Sudhir Kakar
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077152
- eISBN:
- 9780199081103
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077152.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter suggests that infancy is the foundation for all later psychological experience. Moreover, the nature of an individual’s first relationship—with his mother—profoundly influences the ...
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This chapter suggests that infancy is the foundation for all later psychological experience. Moreover, the nature of an individual’s first relationship—with his mother—profoundly influences the quality and ‘dynamics’ of social relations throughout his life. The infant’s development and the relationship with the mother which nurtures it are optimal only when that relationship becomes a kind of psychological counterpart to the biological connection of pregnancy. The discussion considers the psycho-social matrix of infancy, feminine identity in India, the ‘good mother’, the ‘bad mother’, infancy and ego, and the origins of identity in a patriarchal culture.Less
This chapter suggests that infancy is the foundation for all later psychological experience. Moreover, the nature of an individual’s first relationship—with his mother—profoundly influences the quality and ‘dynamics’ of social relations throughout his life. The infant’s development and the relationship with the mother which nurtures it are optimal only when that relationship becomes a kind of psychological counterpart to the biological connection of pregnancy. The discussion considers the psycho-social matrix of infancy, feminine identity in India, the ‘good mother’, the ‘bad mother’, infancy and ego, and the origins of identity in a patriarchal culture.
Bernard Capp
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199255986
- eISBN:
- 9780191719592
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199255986.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This book explores how women of the poorer and middling sorts in early modern England negotiated a patriarchal culture in which they were generally excluded, marginalized, or subordinated. It focuses ...
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This book explores how women of the poorer and middling sorts in early modern England negotiated a patriarchal culture in which they were generally excluded, marginalized, or subordinated. It focuses on the networks of close friends (‘gossips’) which gave them a social identity beyond the narrowly domestic, providing both companionship and practical support in disputes with husbands and with neighbours of either sex. The book also examines the micropolitics of the household, with its internal alliances and feuds, and women's agency in neighbourhood politics, exercised by shaping local public opinion, exerting pressure on parish officials, and through the role of informal female juries. If women did not openly challenge male supremacy, they could often play a significant role in shaping their own lives and the life of the local community.Less
This book explores how women of the poorer and middling sorts in early modern England negotiated a patriarchal culture in which they were generally excluded, marginalized, or subordinated. It focuses on the networks of close friends (‘gossips’) which gave them a social identity beyond the narrowly domestic, providing both companionship and practical support in disputes with husbands and with neighbours of either sex. The book also examines the micropolitics of the household, with its internal alliances and feuds, and women's agency in neighbourhood politics, exercised by shaping local public opinion, exerting pressure on parish officials, and through the role of informal female juries. If women did not openly challenge male supremacy, they could often play a significant role in shaping their own lives and the life of the local community.
Terri Murray
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- February 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781911325802
- eISBN:
- 9781800342439
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781911325802.003.0005
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter challenges critics' readings of films as ‘sexist’, looking at two illustrative examples: Paul Verhoeven and Spike Lee. Paul Verhoeven's Basic Instinct (1992) was widely regarded as ...
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This chapter challenges critics' readings of films as ‘sexist’, looking at two illustrative examples: Paul Verhoeven and Spike Lee. Paul Verhoeven's Basic Instinct (1992) was widely regarded as misogynistic and ‘lesbophobic’. Basic Instinct is a neo-noir film that scandalously refuses to conform to the patriarchal rule of ‘compensating moral values’. Moreover, its visual pleasures are deliberately constructed against the grain of male voyeuristic pleasures and offer women (especially lesbian women) a rare opportunity to dissect and ridicule male sexism, homophobia, and voyeuristic power. Verhoeven's Elle (2016) is a much more subtle and complex critique of how women's self-image is ‘mediated’ by patriarchal culture, and the film makes explicit or oblique references to tabloid journalism, the gaming industry, and religion in the construction of a total culture that presents women as ‘others’ not only to men but also to themselves. Meanwhile, Spike Lee has been a frequent target for the ‘sexist’ label. The chapter argues that this is unfair, given Lee's relatively frequent attempts to make films about female sexual empowerment (or the causes of female sexual disempowerment). The three examples of She's Gotta Have It (1986), She Hate Me (2004), and BlacKkKlansman (2018) suggest that Lee has in various ways attempted to represent females as empowered sexual agents, and to address social double standards erected by men to possess women through the possession of their bodies.Less
This chapter challenges critics' readings of films as ‘sexist’, looking at two illustrative examples: Paul Verhoeven and Spike Lee. Paul Verhoeven's Basic Instinct (1992) was widely regarded as misogynistic and ‘lesbophobic’. Basic Instinct is a neo-noir film that scandalously refuses to conform to the patriarchal rule of ‘compensating moral values’. Moreover, its visual pleasures are deliberately constructed against the grain of male voyeuristic pleasures and offer women (especially lesbian women) a rare opportunity to dissect and ridicule male sexism, homophobia, and voyeuristic power. Verhoeven's Elle (2016) is a much more subtle and complex critique of how women's self-image is ‘mediated’ by patriarchal culture, and the film makes explicit or oblique references to tabloid journalism, the gaming industry, and religion in the construction of a total culture that presents women as ‘others’ not only to men but also to themselves. Meanwhile, Spike Lee has been a frequent target for the ‘sexist’ label. The chapter argues that this is unfair, given Lee's relatively frequent attempts to make films about female sexual empowerment (or the causes of female sexual disempowerment). The three examples of She's Gotta Have It (1986), She Hate Me (2004), and BlacKkKlansman (2018) suggest that Lee has in various ways attempted to represent females as empowered sexual agents, and to address social double standards erected by men to possess women through the possession of their bodies.
Sal Renshaw
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719069604
- eISBN:
- 9781781702956
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719069604.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This text highlights Cixous's notions and thought, which offer to an individual a very different picture of the subjects of divine love from that which derives from the concept of mutuality that is ...
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This text highlights Cixous's notions and thought, which offer to an individual a very different picture of the subjects of divine love from that which derives from the concept of mutuality that is currently favoured in many feminist theologies. It has noted that mutuality undoubtedly challenges the underlying hierarchical power structures which have informed inter-subjective possibilities within patriarchal cultures and retains a commitment to dualism which undoes the very assertion that subjectivity itself is a relational concept. On the other hand, Cixous's attention to the epistemological conditions of subjectivity, that is, to the relationship between knowledge, self and other, and to the phenomenal conditions which open the category of knowledge to ways of living, provides an alternative foundation for rethinking the structure of self/other relations. For Cixous, as the text suggests, everything happens in the instant, and it is in a feminine approach to the instant that we find the passage to divinity which is truly paved with the love of the other as other.Less
This text highlights Cixous's notions and thought, which offer to an individual a very different picture of the subjects of divine love from that which derives from the concept of mutuality that is currently favoured in many feminist theologies. It has noted that mutuality undoubtedly challenges the underlying hierarchical power structures which have informed inter-subjective possibilities within patriarchal cultures and retains a commitment to dualism which undoes the very assertion that subjectivity itself is a relational concept. On the other hand, Cixous's attention to the epistemological conditions of subjectivity, that is, to the relationship between knowledge, self and other, and to the phenomenal conditions which open the category of knowledge to ways of living, provides an alternative foundation for rethinking the structure of self/other relations. For Cixous, as the text suggests, everything happens in the instant, and it is in a feminine approach to the instant that we find the passage to divinity which is truly paved with the love of the other as other.
Wang Zheng
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520292284
- eISBN:
- 9780520965867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520292284.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Starting with a brief history of feminism in China and women in the Communist Revolution to contextualize the emergence of socialist state feminists, the chapter introduces key findings of the book, ...
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Starting with a brief history of feminism in China and women in the Communist Revolution to contextualize the emergence of socialist state feminists, the chapter introduces key findings of the book, highlights a politics of concealment and a politics of erasure, explains how “anti-feudalism” served as a coded phrase for socialist feminist agendas developed by the gender-based mass organization–ACWF from its paradoxical position of both being a part of the state power and a subordinated group in the power structure of the male-dominated CCP. The chapter emphasizes the cultural front as an important arena of feminist engagement with a patriarchal culture, and explains the two-part-structure of the book that examines the relationship between the ACWF and the CCP, and the relationship between a socialist feminist revolution of culture and the Cultural Revolution.Less
Starting with a brief history of feminism in China and women in the Communist Revolution to contextualize the emergence of socialist state feminists, the chapter introduces key findings of the book, highlights a politics of concealment and a politics of erasure, explains how “anti-feudalism” served as a coded phrase for socialist feminist agendas developed by the gender-based mass organization–ACWF from its paradoxical position of both being a part of the state power and a subordinated group in the power structure of the male-dominated CCP. The chapter emphasizes the cultural front as an important arena of feminist engagement with a patriarchal culture, and explains the two-part-structure of the book that examines the relationship between the ACWF and the CCP, and the relationship between a socialist feminist revolution of culture and the Cultural Revolution.
Wang Zheng
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520292284
- eISBN:
- 9780520965867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520292284.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Xia Yan, the underground leader of the left-wing films in the 1930s and top official of the film industry in the PRC since 1954, embodied the cultural history of the CCP. A brief biography of this ...
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Xia Yan, the underground leader of the left-wing films in the 1930s and top official of the film industry in the PRC since 1954, embodied the cultural history of the CCP. A brief biography of this Communist feminist artist leader disrupts the reductive dichotomy of the Party vs. artists in film studies and illuminates a tension-ridden history of socialist filmmaking that constituted a highly contentious site in the socialist revolution. Situating his politically engagingartistic creativity inside ashiftingpolitical process, this chapter traces Xia Yan’s major role in transmitting the New Culture agenda of transforming a patriarchal culture in socialist cultural production and delineatesdiverse and contradictory politicalpositions and artistic preferences in artists’ innovative experimentsofcreating a socialist new culture. It also analyzes his films that continued the paradigm of revolutionary heroines.Less
Xia Yan, the underground leader of the left-wing films in the 1930s and top official of the film industry in the PRC since 1954, embodied the cultural history of the CCP. A brief biography of this Communist feminist artist leader disrupts the reductive dichotomy of the Party vs. artists in film studies and illuminates a tension-ridden history of socialist filmmaking that constituted a highly contentious site in the socialist revolution. Situating his politically engagingartistic creativity inside ashiftingpolitical process, this chapter traces Xia Yan’s major role in transmitting the New Culture agenda of transforming a patriarchal culture in socialist cultural production and delineatesdiverse and contradictory politicalpositions and artistic preferences in artists’ innovative experimentsofcreating a socialist new culture. It also analyzes his films that continued the paradigm of revolutionary heroines.
Sally L. Kitch
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252038709
- eISBN:
- 9780252096648
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252038709.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This book explores the crisis in contemporary Afghan women's lives by focusing on two remarkable Afghan professional women working on behalf of their Afghan sisters. The book's compelling narrative ...
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This book explores the crisis in contemporary Afghan women's lives by focusing on two remarkable Afghan professional women working on behalf of their Afghan sisters. The book's compelling narrative follows the stories of Judge Marzia Basel and Jamila Afghani from 2005 through 2013, providing an oft-ignored perspective on the personal and professional lives of Afghanistan's women. Contending with the complex dynamics of a society both undergoing and resisting change, Basel and Afghani speak candidly—and critically—of matters like international intervention and patriarchal Afghan culture, capturing the ways in which immense possibility alternates and vies with utter hopelessness. Strongly rooted in feminist theory and interdisciplinary historical and geopolitical analysis, the book sheds new light on the struggle against the powerful forces that affect Afghan women's education, health, political participation, livelihoods, and quality of life. It also suggests how a new dialogue might be started in which women from across geopolitical boundaries might find common cause for change and rewrite their collective stories.Less
This book explores the crisis in contemporary Afghan women's lives by focusing on two remarkable Afghan professional women working on behalf of their Afghan sisters. The book's compelling narrative follows the stories of Judge Marzia Basel and Jamila Afghani from 2005 through 2013, providing an oft-ignored perspective on the personal and professional lives of Afghanistan's women. Contending with the complex dynamics of a society both undergoing and resisting change, Basel and Afghani speak candidly—and critically—of matters like international intervention and patriarchal Afghan culture, capturing the ways in which immense possibility alternates and vies with utter hopelessness. Strongly rooted in feminist theory and interdisciplinary historical and geopolitical analysis, the book sheds new light on the struggle against the powerful forces that affect Afghan women's education, health, political participation, livelihoods, and quality of life. It also suggests how a new dialogue might be started in which women from across geopolitical boundaries might find common cause for change and rewrite their collective stories.
Michelle Armstrong-Partida
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501707735
- eISBN:
- 9781501707827
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501707735.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter shows that employing violence to resolve disputes, uphold authority, and exert male privilege in a patriarchal culture was key for clergy to demonstrate their masculinity in the parish ...
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This chapter shows that employing violence to resolve disputes, uphold authority, and exert male privilege in a patriarchal culture was key for clergy to demonstrate their masculinity in the parish community. Much of this clerical violence centered on the public nature of personal honor, which dictated that men had to avenge and restore their reputations. The conflict-ridden interactions between parishioners and their priests was a product of how fully integrated clerics were into village life, particularly when these hostile interactions were based on personal animosities and hatreds. Moreover, a great number of priests were reported to be belligerent, quarrelsome men who acted violently against parish villagers. They used violence to intimidate parishioners, a strategy that worked to bolster their control over villagers and parish affairs. Parish clergy used their status and clerical authority to establish a hierarchy in the parish that allowed them to subordinate their parishioners.Less
This chapter shows that employing violence to resolve disputes, uphold authority, and exert male privilege in a patriarchal culture was key for clergy to demonstrate their masculinity in the parish community. Much of this clerical violence centered on the public nature of personal honor, which dictated that men had to avenge and restore their reputations. The conflict-ridden interactions between parishioners and their priests was a product of how fully integrated clerics were into village life, particularly when these hostile interactions were based on personal animosities and hatreds. Moreover, a great number of priests were reported to be belligerent, quarrelsome men who acted violently against parish villagers. They used violence to intimidate parishioners, a strategy that worked to bolster their control over villagers and parish affairs. Parish clergy used their status and clerical authority to establish a hierarchy in the parish that allowed them to subordinate their parishioners.
Nona Willis Aronowitz
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816681204
- eISBN:
- 9781452949048
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816681204.003.0020
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter examines sexual revolution from a feminist perspective, with particular emphasis on how sexual morality in a patriarchal culture becomes a primary instrument of social control. It ...
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This chapter examines sexual revolution from a feminist perspective, with particular emphasis on how sexual morality in a patriarchal culture becomes a primary instrument of social control. It considers the debate between feminist sexual radicals and conservatives concerning a wide range of sex-related issues, including pornography, the definition of sexual consent, the nature of women’s sexuality and whether it is intrinsically different from men’s, and the meaning of heterosexuality for women. Each of these issues, in turn, became a focus of deeply felt disagreement over the place of sexuality and sexual morality in a feminist analysis and program. In one way or another, they raise the question of whether sexual freedom, as such, is a feminist value, or whether feminism ought rather to aim at replacing male-defined social controls over sex with female-defined controls.Less
This chapter examines sexual revolution from a feminist perspective, with particular emphasis on how sexual morality in a patriarchal culture becomes a primary instrument of social control. It considers the debate between feminist sexual radicals and conservatives concerning a wide range of sex-related issues, including pornography, the definition of sexual consent, the nature of women’s sexuality and whether it is intrinsically different from men’s, and the meaning of heterosexuality for women. Each of these issues, in turn, became a focus of deeply felt disagreement over the place of sexuality and sexual morality in a feminist analysis and program. In one way or another, they raise the question of whether sexual freedom, as such, is a feminist value, or whether feminism ought rather to aim at replacing male-defined social controls over sex with female-defined controls.
Ellen Willis
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816680795
- eISBN:
- 9781452949000
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816680795.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter examines sexual revolution from a feminist perspective, with particular emphasis on how sexual morality in a patriarchal culture becomes a primary instrument of social control. It ...
More
This chapter examines sexual revolution from a feminist perspective, with particular emphasis on how sexual morality in a patriarchal culture becomes a primary instrument of social control. It considers the debate between feminist sexual radicals and conservatives concerning a wide range of sex-related issues, including pornography, the definition of sexual consent, the nature of women’s sexuality and whether it is intrinsically different from men’s, and the meaning of heterosexuality for women. It also explores how each of these issues became a focus of deeply felt disagreement over the place of sexuality and sexual morality in a feminist analysis and program, arguing that they raise the question of whether sexual freedom is a feminist value, or whether feminism ought rather to aim at replacing male-defined social controls over sex with female-defined controls.Less
This chapter examines sexual revolution from a feminist perspective, with particular emphasis on how sexual morality in a patriarchal culture becomes a primary instrument of social control. It considers the debate between feminist sexual radicals and conservatives concerning a wide range of sex-related issues, including pornography, the definition of sexual consent, the nature of women’s sexuality and whether it is intrinsically different from men’s, and the meaning of heterosexuality for women. It also explores how each of these issues became a focus of deeply felt disagreement over the place of sexuality and sexual morality in a feminist analysis and program, arguing that they raise the question of whether sexual freedom is a feminist value, or whether feminism ought rather to aim at replacing male-defined social controls over sex with female-defined controls.
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804761994
- eISBN:
- 9780804773447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804761994.003.0010
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter explores the unusual Moso gender system. Looking at ethnographic data, as well as legends and cultural idioms, this chapter shows how the Moso deem females superior to males and how they ...
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This chapter explores the unusual Moso gender system. Looking at ethnographic data, as well as legends and cultural idioms, this chapter shows how the Moso deem females superior to males and how they twist cultural concepts and social practices borrowed from patriarchal cultures such as the Tibetan and the Han to fit their superior-female ideology. It also describes the Moso gender system with depictions of child care in household life and of gender division of labor in agricultural work, particularly during the People's Commune period.Less
This chapter explores the unusual Moso gender system. Looking at ethnographic data, as well as legends and cultural idioms, this chapter shows how the Moso deem females superior to males and how they twist cultural concepts and social practices borrowed from patriarchal cultures such as the Tibetan and the Han to fit their superior-female ideology. It also describes the Moso gender system with depictions of child care in household life and of gender division of labor in agricultural work, particularly during the People's Commune period.
Andrew Kahn, Mark Lipovetsky, Irina Reyfman, and Stephanie Sandler
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780199663941
- eISBN:
- 9780191770463
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199663941.003.0028
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
The chapter builds on historical research to elucidate the social and legal status and the everyday lives of women of all classes, aspects that informed fiction about women and their representation, ...
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The chapter builds on historical research to elucidate the social and legal status and the everyday lives of women of all classes, aspects that informed fiction about women and their representation, and influenced women who wrote (or did not write) fiction, poetry, and diaries. The chapter examines the interrelation of fictional models/behavioral types and historical and fictional actors. With changing educational opportunities, sexual norms, and social roles, women in literature respond differently to patriarchal norms of society, and the chapter compares gendered identity formation of heroes and heroines and surveys types of heroines, such as mothers, wives and mistresses, fallen women and temptresses. Political novels and novels of adultery, with their sense of freedom and punishment, show women testing boundaries, from extreme cases such as terrorists down to the quotidian yet surprisingly ambivalent role of the mother in Russian nineteenth-century literature.Less
The chapter builds on historical research to elucidate the social and legal status and the everyday lives of women of all classes, aspects that informed fiction about women and their representation, and influenced women who wrote (or did not write) fiction, poetry, and diaries. The chapter examines the interrelation of fictional models/behavioral types and historical and fictional actors. With changing educational opportunities, sexual norms, and social roles, women in literature respond differently to patriarchal norms of society, and the chapter compares gendered identity formation of heroes and heroines and surveys types of heroines, such as mothers, wives and mistresses, fallen women and temptresses. Political novels and novels of adultery, with their sense of freedom and punishment, show women testing boundaries, from extreme cases such as terrorists down to the quotidian yet surprisingly ambivalent role of the mother in Russian nineteenth-century literature.
Raquel Kennedy Bergen
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- June 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190238360
- eISBN:
- 9780190615208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190238360.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
Bergen provides an overview of the history of marital rape law and the concept of irrevocable consent, pointing to the impact of British common law on the legality of spousal rape in the United ...
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Bergen provides an overview of the history of marital rape law and the concept of irrevocable consent, pointing to the impact of British common law on the legality of spousal rape in the United States. Following the feminist activism of the 1970s and 1980s, rape laws in the United States were changed and the spousal exemption largely eliminated. Still, forced sex in marriage is largely condoned in the United States and is legal in much of the world. The chapter then provides a review of the sociological research that has been conducted on marital rape to date. Evidence that it is widespread—affecting 10%–14% of married women—and traumatic for its victims is summarized. Finally, Bergen considers public health and human rights approaches for addressing the problem.Less
Bergen provides an overview of the history of marital rape law and the concept of irrevocable consent, pointing to the impact of British common law on the legality of spousal rape in the United States. Following the feminist activism of the 1970s and 1980s, rape laws in the United States were changed and the spousal exemption largely eliminated. Still, forced sex in marriage is largely condoned in the United States and is legal in much of the world. The chapter then provides a review of the sociological research that has been conducted on marital rape to date. Evidence that it is widespread—affecting 10%–14% of married women—and traumatic for its victims is summarized. Finally, Bergen considers public health and human rights approaches for addressing the problem.