crime against women and juveniles, terrorism to technology, the typology of criminals, and its trends in the process of the growth of the metropolis—the analyses demonstrates Delhi’s uniqueness as a metropolis and the attendant challenges. Aside from presenting different methods the Delhi police adopt to prevent crime, this book attempts to evaluate the successes and failures of these methods. While the rich historical records, statistical data, maps, and empirical surveys and observations brought together for the first time provide a wealth of additional information, the bibliography offers suggestions for the interested reader. Focusing on the challenges posed by over-urbanization and the changes in policing to counter them, the book draws out valuable lessons applicable in various degrees in other Indian cities.
Ad Putter
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198182535
- eISBN:
- 9780191673825
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198182535.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
This is an innovative and original exploration of the connections between Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, one of the most well-known works of medieval English literature, and the tradition of French ...
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This is an innovative and original exploration of the connections between Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, one of the most well-known works of medieval English literature, and the tradition of French Arthurian romance, best-known through the works of Chretien de Troyes two centuries earlier. The book compares Gawain with a wide range of French Arthurian romances, exploring their recurrent structural patterns and motifs, their ethical orientation and the social context in which they were produced. It presents a wealth of new sources and analogues, which provide illuminating points of comparison for analysis of the self-consciousness with which the Gawain-poet handled the staple ingredients of Arthurian romance. Throughout, the author pays close attention to the ways in which the modes of representation of Arthurian romance are related to social and historical context. By revealing in the course of their romances the importance of conscience, courtliness, and self-restraint, literati such as the Gawain-poet and Chretien de Troyes helped a feudal society with an obsolete chivalric ideology adapt to the changing times.Less
This is an innovative and original exploration of the connections between Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, one of the most well-known works of medieval English literature, and the tradition of French Arthurian romance, best-known through the works of Chretien de Troyes two centuries earlier. The book compares Gawain with a wide range of French Arthurian romances, exploring their recurrent structural patterns and motifs, their ethical orientation and the social context in which they were produced. It presents a wealth of new sources and analogues, which provide illuminating points of comparison for analysis of the self-consciousness with which the Gawain-poet handled the staple ingredients of Arthurian romance. Throughout, the author pays close attention to the ways in which the modes of representation of Arthurian romance are related to social and historical context. By revealing in the course of their romances the importance of conscience, courtliness, and self-restraint, literati such as the Gawain-poet and Chretien de Troyes helped a feudal society with an obsolete chivalric ideology adapt to the changing times.
Tom W. N. Parker
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198184430
- eISBN:
- 9780191674259
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184430.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
The structure of Philip Sidney's Astrophil and Stella is governed by a distinctive and complex set of proportions, found also in the sonnet sequences of Fulke Greville and Robert Sidney written under ...
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The structure of Philip Sidney's Astrophil and Stella is governed by a distinctive and complex set of proportions, found also in the sonnet sequences of Fulke Greville and Robert Sidney written under its influence. For all these works to be ordered around the same set of proportions indicates a remarkable degree of careful planning and precise execution, and in turn affects their meaning. The tremendous effort of constructing the sequences according to intricate mathematical patterns suggests that the patterns themselves held a particular significance, one that requires investigation for the light it throws on these authors' intentions in composition. This study reveals cosmological ideas implicit in the form of Astrophil and Stella, ideas which not only undermine much of the romantic and biographically-based criticism of the sequence, but call into question how we should read the sonnet sequences that were influenced by Sidney, both within and beyond his immediate circle. As well as those of Greville and Robert Sidney, the book looks in detail at the sonnet sequences of Giordano Bruno, Mary Wroth, Henry Constable, Barnabe Barnes, and Michael Drayton, to determine the extent to which the sonnet vogue of the 1590s incorporated Sidney's broader cosmological concerns.Less
The structure of Philip Sidney's Astrophil and Stella is governed by a distinctive and complex set of proportions, found also in the sonnet sequences of Fulke Greville and Robert Sidney written under its influence. For all these works to be ordered around the same set of proportions indicates a remarkable degree of careful planning and precise execution, and in turn affects their meaning. The tremendous effort of constructing the sequences according to intricate mathematical patterns suggests that the patterns themselves held a particular significance, one that requires investigation for the light it throws on these authors' intentions in composition. This study reveals cosmological ideas implicit in the form of Astrophil and Stella, ideas which not only undermine much of the romantic and biographically-based criticism of the sequence, but call into question how we should read the sonnet sequences that were influenced by Sidney, both within and beyond his immediate circle. As well as those of Greville and Robert Sidney, the book looks in detail at the sonnet sequences of Giordano Bruno, Mary Wroth, Henry Constable, Barnabe Barnes, and Michael Drayton, to determine the extent to which the sonnet vogue of the 1590s incorporated Sidney's broader cosmological concerns.
David A. Nadler and Michael L. Tushman
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195099171
- eISBN:
- 9780199854868
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099171.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
If the defining goal of modern-day business can be isolated to just one item, it would be the search for competitive advantage. Competition is more intense than ever—technological innovation, ...
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If the defining goal of modern-day business can be isolated to just one item, it would be the search for competitive advantage. Competition is more intense than ever—technological innovation, consumer expectations, and government deregulation all combine to create more opportunities for new competitors to change the basic rules of the game. At the same time, most of the old reliable sources of competitive advantage are drying up: the strategies employed by GM, IBM, and AT&T to maintain their positions of dominance in the 1960s and 70s are now obsolete. The authors of this book argue that the last remaining source of truly sustainable competitive advantage lies in “organizational capabilities”: the unique ways each organization structures its work and motivates its people to achieve clearly articulated strategic objectives. The book argues that managers must understand the concepts and learn the skills involved in designing their organization to exploit their inherent strengths. All the reengineering, restructuring, and downsizing in the world will merely destabilize a company if the change doesn't address the fundamental patterns of performance—and if the change doesn't recognize the unique core competencies of that company. The authors draw upon specific cases to illustrate the design process in practice, and they provide a set of tools for using strategic organization design to gain competitive advantage. They present a design process, explore key decisions managers face, and list the guiding principles for incorporating the design function as a continuing and integral process.Less
If the defining goal of modern-day business can be isolated to just one item, it would be the search for competitive advantage. Competition is more intense than ever—technological innovation, consumer expectations, and government deregulation all combine to create more opportunities for new competitors to change the basic rules of the game. At the same time, most of the old reliable sources of competitive advantage are drying up: the strategies employed by GM, IBM, and AT&T to maintain their positions of dominance in the 1960s and 70s are now obsolete. The authors of this book argue that the last remaining source of truly sustainable competitive advantage lies in “organizational capabilities”: the unique ways each organization structures its work and motivates its people to achieve clearly articulated strategic objectives. The book argues that managers must understand the concepts and learn the skills involved in designing their organization to exploit their inherent strengths. All the reengineering, restructuring, and downsizing in the world will merely destabilize a company if the change doesn't address the fundamental patterns of performance—and if the change doesn't recognize the unique core competencies of that company. The authors draw upon specific cases to illustrate the design process in practice, and they provide a set of tools for using strategic organization design to gain competitive advantage. They present a design process, explore key decisions managers face, and list the guiding principles for incorporating the design function as a continuing and integral process.
Rein Taagepera
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534661
- eISBN:
- 9780191715921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534661.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Economy
The outcomes of sociopolitical processes often depend on the factor in shortest supply; this makes multiplication of factors superior to their addition. Naïve linear regression may not detect all ...
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The outcomes of sociopolitical processes often depend on the factor in shortest supply; this makes multiplication of factors superior to their addition. Naïve linear regression may not detect all relationships between physical or social factors, because nonlinear relationships predominate. When x and y can conceptually take only positive values, the simplest conceptually acceptable fit is to connect y to x raised to a power (an exponent). This means that linear regression should be carried out on the logarithms of x and y, not on x and y. Various other constraints, such as forbidden areas and anchor points, lead to exponential, simple logistic, and more complex patterns.Less
The outcomes of sociopolitical processes often depend on the factor in shortest supply; this makes multiplication of factors superior to their addition. Naïve linear regression may not detect all relationships between physical or social factors, because nonlinear relationships predominate. When x and y can conceptually take only positive values, the simplest conceptually acceptable fit is to connect y to x raised to a power (an exponent). This means that linear regression should be carried out on the logarithms of x and y, not on x and y. Various other constraints, such as forbidden areas and anchor points, lead to exponential, simple logistic, and more complex patterns.
Michael J. North and Charles M. Macal
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195172119
- eISBN:
- 9780199789894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172119.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter discusses large-scale agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS). Useful features of toolkits are discussed and the Repast and Swarm toolkits are considered as examples. Important ...
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This chapter discusses large-scale agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS). Useful features of toolkits are discussed and the Repast and Swarm toolkits are considered as examples. Important features of large-scale development environments are also presented. The large-scale modeling lifecycle is discussed including tools such as design patterns, with the “agent-based model” and the “scheduler scramble” design patterns used as examples.Less
This chapter discusses large-scale agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS). Useful features of toolkits are discussed and the Repast and Swarm toolkits are considered as examples. Important features of large-scale development environments are also presented. The large-scale modeling lifecycle is discussed including tools such as design patterns, with the “agent-based model” and the “scheduler scramble” design patterns used as examples.
Tom W. N. Parker
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198184430
- eISBN:
- 9780191674259
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184430.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
This conclusion concludes that the frequency in the reiterations of particular sets of numbers within the sonnet sequences of the Sidney circle is an enough conviction that intentional patterning did ...
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This conclusion concludes that the frequency in the reiterations of particular sets of numbers within the sonnet sequences of the Sidney circle is an enough conviction that intentional patterning did existed. The Renaissance was a period governed by appreciation of harmony and aesthetic considerations, hence sonnet sequence within a harmonic pattern were deeply appreciated. In the works of Fulke Greville, Robert Sidney and Phillip Sidney, the recurrence of the same set of numbers in the formal arrangements of the sonnet sequences implied the purpose and implication of harmonic sequences — intentional patterning and formal sonnet sequences were indications of the technicalities that sought to belie the perceived shallowness of sonnets and poetry. While fastidious attention is directed to the superficial and surface features of poems, the formal sonnet sequences allows if not forces a reader to look beyond the superficiality of poetry to the sweat and blood invested by the poets to the algorithms and sequences of their craft.Less
This conclusion concludes that the frequency in the reiterations of particular sets of numbers within the sonnet sequences of the Sidney circle is an enough conviction that intentional patterning did existed. The Renaissance was a period governed by appreciation of harmony and aesthetic considerations, hence sonnet sequence within a harmonic pattern were deeply appreciated. In the works of Fulke Greville, Robert Sidney and Phillip Sidney, the recurrence of the same set of numbers in the formal arrangements of the sonnet sequences implied the purpose and implication of harmonic sequences — intentional patterning and formal sonnet sequences were indications of the technicalities that sought to belie the perceived shallowness of sonnets and poetry. While fastidious attention is directed to the superficial and surface features of poems, the formal sonnet sequences allows if not forces a reader to look beyond the superficiality of poetry to the sweat and blood invested by the poets to the algorithms and sequences of their craft.
Dov-Ber Kerler
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198151661
- eISBN:
- 9780191672798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198151661.003.0021
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
Though not greatest in terms of number, the changes in syntax were believed to be the most valuable. Alterations in the order of word patterns are the most distinguished pattern of advanced and ...
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Though not greatest in terms of number, the changes in syntax were believed to be the most valuable. Alterations in the order of word patterns are the most distinguished pattern of advanced and modern European Yiddish literature. This chapter discusses these changes in a very detailed fashion. Negation, for the most part, was minimally affected and was maintained in its classical form. The placement of the past principle, on the other hand, is variable all throughout the writings. These changes, particularly those in the late eighteenth century, were influenced by the patterns of the Eastern Yiddish language. It was but a vital component in the modernization of the writings. The evolution of syntax proved to be a way to further expand the Easterization of literature.Less
Though not greatest in terms of number, the changes in syntax were believed to be the most valuable. Alterations in the order of word patterns are the most distinguished pattern of advanced and modern European Yiddish literature. This chapter discusses these changes in a very detailed fashion. Negation, for the most part, was minimally affected and was maintained in its classical form. The placement of the past principle, on the other hand, is variable all throughout the writings. These changes, particularly those in the late eighteenth century, were influenced by the patterns of the Eastern Yiddish language. It was but a vital component in the modernization of the writings. The evolution of syntax proved to be a way to further expand the Easterization of literature.
Scott Smith-Bannister
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206637
- eISBN:
- 9780191677250
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206637.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This book contains the results of the first large-scale quantitative investigation of naming practices in early modern England. It traces the history of the fundamentally ...
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This book contains the results of the first large-scale quantitative investigation of naming practices in early modern England. It traces the history of the fundamentally significant human act of naming one's children during a period of great economic, social, and religious upheaval. Using in part the huge pool of names accumulated by the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, the book sets out to show which names were most commonly used, how children came to be given these names, why they were named after godparents, parents, siblings, or saints, and how social status affected naming patterns. The chief historical significance of this research lies in the discovery of a substantial shift in naming practices in this period: away from medieval patterns of naming a child after a godparent and towards naming them after a parent. In establishing the chronology of how parents came to exercise greater choice in naming their children and over the nature of naming practices, it successfully supersedes previous scholarship on this subject. Resolutely statistical and rich in anecdote, this exploration of this deeply revealing subject will have far-reaching implications for the history of the English family and culture.Less
This book contains the results of the first large-scale quantitative investigation of naming practices in early modern England. It traces the history of the fundamentally significant human act of naming one's children during a period of great economic, social, and religious upheaval. Using in part the huge pool of names accumulated by the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, the book sets out to show which names were most commonly used, how children came to be given these names, why they were named after godparents, parents, siblings, or saints, and how social status affected naming patterns. The chief historical significance of this research lies in the discovery of a substantial shift in naming practices in this period: away from medieval patterns of naming a child after a godparent and towards naming them after a parent. In establishing the chronology of how parents came to exercise greater choice in naming their children and over the nature of naming practices, it successfully supersedes previous scholarship on this subject. Resolutely statistical and rich in anecdote, this exploration of this deeply revealing subject will have far-reaching implications for the history of the English family and culture.
Michael D. Cohen, Roger Burkhart, Giovanni Dosi, Massimo Egidi, Luigi Marengo, Massimo Warglien, and Sidney Winter
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269426
- eISBN:
- 9780191710179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269426.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This chapter reports and extends discussions at a workshop held at the Santa Fe Institute in August 1995. It considers the following topics: the importance of carefully examining research on routine, ...
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This chapter reports and extends discussions at a workshop held at the Santa Fe Institute in August 1995. It considers the following topics: the importance of carefully examining research on routine, the concept of ‘action patterns’ in general and in terms of routine, the useful categorization of routines and other recurring patterns, the research implications of recent cognitive results, the relation of evolution to action patterns, the contributions of simulation modelling for theory in this area, examples of various approaches to empirical research that reveal key problems, and a possible definition of ‘routine’. The chapter also includes an extended lexicon on synonyms and opposites of the word ‘routine’.Less
This chapter reports and extends discussions at a workshop held at the Santa Fe Institute in August 1995. It considers the following topics: the importance of carefully examining research on routine, the concept of ‘action patterns’ in general and in terms of routine, the useful categorization of routines and other recurring patterns, the research implications of recent cognitive results, the relation of evolution to action patterns, the contributions of simulation modelling for theory in this area, examples of various approaches to empirical research that reveal key problems, and a possible definition of ‘routine’. The chapter also includes an extended lexicon on synonyms and opposites of the word ‘routine’.
Brigitte Madrian, Olivia S. Mitchell, and Beth J. Soldo
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199230778
- eISBN:
- 9780191710971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230778.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
This chapter compares retirement expectations, retirement patterns, and expectations of future work across different cohorts of the Health and Retirement Study, including the new cohort of Baby ...
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This chapter compares retirement expectations, retirement patterns, and expectations of future work across different cohorts of the Health and Retirement Study, including the new cohort of Baby Boomers currently in their late fifties. The Boomers appear more strongly attached to the labor force as they enter their retirement years than were earlier cohorts at the same age. Compared to the preceding birth cohort, they expect to retire nearly one year later, they are 14% more likely to expect to be working full-time at age 65, and they are 21% more likely to expect to work in the future if they are not currently working. These differences are not entirely explained by cohort differences in socioeconomic status, pension incentives, demographics, or health. In all, Baby Boomers may have stronger preferences for work than previous cohorts.Less
This chapter compares retirement expectations, retirement patterns, and expectations of future work across different cohorts of the Health and Retirement Study, including the new cohort of Baby Boomers currently in their late fifties. The Boomers appear more strongly attached to the labor force as they enter their retirement years than were earlier cohorts at the same age. Compared to the preceding birth cohort, they expect to retire nearly one year later, they are 14% more likely to expect to be working full-time at age 65, and they are 21% more likely to expect to work in the future if they are not currently working. These differences are not entirely explained by cohort differences in socioeconomic status, pension incentives, demographics, or health. In all, Baby Boomers may have stronger preferences for work than previous cohorts.
Masayuki Tanimoto
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198292746
- eISBN:
- 9780191603891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292740.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter looks at the role brewers played in financing new businesses during the early stages of industrialization. Since brewing was relatively capital-intensive among the traditional ...
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This chapter looks at the role brewers played in financing new businesses during the early stages of industrialization. Since brewing was relatively capital-intensive among the traditional industries, brewers were likely to have accumulated capital and regarded as local notables. The investment pattern of a certain soy-sauce brewer is examined. It is shown that the desire to maintain their status as notables in regional communities motivated brewers to invest in newly established businesses that were highly risky, but nonetheless strategically important for regional development.Less
This chapter looks at the role brewers played in financing new businesses during the early stages of industrialization. Since brewing was relatively capital-intensive among the traditional industries, brewers were likely to have accumulated capital and regarded as local notables. The investment pattern of a certain soy-sauce brewer is examined. It is shown that the desire to maintain their status as notables in regional communities motivated brewers to invest in newly established businesses that were highly risky, but nonetheless strategically important for regional development.
Robert Kirk
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198236795
- eISBN:
- 9780191679353
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198236795.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This book asks the question: how could processes in the brain amount to conscious experiences? The mind–body problem is mystifying, even after decades of philosophical activity with the benefit of ...
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This book asks the question: how could processes in the brain amount to conscious experiences? The mind–body problem is mystifying, even after decades of philosophical activity with the benefit of progress in psychology and the neurosciences. Previous attempts to remove the mystery have been developed. Behaviourism is a good example. Behaviourists maintain that mental states are determined entirely by behaviour and behavioural dispositions: it doesn't matter at all what goes on inside the head as long as it produces the right patterns of behaviour. This book sets out a view of the most troublesome philosophical problems in this area, and offers solutions. The title of this book comes from Tolman's expression ‘raw feels’ in his book Purposive Behaviour in Animals and Men (1932) which he used to refer to certain features of our mental life which thought science could not capture. Tolman's expression has been modified to avoid any hint that being conscious is a matter of being related to a special class of entities. Raw feeling is not a thing but a process, which this book suggests is purely physical.Less
This book asks the question: how could processes in the brain amount to conscious experiences? The mind–body problem is mystifying, even after decades of philosophical activity with the benefit of progress in psychology and the neurosciences. Previous attempts to remove the mystery have been developed. Behaviourism is a good example. Behaviourists maintain that mental states are determined entirely by behaviour and behavioural dispositions: it doesn't matter at all what goes on inside the head as long as it produces the right patterns of behaviour. This book sets out a view of the most troublesome philosophical problems in this area, and offers solutions. The title of this book comes from Tolman's expression ‘raw feels’ in his book Purposive Behaviour in Animals and Men (1932) which he used to refer to certain features of our mental life which thought science could not capture. Tolman's expression has been modified to avoid any hint that being conscious is a matter of being related to a special class of entities. Raw feeling is not a thing but a process, which this book suggests is purely physical.
Sydney Finkelstein, Donald C. Hambrick, and Albert A. Cannella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195162073
- eISBN:
- 9780199867332
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162073.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
The consequences of executive pay are complex and particularly rich in a theoretical and practical sense. This chapter examines one of the most fundamental questions in this regard: Does executive ...
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The consequences of executive pay are complex and particularly rich in a theoretical and practical sense. This chapter examines one of the most fundamental questions in this regard: Does executive pay affect firm performance? The evidence is decidedly mixed, but raises key questions about pay as a motivator, and the different ways in which executive pay can influence strategic and organizational choices as well as firm performance. This chapter also considers the burgeoning literature on behavioral agency theory, which leads naturally to a comparison of the effects of different types of compensation, especially stock options. A significant part of this chapter is dedicated to an analysis of the determinants and consequences of pay differentials among top management teams, another area of great theoretical interest. Studying pay differentials (or pay dispersion), as well as the pattern of compensation in place among the CEO and other top managers, yields fascinating insights that have important consequences for teamwork, perceived fairness of pay, strategic decision making, and firm performance.Less
The consequences of executive pay are complex and particularly rich in a theoretical and practical sense. This chapter examines one of the most fundamental questions in this regard: Does executive pay affect firm performance? The evidence is decidedly mixed, but raises key questions about pay as a motivator, and the different ways in which executive pay can influence strategic and organizational choices as well as firm performance. This chapter also considers the burgeoning literature on behavioral agency theory, which leads naturally to a comparison of the effects of different types of compensation, especially stock options. A significant part of this chapter is dedicated to an analysis of the determinants and consequences of pay differentials among top management teams, another area of great theoretical interest. Studying pay differentials (or pay dispersion), as well as the pattern of compensation in place among the CEO and other top managers, yields fascinating insights that have important consequences for teamwork, perceived fairness of pay, strategic decision making, and firm performance.
Scott Smith-Bannister
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206637
- eISBN:
- 9780191677250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206637.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This concluding chapter offers a fundamental reinterpretation of the subject of names and naming patterns in England from 1538 to 1700. This ...
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This concluding chapter offers a fundamental reinterpretation of the subject of names and naming patterns in England from 1538 to 1700. This conclusion is divided into two parts, a subdivision that both reflects the influence of name-sharing practices and highlights the fundamental differences between the current study and previous work on names and naming. To explain further: this work has found that changes in the names given to children, in the patterning of the distribution of those names, in the sources of children's names in this period, and several other aspects of the history of names occurred as a direct consequence of changes in the incidence of name-sharing between children and either their godparents or their parents. At the end of the period, England may have witnessed one of the more significant events in the history of names and naming patterns. As the proportion of children named after someone else declined a possibility emerged: the possibility that the significance of English personal names was beginning to change.Less
This concluding chapter offers a fundamental reinterpretation of the subject of names and naming patterns in England from 1538 to 1700. This conclusion is divided into two parts, a subdivision that both reflects the influence of name-sharing practices and highlights the fundamental differences between the current study and previous work on names and naming. To explain further: this work has found that changes in the names given to children, in the patterning of the distribution of those names, in the sources of children's names in this period, and several other aspects of the history of names occurred as a direct consequence of changes in the incidence of name-sharing between children and either their godparents or their parents. At the end of the period, England may have witnessed one of the more significant events in the history of names and naming patterns. As the proportion of children named after someone else declined a possibility emerged: the possibility that the significance of English personal names was beginning to change.
