Fernanda Pirie
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199580910
- eISBN:
- 9780191723025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580910.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law
This chapter analyzes a legal code found among nomadic pastoralists in eastern Tibet. This code consists of directions and prescriptions relating to different areas of tribal life and specifies ...
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This chapter analyzes a legal code found among nomadic pastoralists in eastern Tibet. This code consists of directions and prescriptions relating to different areas of tribal life and specifies compensation payments to be made after a death or injury. Its provisions diverge significantly, however, from the practices of mediation that actually take place among these tribes. It is argued that the expressive nature of its content is more significant than its instrumental value. Its provisions represent a type of civilization to which the Tibetan tribes and their leaders aspired. The legal form is, for them, a means of linking social norms and practices to a supervening moral order and, as such, the code can be regarded as significant, quite apart from any impact it has upon legal practices.Less
This chapter analyzes a legal code found among nomadic pastoralists in eastern Tibet. This code consists of directions and prescriptions relating to different areas of tribal life and specifies compensation payments to be made after a death or injury. Its provisions diverge significantly, however, from the practices of mediation that actually take place among these tribes. It is argued that the expressive nature of its content is more significant than its instrumental value. Its provisions represent a type of civilization to which the Tibetan tribes and their leaders aspired. The legal form is, for them, a means of linking social norms and practices to a supervening moral order and, as such, the code can be regarded as significant, quite apart from any impact it has upon legal practices.
Amartya Sen
- Published in print:
- 1983
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284635
- eISBN:
- 9780191596902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284632.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
A case study of the Ethiopian Famine of 1972–4, which had a reported death toll of between 50, 000 and 200, 000 in a population of about 27 million. An explanation for the famine is analysed in terms ...
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A case study of the Ethiopian Famine of 1972–4, which had a reported death toll of between 50, 000 and 200, 000 in a population of about 27 million. An explanation for the famine is analysed in terms of the most common approach used—food availability decline (FAD), but this is rejected except for the situation in the province of Wollo, which is discussed in terms of possible transport or entitlement constraints. The occupational status of the destitutes (victims) in Wollo is analysed and the most susceptible groups—the nomadic pastoralists and the agriculturalists—identified. The entitlement situations of these two groups are discussed.Less
A case study of the Ethiopian Famine of 1972–4, which had a reported death toll of between 50, 000 and 200, 000 in a population of about 27 million. An explanation for the famine is analysed in terms of the most common approach used—food availability decline (FAD), but this is rejected except for the situation in the province of Wollo, which is discussed in terms of possible transport or entitlement constraints. The occupational status of the destitutes (victims) in Wollo is analysed and the most susceptible groups—the nomadic pastoralists and the agriculturalists—identified. The entitlement situations of these two groups are discussed.
Amartya Sen
- Published in print:
- 1983
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284635
- eISBN:
- 9780191596902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284632.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
A case study of the drought of 1968–73, and the famines of the 1970s in the in the six West African countries of Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Upper Volta, Niger, and Chad. The famines are analysed in ...
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A case study of the drought of 1968–73, and the famines of the 1970s in the in the six West African countries of Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Upper Volta, Niger, and Chad. The famines are analysed in terms of food availability decline (FAD) vis à vis entitlements, occupational status of the destitutes, and their entitlements. The most susceptible groups were the nomadic pastoralists and the sedentary agriculturalists. The last part of the chapter addresses some policy issues relating to the freeing of the Sahelian population from vulnerability to drought and famine.Less
A case study of the drought of 1968–73, and the famines of the 1970s in the in the six West African countries of Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Upper Volta, Niger, and Chad. The famines are analysed in terms of food availability decline (FAD) vis à vis entitlements, occupational status of the destitutes, and their entitlements. The most susceptible groups were the nomadic pastoralists and the sedentary agriculturalists. The last part of the chapter addresses some policy issues relating to the freeing of the Sahelian population from vulnerability to drought and famine.
David Norbrook
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199247189
- eISBN:
- 9780191697647
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247189.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature, Poetry
Before King James had been long on the English throne there had emerged a group of poets who were alienated from the court and sometimes used the traditional symbolism of Protestant pastoral to voice ...
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Before King James had been long on the English throne there had emerged a group of poets who were alienated from the court and sometimes used the traditional symbolism of Protestant pastoral to voice their discontent. They could almost be described as constituting a poetic ‘opposition’. In this period, of course, it is misleading to speak of a formal ‘opposition’ based on a coherent ideology. Analysis of the poetic ‘opposition’ raises similar difficulties. The poets who are described in this chapter as ‘Spenserians’ — Fulke Greville, Samuel Daniel, Michael Drayton, the Fletchers, and the younger pastoralists, William Browne and George Wither — were in varying degrees critical of dominant tendencies at court. However, they were by no means a monolithic, ideologically coherent group.Less
Before King James had been long on the English throne there had emerged a group of poets who were alienated from the court and sometimes used the traditional symbolism of Protestant pastoral to voice their discontent. They could almost be described as constituting a poetic ‘opposition’. In this period, of course, it is misleading to speak of a formal ‘opposition’ based on a coherent ideology. Analysis of the poetic ‘opposition’ raises similar difficulties. The poets who are described in this chapter as ‘Spenserians’ — Fulke Greville, Samuel Daniel, Michael Drayton, the Fletchers, and the younger pastoralists, William Browne and George Wither — were in varying degrees critical of dominant tendencies at court. However, they were by no means a monolithic, ideologically coherent group.
Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199777594
- eISBN:
- 9780199919048
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199777594.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
This chapter enters into the controversy occasioned by the unusual stance of Viṭṭhal's images, in which the god is almost always depicted standing with his feet parallel to each other and his hands ...
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This chapter enters into the controversy occasioned by the unusual stance of Viṭṭhal's images, in which the god is almost always depicted standing with his feet parallel to each other and his hands on his hips. The chapter takes on the thesis of Deleury, Sontheimer, and Tulpule that Viṭṭhal was originally a deified pastoralist hero. Dhere discusses in detail the meaning and variant readings of a chapter of the thirteenth-century Mahānubhav text Līḷācaritra in which the Mahānubhavs' founder asserts that Viṭṭhal was originally a cattle thief who died in the course of a cattle raid and was commemorated in a hero-stone erected by his sons. Dhere concludes that neither this story, which is an obvious sectarian attempt to discredit Viṭṭhal and his cult, nor the other evidence that has been presented so far suffices to establish that the image of Viṭṭhal was originally one of a pastoralist hero-god.Less
This chapter enters into the controversy occasioned by the unusual stance of Viṭṭhal's images, in which the god is almost always depicted standing with his feet parallel to each other and his hands on his hips. The chapter takes on the thesis of Deleury, Sontheimer, and Tulpule that Viṭṭhal was originally a deified pastoralist hero. Dhere discusses in detail the meaning and variant readings of a chapter of the thirteenth-century Mahānubhav text Līḷācaritra in which the Mahānubhavs' founder asserts that Viṭṭhal was originally a cattle thief who died in the course of a cattle raid and was commemorated in a hero-stone erected by his sons. Dhere concludes that neither this story, which is an obvious sectarian attempt to discredit Viṭṭhal and his cult, nor the other evidence that has been presented so far suffices to establish that the image of Viṭṭhal was originally one of a pastoralist hero-god.
Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199777594
- eISBN:
- 9780199919048
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199777594.003.0015
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
This chapter describes the living forms of the pastoralist cults that lie behind the cult of Viṭṭhal. The chapter discusses the predominance of pastoralists in the population, ecology, and cultural ...
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This chapter describes the living forms of the pastoralist cults that lie behind the cult of Viṭṭhal. The chapter discusses the predominance of pastoralists in the population, ecology, and cultural traditions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh, and the large number of kings and dynasties called “Yādavas” who contributed to the rise to prominence of the cult of Viṭṭhal. Most of these dynasties arose from pastoralist groups and took the name Yādava in order to raise their status by connecting themselves with Kṛṣṇa's clan. Finally, the chapter presents narratives, rituals, and holy places connected with the pastoralists' Viṭṭhal, who is paired with his brother Birappā. Dhere uses the fact that the Dhangar's Viṭṭhal-Birappā coexists with the Viṭṭhal of the Marathi poet-saints to illustrate how Hindu traditions are able to develop and change, while at the same time preserving intact each stage along the course of their development.Less
This chapter describes the living forms of the pastoralist cults that lie behind the cult of Viṭṭhal. The chapter discusses the predominance of pastoralists in the population, ecology, and cultural traditions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh, and the large number of kings and dynasties called “Yādavas” who contributed to the rise to prominence of the cult of Viṭṭhal. Most of these dynasties arose from pastoralist groups and took the name Yādava in order to raise their status by connecting themselves with Kṛṣṇa's clan. Finally, the chapter presents narratives, rituals, and holy places connected with the pastoralists' Viṭṭhal, who is paired with his brother Birappā. Dhere uses the fact that the Dhangar's Viṭṭhal-Birappā coexists with the Viṭṭhal of the Marathi poet-saints to illustrate how Hindu traditions are able to develop and change, while at the same time preserving intact each stage along the course of their development.
Grégoire Chamayou and Steven Rendall
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151656
- eISBN:
- 9781400842254
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151656.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter focuses on Christian pastoralist conceptions of hunting. Christian pastoralism was opposed to cynegetic power: fishing for souls rather than hunting for men, persuasion rather than ...
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This chapter focuses on Christian pastoralist conceptions of hunting. Christian pastoralism was opposed to cynegetic power: fishing for souls rather than hunting for men, persuasion rather than coercion. Pastoral power was defined as antihunting. However, the paradox is that it developed its own cynegetic practices, its own forms of manhunts, pastoral hunts. What fundamentally distinguished the pastoral model from the cynegetic model, and what radically forbade the former to entertain any predatory relationship, was the imperative of caring and protecting. A protective power versus a predatory power: that was the line of opposition. But pastoral hunting took place precisely in the name of protecting the flock. To protect the flock sometimes one has to hunt down certain sheep, to sacrifice a few to save all the others. Here we are no longer in a logic of predatory appropriation but rather in a rationality of salutary ablation and beneficent exclusion.Less
This chapter focuses on Christian pastoralist conceptions of hunting. Christian pastoralism was opposed to cynegetic power: fishing for souls rather than hunting for men, persuasion rather than coercion. Pastoral power was defined as antihunting. However, the paradox is that it developed its own cynegetic practices, its own forms of manhunts, pastoral hunts. What fundamentally distinguished the pastoral model from the cynegetic model, and what radically forbade the former to entertain any predatory relationship, was the imperative of caring and protecting. A protective power versus a predatory power: that was the line of opposition. But pastoral hunting took place precisely in the name of protecting the flock. To protect the flock sometimes one has to hunt down certain sheep, to sacrifice a few to save all the others. Here we are no longer in a logic of predatory appropriation but rather in a rationality of salutary ablation and beneficent exclusion.
Assefaw Tekeste Ghebrekidan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310276
- eISBN:
- 9780199865369
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310276.003.01
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter presents an account of the plight of the people living in the Sahel, one of Eritrea's most inaccessible regions. It describes the devastation wrought by thirty years of war. It recounts ...
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This chapter presents an account of the plight of the people living in the Sahel, one of Eritrea's most inaccessible regions. It describes the devastation wrought by thirty years of war. It recounts experiences serving as a medical cadre among the pastoralist communities, particularly describes the impromptu cooperation between a liberation front and a marginalized population totally unaware of politics.Less
This chapter presents an account of the plight of the people living in the Sahel, one of Eritrea's most inaccessible regions. It describes the devastation wrought by thirty years of war. It recounts experiences serving as a medical cadre among the pastoralist communities, particularly describes the impromptu cooperation between a liberation front and a marginalized population totally unaware of politics.
Samira Sheikh
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198060192
- eISBN:
- 9780199080137
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198060192.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
What is Gujarat and who are Gujaratis? Where did Gujaratis come from and where did they settle? How was religious and social life organized in Gujarat? What is the Gujarati linguistic region? If ...
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What is Gujarat and who are Gujaratis? Where did Gujaratis come from and where did they settle? How was religious and social life organized in Gujarat? What is the Gujarati linguistic region? If Gujarat arose from the political unit created by the Caulukyas c.1200, how was this unit able to survive the intervening years ruled by sultans, Rajputs, Mughals, Marathas, the East India Company, as well as scores of princely states? This book tackles some of these questions from the late twelfth century to the end of the fifteenth century. Although modern Gujarat was formed by recent events, its medieval history clearly continues to have major implications for contemporary politics. The Gujarat region has been continuously settled for almost 4,000 years by immigrants, attracting continual waves of traders, peasants, pastoralists, and invaders.Less
What is Gujarat and who are Gujaratis? Where did Gujaratis come from and where did they settle? How was religious and social life organized in Gujarat? What is the Gujarati linguistic region? If Gujarat arose from the political unit created by the Caulukyas c.1200, how was this unit able to survive the intervening years ruled by sultans, Rajputs, Mughals, Marathas, the East India Company, as well as scores of princely states? This book tackles some of these questions from the late twelfth century to the end of the fifteenth century. Although modern Gujarat was formed by recent events, its medieval history clearly continues to have major implications for contemporary politics. The Gujarat region has been continuously settled for almost 4,000 years by immigrants, attracting continual waves of traders, peasants, pastoralists, and invaders.
Karina Yager
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300198812
- eISBN:
- 9780300213577
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300198812.003.0007
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
How does one “know” climate change is occurring? Scientists rely upon data collecting instruments, such as satellites, to monitor change in the environment at multiple scales. The Landsat satellite, ...
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How does one “know” climate change is occurring? Scientists rely upon data collecting instruments, such as satellites, to monitor change in the environment at multiple scales. The Landsat satellite, for example, provides a unique perspective of changes occurring around the globe over recent decades. Local communities, such as Andean herders, have rather different methods of monitoring change that are primarily experiential based and draw upon local observations and knowledge. Looking through the lens of the satellite and drawing on the experience of the pastoralist, the trends of peatland change in Sajama National Park, Bolivia are identified and discussed. Peatlands are important for pastoral production and also provide key ecosystem services throughout the high Andes. The comparison of different knowledge sets on climate change show both complementary and divergent assessments of change. Both are valid, and considered together provide a more holistic understanding of landcover change at the local level.Less
How does one “know” climate change is occurring? Scientists rely upon data collecting instruments, such as satellites, to monitor change in the environment at multiple scales. The Landsat satellite, for example, provides a unique perspective of changes occurring around the globe over recent decades. Local communities, such as Andean herders, have rather different methods of monitoring change that are primarily experiential based and draw upon local observations and knowledge. Looking through the lens of the satellite and drawing on the experience of the pastoralist, the trends of peatland change in Sajama National Park, Bolivia are identified and discussed. Peatlands are important for pastoral production and also provide key ecosystem services throughout the high Andes. The comparison of different knowledge sets on climate change show both complementary and divergent assessments of change. Both are valid, and considered together provide a more holistic understanding of landcover change at the local level.
Linda Cooke Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824834043
- eISBN:
- 9780824870300
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824834043.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines the daily lives of Liao women based on pictorial and archaeological evidence, with particular emphasis on the pastoralist lifestyle, daily life of Kitan women, and the ...
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This chapter examines the daily lives of Liao women based on pictorial and archaeological evidence, with particular emphasis on the pastoralist lifestyle, daily life of Kitan women, and the lifestyles of haner women living under Liao rule. The lands of the Liao and Jin states were situated in present-day Inner Mongolia and Jilin and Liaoning provinces. The Liao state maintained a pastoralist-style tribal administration, called the Northern Administration, for the Kitan and their allies called the Xi. The Kitan population was comprised primarily of pastoralists. Evidence on the daily lives of women in the Liao period is furnished primarily by archaeological discoveries from Liao tombs of both Kitan and Han Chinese, including paintings and artifacts. This chapter first provides an overview of pastoralism in Liao before discussing the status of women in Liao pastoralist society, along with hanren and haner lifestyles.Less
This chapter examines the daily lives of Liao women based on pictorial and archaeological evidence, with particular emphasis on the pastoralist lifestyle, daily life of Kitan women, and the lifestyles of haner women living under Liao rule. The lands of the Liao and Jin states were situated in present-day Inner Mongolia and Jilin and Liaoning provinces. The Liao state maintained a pastoralist-style tribal administration, called the Northern Administration, for the Kitan and their allies called the Xi. The Kitan population was comprised primarily of pastoralists. Evidence on the daily lives of women in the Liao period is furnished primarily by archaeological discoveries from Liao tombs of both Kitan and Han Chinese, including paintings and artifacts. This chapter first provides an overview of pastoralism in Liao before discussing the status of women in Liao pastoralist society, along with hanren and haner lifestyles.
Paulo Santos and Christopher B. Barrett
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226574301
- eISBN:
- 9780226574448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226574448.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
We study the causal mechanisms behind persistent poverty. Some theoretical models combine non-convex technology with market failures to explain poverty traps, but do they exist in the data? One ...
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We study the causal mechanisms behind persistent poverty. Some theoretical models combine non-convex technology with market failures to explain poverty traps, but do they exist in the data? One prominent strand of the empirical literature focuses on searching for a threshold associated with nonlinear growth that would lead to multiple equilibria, with one such equilibrium below a poverty line. Using original data on Boran pastoralists of southern Ethiopia where such a threshold has been previous identified, we find that nonlinear wealth dynamics arise purely due to shocks. In favorable states of nature, expected herd growth is linear and universal. We further show that ability to deal with shocks matters. Multiple stable equilibria characterize the wealth dynamics of herders of higher ability, while those with lower ability converge to a unique equilibrium at a small herd size. The result is a system in which multiple path dynamics are in play simultaneously for different subpopulations, each characterized by a different poverty trap mechanism.Less
We study the causal mechanisms behind persistent poverty. Some theoretical models combine non-convex technology with market failures to explain poverty traps, but do they exist in the data? One prominent strand of the empirical literature focuses on searching for a threshold associated with nonlinear growth that would lead to multiple equilibria, with one such equilibrium below a poverty line. Using original data on Boran pastoralists of southern Ethiopia where such a threshold has been previous identified, we find that nonlinear wealth dynamics arise purely due to shocks. In favorable states of nature, expected herd growth is linear and universal. We further show that ability to deal with shocks matters. Multiple stable equilibria characterize the wealth dynamics of herders of higher ability, while those with lower ability converge to a unique equilibrium at a small herd size. The result is a system in which multiple path dynamics are in play simultaneously for different subpopulations, each characterized by a different poverty trap mechanism.
Tim Ingold
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198522638
- eISBN:
- 9780191688652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198522638.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Compared with the achievements of pastoralists and agriculturalists, hunter-gatherer technology was considered rudimentary indeed. Unlike other animals, hunter-gatherers made and used tools, yet ...
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Compared with the achievements of pastoralists and agriculturalists, hunter-gatherer technology was considered rudimentary indeed. Unlike other animals, hunter-gatherers made and used tools, yet these tools could deliver no more than the human body could supply. Only with the advent of the Neolithic were the forces of nature bent towards human purposes. Thenceforth, technology became an instrument not of accommodation to the natural environment, but of its domination, manipulation, and control.Less
Compared with the achievements of pastoralists and agriculturalists, hunter-gatherer technology was considered rudimentary indeed. Unlike other animals, hunter-gatherers made and used tools, yet these tools could deliver no more than the human body could supply. Only with the advent of the Neolithic were the forces of nature bent towards human purposes. Thenceforth, technology became an instrument not of accommodation to the natural environment, but of its domination, manipulation, and control.
Nathan F. Sayre
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226083117
- eISBN:
- 9780226083391
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226083391.003.0008
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Cultural and Historical Geography
By the late 1970s, it was clear that virtually all pastoral development projects were abject failures. Chapter 7 shows how these failures, combined with a growing body of rangeland research overseas, ...
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By the late 1970s, it was clear that virtually all pastoral development projects were abject failures. Chapter 7 shows how these failures, combined with a growing body of rangeland research overseas, finally dislodged Clementsian succession as the theoretical foundation of range science. European social scientists defended the economic rationality of subsistence pastoralists and challenged the thesis that communal land tenure led inevitably to overgrazing and environmental destruction. Australian ecologists began to study their rangelands and noticed that US range science couldn’t explain what they were seeing. Through the International Biological Program, ecologists from Europe, Africa, Australia and the Middle East encountered US rangelands and range science, exchanged ideas, and went back to their own rangelands in search of alternatives. Systems ecology and modeling provided them with ideas and tools that could account for the anomalies long observed on the Santa Rita and Jornada experimental ranges. By 1990, ideas from all these groups and places had come together into a “non-equilibrium” theory of rangeland ecology that is now seen as superior to Clementsian succession in most settings, especially where rainfall is limiting and highly variable. Whether the new theory will succeed where the old one failed, however, remains to be seen.Less
By the late 1970s, it was clear that virtually all pastoral development projects were abject failures. Chapter 7 shows how these failures, combined with a growing body of rangeland research overseas, finally dislodged Clementsian succession as the theoretical foundation of range science. European social scientists defended the economic rationality of subsistence pastoralists and challenged the thesis that communal land tenure led inevitably to overgrazing and environmental destruction. Australian ecologists began to study their rangelands and noticed that US range science couldn’t explain what they were seeing. Through the International Biological Program, ecologists from Europe, Africa, Australia and the Middle East encountered US rangelands and range science, exchanged ideas, and went back to their own rangelands in search of alternatives. Systems ecology and modeling provided them with ideas and tools that could account for the anomalies long observed on the Santa Rita and Jornada experimental ranges. By 1990, ideas from all these groups and places had come together into a “non-equilibrium” theory of rangeland ecology that is now seen as superior to Clementsian succession in most settings, especially where rainfall is limiting and highly variable. Whether the new theory will succeed where the old one failed, however, remains to be seen.
Marina L. Butovskaya
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199858996
- eISBN:
- 9780199332687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199858996.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology
This chapter examines cultural norms related to aggression and conflict management in the Hadza, who are nomadic hunter-gatherers, and recent transformations resulting from ethno-tourism and contacts ...
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This chapter examines cultural norms related to aggression and conflict management in the Hadza, who are nomadic hunter-gatherers, and recent transformations resulting from ethno-tourism and contacts with neighboring groups such as interethnic marriages and socialization in the multiethnic environment of boarding schools. Aggression and conflict management among the Hadza are compared to that observed in a neighboring society, the Datoga, who are semi-nomadic pastoralists. The data on the Hadza and the Datoga confirm the idea that aggression is a flexible adaptation, not an obligate behavior. Traditional Hadza may be classified as egalitarian, tolerant, and autonomous people. They tend to cope with conflicts by avoidance and tolerance, as members of most nomadic forager societies do. In conflict situations, the Hadza prefer to retire, and most men and women have never killed anybody. The Datoga are more aggressive than the Hadza. They view ridicule and joking as overt aggression. Individual violence among the Datoga has been restricted by the system of fines and ultimately by ostracizing the habitual aggressors. Violence among Datoga spouses is highly asymmetrical and is virtually always directed against women.Less
This chapter examines cultural norms related to aggression and conflict management in the Hadza, who are nomadic hunter-gatherers, and recent transformations resulting from ethno-tourism and contacts with neighboring groups such as interethnic marriages and socialization in the multiethnic environment of boarding schools. Aggression and conflict management among the Hadza are compared to that observed in a neighboring society, the Datoga, who are semi-nomadic pastoralists. The data on the Hadza and the Datoga confirm the idea that aggression is a flexible adaptation, not an obligate behavior. Traditional Hadza may be classified as egalitarian, tolerant, and autonomous people. They tend to cope with conflicts by avoidance and tolerance, as members of most nomadic forager societies do. In conflict situations, the Hadza prefer to retire, and most men and women have never killed anybody. The Datoga are more aggressive than the Hadza. They view ridicule and joking as overt aggression. Individual violence among the Datoga has been restricted by the system of fines and ultimately by ostracizing the habitual aggressors. Violence among Datoga spouses is highly asymmetrical and is virtually always directed against women.
Linda M. Knapp, Eli J. Knapp, Kristine L. Metzger, Dennis Rentsch, Rene Beyers, Katie Hampson, Jennifer Schmitt, Sarah Cleaveland, and Kathleen A. Galvin
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780226195834
- eISBN:
- 9780226196336
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226196336.003.0023
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Summary statistics of mean z-scores for height-for-age and weight-for-age reveal that the entire population of GSE is stunted (due to chronic under-nutrition) and underweight (which could be a sign ...
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Summary statistics of mean z-scores for height-for-age and weight-for-age reveal that the entire population of GSE is stunted (due to chronic under-nutrition) and underweight (which could be a sign of long or short-term malnutrition). When compared to the mean z-scores for all of rural mainland Tanzania, we see that these health problems are not unique to the GSE. In fact, only 15% of GSE villages sampled had mean z-scores (for both height-for-age and weight-for-age) that were below the mean z-scores for all of rural mainland Tanzania. Such a finding suggests that conservation agendas alone are not the cause of malnutrition in the GSE but poor nutrition is more a sign of the ongoing political and economic struggle of all rural Tanzanians. To further understand these patterns of heterogeneity in human health across the GSE, more research is needed to uncover the ultimate drivers of malnutrition and poor health.Less
Summary statistics of mean z-scores for height-for-age and weight-for-age reveal that the entire population of GSE is stunted (due to chronic under-nutrition) and underweight (which could be a sign of long or short-term malnutrition). When compared to the mean z-scores for all of rural mainland Tanzania, we see that these health problems are not unique to the GSE. In fact, only 15% of GSE villages sampled had mean z-scores (for both height-for-age and weight-for-age) that were below the mean z-scores for all of rural mainland Tanzania. Such a finding suggests that conservation agendas alone are not the cause of malnutrition in the GSE but poor nutrition is more a sign of the ongoing political and economic struggle of all rural Tanzanians. To further understand these patterns of heterogeneity in human health across the GSE, more research is needed to uncover the ultimate drivers of malnutrition and poor health.
Andrew M. Smith II
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199861101
- eISBN:
- 9780199332717
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199861101.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This chapter frames a broad discussion of communal development at Palmyra as a kinship-based society and elucidates the social and economic relationships between the Palmyrenes and the people of the ...
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This chapter frames a broad discussion of communal development at Palmyra as a kinship-based society and elucidates the social and economic relationships between the Palmyrenes and the people of the steppe in terms of their shared identities. It examines documentary sources to ascertain how outsiders tended to conceive of the regional pastoralists. What, for instance, was the Greek and Roman opinion of the Arabs, skēnitai, Saracens, or pastoral nomads in general, and how did these people relate to other indigenous inhabitants of the region, whether settled or nomadic, and to one another? Further, in terms of relationships of power, how did individuals within familial or tribal groups present their identities to one another and how were these identities read by the wider community. This allows some critique of the extent to which tribal identities at Palmyra presumably transformed from their primordial foundations as kinship-based groups during Palmyra’s urban growth.Less
This chapter frames a broad discussion of communal development at Palmyra as a kinship-based society and elucidates the social and economic relationships between the Palmyrenes and the people of the steppe in terms of their shared identities. It examines documentary sources to ascertain how outsiders tended to conceive of the regional pastoralists. What, for instance, was the Greek and Roman opinion of the Arabs, skēnitai, Saracens, or pastoral nomads in general, and how did these people relate to other indigenous inhabitants of the region, whether settled or nomadic, and to one another? Further, in terms of relationships of power, how did individuals within familial or tribal groups present their identities to one another and how were these identities read by the wider community. This allows some critique of the extent to which tribal identities at Palmyra presumably transformed from their primordial foundations as kinship-based groups during Palmyra’s urban growth.
Suzanne E. Joseph
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780813044613
- eISBN:
- 9780813046389
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813044613.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter provides an overview of the relevant demographic literature and introduces the people, setting, and methodology. In order to broaden our understanding of inequality, the chapter ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the relevant demographic literature and introduces the people, setting, and methodology. In order to broaden our understanding of inequality, the chapter emphasizes the need to bring together research from sociocultural and biological subfields of anthropology and focus on the reproductive and health experiences of nomadic groups like the Bekaa Bedouin.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the relevant demographic literature and introduces the people, setting, and methodology. In order to broaden our understanding of inequality, the chapter emphasizes the need to bring together research from sociocultural and biological subfields of anthropology and focus on the reproductive and health experiences of nomadic groups like the Bekaa Bedouin.
Suzanne E. Joseph
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780813044613
- eISBN:
- 9780813046389
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813044613.003.0008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
The question taken up in this chapter is whether similar forms of class-like differentiation shape the transitional experiences of less stratified peoples peripheral to state control, particularly ...
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The question taken up in this chapter is whether similar forms of class-like differentiation shape the transitional experiences of less stratified peoples peripheral to state control, particularly nomadic groups. Upon reviewing local empirical studies of women's fertility and health in tribal pastoral and hunting-gathering economies, the chapter affirms the presence of sociodemographic equality in multiple contexts.Less
The question taken up in this chapter is whether similar forms of class-like differentiation shape the transitional experiences of less stratified peoples peripheral to state control, particularly nomadic groups. Upon reviewing local empirical studies of women's fertility and health in tribal pastoral and hunting-gathering economies, the chapter affirms the presence of sociodemographic equality in multiple contexts.
Jennifer C. Post
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780252044038
- eISBN:
- 9780252052972
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252044038.003.0009
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
Focusing on the mobile pastoral herders’ engagement with the environment, Jennifer Post uses a new mobilities paradigm to analyze the impacts of environmental change and related political and ...
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Focusing on the mobile pastoral herders’ engagement with the environment, Jennifer Post uses a new mobilities paradigm to analyze the impacts of environmental change and related political and economic factors on the environment, lives, and musical practices of Kazakh herders. Kazakh musicians express their attachments to place as they sing about their histories and movement, about local resources and lands they have cared for, and about memories of community events that are rapidly disappearing. Kazakh herders have had to relocate to urban centers in Mongolia and Kazakhstan, and, as their lifeway rooted in pastoralism wanes, this shared body of songs play a role in environmental activism, promoting Kazakh identity and the environmentally-focused values and knowledge carried in song.Less
Focusing on the mobile pastoral herders’ engagement with the environment, Jennifer Post uses a new mobilities paradigm to analyze the impacts of environmental change and related political and economic factors on the environment, lives, and musical practices of Kazakh herders. Kazakh musicians express their attachments to place as they sing about their histories and movement, about local resources and lands they have cared for, and about memories of community events that are rapidly disappearing. Kazakh herders have had to relocate to urban centers in Mongolia and Kazakhstan, and, as their lifeway rooted in pastoralism wanes, this shared body of songs play a role in environmental activism, promoting Kazakh identity and the environmentally-focused values and knowledge carried in song.
