Rey Koslowski
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199600458
- eISBN:
- 9780191723544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600458.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
The chapter examines international travel in terms of the development of international norms and regulations; current politics of international cooperation on international travel and consider ...
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The chapter examines international travel in terms of the development of international norms and regulations; current politics of international cooperation on international travel and consider trajectories for future global governance in this issue area. The chapter examines international norms regarding nationality, passports, and visas as well as the regulatory activities of relevant international organizations (e.g. IMO, ICAO, UNWTO, WTO). The politics of cooperation on international travel revolve around the facilitation of increasing flows, travel as a factor of trade and development, the environmental impact of growing travel flows and securing international travel. Steps towards an increasingly sophisticated framework for the global governance of international travel include the further adoption of WTO GATS 4 commitments on business travel visas, specific protocols on human smuggling and trafficking within international treaties, cooperation within ICAO to develop a global framework for the exchange of passenger name record data (PNR) and advance passenger information (API), as well as changing norms among states in favour of deploying technologies such as biometrics and Electronic Travel Authorization (ETA) systems to capture data.Less
The chapter examines international travel in terms of the development of international norms and regulations; current politics of international cooperation on international travel and consider trajectories for future global governance in this issue area. The chapter examines international norms regarding nationality, passports, and visas as well as the regulatory activities of relevant international organizations (e.g. IMO, ICAO, UNWTO, WTO). The politics of cooperation on international travel revolve around the facilitation of increasing flows, travel as a factor of trade and development, the environmental impact of growing travel flows and securing international travel. Steps towards an increasingly sophisticated framework for the global governance of international travel include the further adoption of WTO GATS 4 commitments on business travel visas, specific protocols on human smuggling and trafficking within international treaties, cooperation within ICAO to develop a global framework for the exchange of passenger name record data (PNR) and advance passenger information (API), as well as changing norms among states in favour of deploying technologies such as biometrics and Electronic Travel Authorization (ETA) systems to capture data.
John Merriman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195072532
- eISBN:
- 9780199867790
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195072532.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses the policing of those considered “outsiders”, as police monitored the comings and goings of ordinary people in French cities and towns. These included beggars and vagabonds, ...
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This chapter discusses the policing of those considered “outsiders”, as police monitored the comings and goings of ordinary people in French cities and towns. These included beggars and vagabonds, many of whom found themselves in an “irregular situation” by virtue of not having proper papers for travel or work. Dépôts de mendicité, which were institutions in which beggars could be incarcerated, were not really a solution to the enormous numbers of beggars and vagabonds. Policemen were also alert to the occasional presence of bands of thieves. The arrival of ordinary travelers, particularly if they were from the lower classes, was of interest to police, as well. Police were well aware of the predictable arrival of seasonal workers traveling to their places of employment, as well as various regional characteristics of the people moving through town, and for the most part did not imagine trying to impose perfect “order” on the urban space for which they were responsible.Less
This chapter discusses the policing of those considered “outsiders”, as police monitored the comings and goings of ordinary people in French cities and towns. These included beggars and vagabonds, many of whom found themselves in an “irregular situation” by virtue of not having proper papers for travel or work. Dépôts de mendicité, which were institutions in which beggars could be incarcerated, were not really a solution to the enormous numbers of beggars and vagabonds. Policemen were also alert to the occasional presence of bands of thieves. The arrival of ordinary travelers, particularly if they were from the lower classes, was of interest to police, as well. Police were well aware of the predictable arrival of seasonal workers traveling to their places of employment, as well as various regional characteristics of the people moving through town, and for the most part did not imagine trying to impose perfect “order” on the urban space for which they were responsible.
Robert Lawrence Gunn
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479842582
- eISBN:
- 9781479812516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479842582.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
The epilogue considers the ad hoc 19th-Century system of “Indian passports”—official documents, letters, and testimonials often provided by U.S. agents to Native peoples in western borderlands ...
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The epilogue considers the ad hoc 19th-Century system of “Indian passports”—official documents, letters, and testimonials often provided by U.S. agents to Native peoples in western borderlands settings as quasi-official certifications of identity—as a means of reading Sarah Winnemucca’s Life among the Piutesand provoking more broadly questions about language, Native sovereignty, performance, and literary exchange in the western borderlands of Native North America. Arguing that Winnemucca incorporates the form of the “Indian passport” into the textual architecture of her book, this epilogue enlists Warrior, Weaver, Womack, Vizenor, and Taylor to locate questions of Native intellectual sovereignty within the performative scenarios of settler colonialism and conquest, in questions of translation and linguistic exchange, and in Winnemucca’s literary mode of audience address.Less
The epilogue considers the ad hoc 19th-Century system of “Indian passports”—official documents, letters, and testimonials often provided by U.S. agents to Native peoples in western borderlands settings as quasi-official certifications of identity—as a means of reading Sarah Winnemucca’s Life among the Piutesand provoking more broadly questions about language, Native sovereignty, performance, and literary exchange in the western borderlands of Native North America. Arguing that Winnemucca incorporates the form of the “Indian passport” into the textual architecture of her book, this epilogue enlists Warrior, Weaver, Womack, Vizenor, and Taylor to locate questions of Native intellectual sovereignty within the performative scenarios of settler colonialism and conquest, in questions of translation and linguistic exchange, and in Winnemucca’s literary mode of audience address.
Stacy D. Fahrenthold
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190872137
- eISBN:
- 9780190872168
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190872137.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History, World Modern History
Between the Ottomans and the Entente is the first social history of the First World War written from the perspective of the Arab diasporas in the United States, Brazil, and Argentina. The war between ...
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Between the Ottomans and the Entente is the first social history of the First World War written from the perspective of the Arab diasporas in the United States, Brazil, and Argentina. The war between the Ottoman Empire and the Entente Powers placed the half million Syrian, Lebanese, and Palestinian migrants living abroad in a complicated geopolitical predicament. As Ottoman citizens living in a pro-Entente hemisphere, Arab migrants faced new demands for loyalty by their host societies; simultaneously, they confronted a multiplying legal regime of migration restriction, passport control, and nationality disputes designed to claim Syrian migrants while also controlling their movements. This work tracks the politics and activism of Syrian migrants from the 1908 Young Turk Revolution through the early French Mandate period in the 1920s. It argues that Syrian migrant activists opposed Ottoman rule from the diaspora, collaborating with the Entente powers because they believed this war work would bolster the cause of Syria’s liberation from Unionist rule. Instead, the Entente Powers used support from Syrian migrant communities to bolster colonial claims on a post-Ottoman Levant. This work captures a series of state projects to claim Syrian migrants for the purposes of nation-building in the Arab Middle East, and the efforts of Syrian migrants to resist the categorical schema of the homogenous nation-state and policies of partition and displacement.Less
Between the Ottomans and the Entente is the first social history of the First World War written from the perspective of the Arab diasporas in the United States, Brazil, and Argentina. The war between the Ottoman Empire and the Entente Powers placed the half million Syrian, Lebanese, and Palestinian migrants living abroad in a complicated geopolitical predicament. As Ottoman citizens living in a pro-Entente hemisphere, Arab migrants faced new demands for loyalty by their host societies; simultaneously, they confronted a multiplying legal regime of migration restriction, passport control, and nationality disputes designed to claim Syrian migrants while also controlling their movements. This work tracks the politics and activism of Syrian migrants from the 1908 Young Turk Revolution through the early French Mandate period in the 1920s. It argues that Syrian migrant activists opposed Ottoman rule from the diaspora, collaborating with the Entente powers because they believed this war work would bolster the cause of Syria’s liberation from Unionist rule. Instead, the Entente Powers used support from Syrian migrant communities to bolster colonial claims on a post-Ottoman Levant. This work captures a series of state projects to claim Syrian migrants for the purposes of nation-building in the Arab Middle East, and the efforts of Syrian migrants to resist the categorical schema of the homogenous nation-state and policies of partition and displacement.
Haimanti Roy
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198081777
- eISBN:
- 9780199081875
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198081777.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
Partitioned States offers new perspective in the histories of Partition and its aftermath by connecting it to the long drawn out and skewed formation of new national entities: India and ...
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Partitioned States offers new perspective in the histories of Partition and its aftermath by connecting it to the long drawn out and skewed formation of new national entities: India and East Pakistan. Haimanti Roy focuses on the Bengal Partition and locates its narrative within the intersection of long term cross border movement, chronic small scale violence and the emergence of a document regime, biased national refugee policies, all of which contributed to the formation of national citizenships in India and East Pakistan. Roy argues that minorities, Hindus in East Pakistan and Muslims in eastern India and the discourse over their citizenship and national identity were central to the project of nation building. However, rather than being automatic after 1947, the identity of Indian and Pakistanis were produced, as often constructed arbitrarily through the discretionary powers of lowly officials as through legislation emerging out of parliaments over the next two decades. The product of several years of archival research in Calcutta, Dhaka, Delhi and London, Partitioned States is the first to examine the experience of Partition from both sides of the Bengal border. It urges for a rethinking of the Bengal Partition, which continues to inform the contemporary politics of India and Bangladesh.Less
Partitioned States offers new perspective in the histories of Partition and its aftermath by connecting it to the long drawn out and skewed formation of new national entities: India and East Pakistan. Haimanti Roy focuses on the Bengal Partition and locates its narrative within the intersection of long term cross border movement, chronic small scale violence and the emergence of a document regime, biased national refugee policies, all of which contributed to the formation of national citizenships in India and East Pakistan. Roy argues that minorities, Hindus in East Pakistan and Muslims in eastern India and the discourse over their citizenship and national identity were central to the project of nation building. However, rather than being automatic after 1947, the identity of Indian and Pakistanis were produced, as often constructed arbitrarily through the discretionary powers of lowly officials as through legislation emerging out of parliaments over the next two decades. The product of several years of archival research in Calcutta, Dhaka, Delhi and London, Partitioned States is the first to examine the experience of Partition from both sides of the Bengal border. It urges for a rethinking of the Bengal Partition, which continues to inform the contemporary politics of India and Bangladesh.
Craig Robertson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199927579
- eISBN:
- 9780190254568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199927579.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This book traces the history of the passport as a documentation of individual and national identity in the United States and how it came to be accepted as a reliable answer to the question “Who are ...
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This book traces the history of the passport as a documentation of individual and national identity in the United States and how it came to be accepted as a reliable answer to the question “Who are you?” It shows how the passport, originally intended as an official letter of introduction addressed to foreign governments on behalf of American travelers, became entangled in contemporary negotiations over citizenship and other forms of identity documentation. The book provides a loose chronology that follows this important document from the nineteenth century into the early twentieth century, from the strategic use of passport applications by freed slaves and a campaign to allow married women to get passports in their maiden names, to the “passport nuisance” and the controversy over the addition of photographs and other identification technologies on the passport.Less
This book traces the history of the passport as a documentation of individual and national identity in the United States and how it came to be accepted as a reliable answer to the question “Who are you?” It shows how the passport, originally intended as an official letter of introduction addressed to foreign governments on behalf of American travelers, became entangled in contemporary negotiations over citizenship and other forms of identity documentation. The book provides a loose chronology that follows this important document from the nineteenth century into the early twentieth century, from the strategic use of passport applications by freed slaves and a campaign to allow married women to get passports in their maiden names, to the “passport nuisance” and the controversy over the addition of photographs and other identification technologies on the passport.
Haimanti Roy
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198081777
- eISBN:
- 9780199081875
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198081777.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This chapter examines the impact of the Boundary Award on the lives of people who lived in the borderland and those who attempted to cross it. It shows how the new border becomes an economic and ...
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This chapter examines the impact of the Boundary Award on the lives of people who lived in the borderland and those who attempted to cross it. It shows how the new border becomes an economic and national frontier, criminalizing the traditional passage of goods and people. Border disputes along the Bengal border became national talking points between India and East Pakistan, even as border policy was implemented at the discretion and contextual interpretations of officials on the ground. It traces the establishment of a documentary regime at the border which now categorized border crossers differentially as legal migrants, refugees, aliens and foreigners. However, such limits were continuously tested by the movement of smuggled goods and by people who circumvented the government channels of border outposts and documentary control.Less
This chapter examines the impact of the Boundary Award on the lives of people who lived in the borderland and those who attempted to cross it. It shows how the new border becomes an economic and national frontier, criminalizing the traditional passage of goods and people. Border disputes along the Bengal border became national talking points between India and East Pakistan, even as border policy was implemented at the discretion and contextual interpretations of officials on the ground. It traces the establishment of a documentary regime at the border which now categorized border crossers differentially as legal migrants, refugees, aliens and foreigners. However, such limits were continuously tested by the movement of smuggled goods and by people who circumvented the government channels of border outposts and documentary control.
Haimanti Roy
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198081777
- eISBN:
- 9780199081875
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198081777.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This section outlines the legacies of the Bengal Partition and argues that processes such as the establishment of documentary identities, illegal border crossing and the debates on citizenship have ...
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This section outlines the legacies of the Bengal Partition and argues that processes such as the establishment of documentary identities, illegal border crossing and the debates on citizenship have continued to have lasting impact in the political economy of India. It reiterates the case for the Bengal Partition narrative to assume a more central position within the scholarship and understanding of Partition in both India and Bangladesh.Less
This section outlines the legacies of the Bengal Partition and argues that processes such as the establishment of documentary identities, illegal border crossing and the debates on citizenship have continued to have lasting impact in the political economy of India. It reiterates the case for the Bengal Partition narrative to assume a more central position within the scholarship and understanding of Partition in both India and Bangladesh.
Yossi Harpaz
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691194066
- eISBN:
- 9780691194578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691194066.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter explores the case of Hungarian dual citizenship in Serbia as a representative case of compensatory citizenship that is created on the basis of coethnic ties. Since 2011, Hungary has ...
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This chapter explores the case of Hungarian dual citizenship in Serbia as a representative case of compensatory citizenship that is created on the basis of coethnic ties. Since 2011, Hungary has offered dual citizenship to cross-border Hungarians living in neighboring countries. However, coethnic dual citizenship has complicated and contradictory effects on Serbia's Hungarian minority. On the one hand, they enjoy access to Europe, as well as elevated social status in Serbia. On the other hand, the proliferation of EU passports makes it easier for young Hungarians to emigrate, shrinking this beleaguered population even further. Meanwhile, thousands of ethnic Serbs have also begun to study the Hungarian language. They hope to take advantage of Hungary's generosity toward Hungarian speakers in order to thereby gain access to the EU.Less
This chapter explores the case of Hungarian dual citizenship in Serbia as a representative case of compensatory citizenship that is created on the basis of coethnic ties. Since 2011, Hungary has offered dual citizenship to cross-border Hungarians living in neighboring countries. However, coethnic dual citizenship has complicated and contradictory effects on Serbia's Hungarian minority. On the one hand, they enjoy access to Europe, as well as elevated social status in Serbia. On the other hand, the proliferation of EU passports makes it easier for young Hungarians to emigrate, shrinking this beleaguered population even further. Meanwhile, thousands of ethnic Serbs have also begun to study the Hungarian language. They hope to take advantage of Hungary's generosity toward Hungarian speakers in order to thereby gain access to the EU.
Yossi Harpaz
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691194066
- eISBN:
- 9780691194578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691194066.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter studies the growth in U.S. dual nationality in Mexico, and specifically the phenomenon of strategic cross-border births. This involves middle- and upper-class Mexican parents who travel ...
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This chapter studies the growth in U.S. dual nationality in Mexico, and specifically the phenomenon of strategic cross-border births. This involves middle- and upper-class Mexican parents who travel to the United States to give birth, aiming to secure U.S. citizenship for their children. The families who engage in this practice typically have little interest in emigrating. Instead, they mainly view the United States as a site of high-prestige consumption and wish to provide their children with easy access to tourism, shopping, and education across the border. The American passport is also an insurance policy that allows easy exit at times of insecurity in Mexico. This strategic acquisition of U.S. dual nationality by upper-class Mexicans can be juxtaposed with another recent trend: the deportation of hundreds of thousands of Mexican undocumented immigrants, who take their U.S.-born children with them to Mexico. For the former group, dual nationality is voluntary and practical; for the latter, it is an imposed disadvantage.Less
This chapter studies the growth in U.S. dual nationality in Mexico, and specifically the phenomenon of strategic cross-border births. This involves middle- and upper-class Mexican parents who travel to the United States to give birth, aiming to secure U.S. citizenship for their children. The families who engage in this practice typically have little interest in emigrating. Instead, they mainly view the United States as a site of high-prestige consumption and wish to provide their children with easy access to tourism, shopping, and education across the border. The American passport is also an insurance policy that allows easy exit at times of insecurity in Mexico. This strategic acquisition of U.S. dual nationality by upper-class Mexicans can be juxtaposed with another recent trend: the deportation of hundreds of thousands of Mexican undocumented immigrants, who take their U.S.-born children with them to Mexico. For the former group, dual nationality is voluntary and practical; for the latter, it is an imposed disadvantage.
Yossi Harpaz
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691194066
- eISBN:
- 9780691194578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691194066.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter analyzes EU citizenship in Israel. Israel's high income level and low emigration rate set it apart from Serbia and Mexico and make dual citizenship less obviously useful. EU–Israeli dual ...
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This chapter analyzes EU citizenship in Israel. Israel's high income level and low emigration rate set it apart from Serbia and Mexico and make dual citizenship less obviously useful. EU–Israeli dual citizens rarely refer to themselves as dual citizens, but instead see themselves as “Israelis with a European passport.” The chapter then demonstrates that citizenship applicants are mainly driven by two motivations that were conditioned by Jewish history. The first is the wish to hold an insurance policy against the possibility of Israel being destroyed. The second is the desire for a status symbol that signifies their elitist position in Israel as European-origin Jews. Ironically, the grandchildren of Jews who had left Europe for Israel now look to German or Hungarian passports for security.Less
This chapter analyzes EU citizenship in Israel. Israel's high income level and low emigration rate set it apart from Serbia and Mexico and make dual citizenship less obviously useful. EU–Israeli dual citizens rarely refer to themselves as dual citizens, but instead see themselves as “Israelis with a European passport.” The chapter then demonstrates that citizenship applicants are mainly driven by two motivations that were conditioned by Jewish history. The first is the wish to hold an insurance policy against the possibility of Israel being destroyed. The second is the desire for a status symbol that signifies their elitist position in Israel as European-origin Jews. Ironically, the grandchildren of Jews who had left Europe for Israel now look to German or Hungarian passports for security.
Craig Robertson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199927579
- eISBN:
- 9780190254568
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199927579.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
In today's world of constant identification checks, it is difficult to recall that there was ever a time when “proof of identity” was not a part of everyday life. And as anyone knows who has ever ...
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In today's world of constant identification checks, it is difficult to recall that there was ever a time when “proof of identity” was not a part of everyday life. And as anyone knows who has ever lost a passport, or let one expire on the eve of international travel, the passport has become an indispensable document. But how and why did this form of identification take on such a crucial role? This book offers an account of how this document, above all others, came to be considered a reliable answer to the question: who are you? Historically, the passport originated as an official letter of introduction addressed to foreign governments on behalf of American travelers, but as the book shows, it became entangled in contemporary negotiations over citizenship and other forms of identity documentation. Prior to World War I, passports were not required to cross American borders, and while some people struggled to understand how a passport could accurately identify a person, others took advantage of this new document to advance claims for citizenship. From the strategic use of passport applications by freed slaves and a campaign to allow married women to get passports in their maiden names, to the “passport nuisance” of the 1920s and the contested addition of photographs and other identification technologies on the passport, the book sheds new light on issues of individual and national identity in modern U.S. history.Less
In today's world of constant identification checks, it is difficult to recall that there was ever a time when “proof of identity” was not a part of everyday life. And as anyone knows who has ever lost a passport, or let one expire on the eve of international travel, the passport has become an indispensable document. But how and why did this form of identification take on such a crucial role? This book offers an account of how this document, above all others, came to be considered a reliable answer to the question: who are you? Historically, the passport originated as an official letter of introduction addressed to foreign governments on behalf of American travelers, but as the book shows, it became entangled in contemporary negotiations over citizenship and other forms of identity documentation. Prior to World War I, passports were not required to cross American borders, and while some people struggled to understand how a passport could accurately identify a person, others took advantage of this new document to advance claims for citizenship. From the strategic use of passport applications by freed slaves and a campaign to allow married women to get passports in their maiden names, to the “passport nuisance” of the 1920s and the contested addition of photographs and other identification technologies on the passport, the book sheds new light on issues of individual and national identity in modern U.S. history.
David Scott FitzGerald
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190874155
- eISBN:
- 9780190874186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190874155.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies), Comparative and Historical Sociology
The aerial dome is the single most effective block in the architecture of remote control. The contemporary dome over U.S., Canadian, and Mexican airspace was derived from controls over transoceanic ...
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The aerial dome is the single most effective block in the architecture of remote control. The contemporary dome over U.S., Canadian, and Mexican airspace was derived from controls over transoceanic shipping passengers dating back to the nineteenth century. Its deeply rooted history makes the system seem natural. The use and framing of mobility controls as a way to protect national security also has a history more than a century old. Terrorist attacks further generated a strong security rationale for strict passenger controls that states then use to keep out all manner of unwanted foreigners. Many controls are exercised in spaces that are difficult for watchdogs to access. The people harmed by the system because they are blocked from reaching sanctuary are uncounted and unseen. As a result of these characteristics, there are few institutional constraints on the system of visas, carrier sanctions, liaison officers, pre-clearance operations, and international anti-smuggling operations that together constitute the dome.Less
The aerial dome is the single most effective block in the architecture of remote control. The contemporary dome over U.S., Canadian, and Mexican airspace was derived from controls over transoceanic shipping passengers dating back to the nineteenth century. Its deeply rooted history makes the system seem natural. The use and framing of mobility controls as a way to protect national security also has a history more than a century old. Terrorist attacks further generated a strong security rationale for strict passenger controls that states then use to keep out all manner of unwanted foreigners. Many controls are exercised in spaces that are difficult for watchdogs to access. The people harmed by the system because they are blocked from reaching sanctuary are uncounted and unseen. As a result of these characteristics, there are few institutional constraints on the system of visas, carrier sanctions, liaison officers, pre-clearance operations, and international anti-smuggling operations that together constitute the dome.
Markus Bindemann (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- March 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198837749
- eISBN:
- 9780191874338
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198837749.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Forensic Psychology
Person identification at passport control, at borders, in police investigations, and in criminal trials relies critically on the identity verification of people via image-to-image or person-to-image ...
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Person identification at passport control, at borders, in police investigations, and in criminal trials relies critically on the identity verification of people via image-to-image or person-to-image comparison. While this task is known as ‘facial image comparison’ in forensic settings, it has been studied as ‘unfamiliar face matching’ in cognitive science. This book brings together expertise from practitioners, and academics in psychology and law, to draw together what is currently known about these tasks. It explains the problem of identity impostors and how within-person variability and between-person similarity, due to factors such as image quality, lighting direction, and view, affect identification. A framework to develop a cognitive theory of face matching is offered. The face-matching abilities of untrained lay observers, facial reviewers, facial examiners, and super-recognizers are analysed and contrasted. Individual differences between observers, learning and training for face recognition and face matching, and personnel selection are reviewed. The admissibility criteria of evidence from face matching in legal settings are considered, focusing on aspects such as the requirement of relevance, the prohibition on evidence of opinion, and reliability. Key concepts relevant to automatic face recognition algorithms at airports and in police investigations are explained, such as deep convolutional neural networks, biometrics, and human–computer interaction. Finally, new security threats in the form of hyper-realistic mask disguises are considered, including the impact these have on person identification in applied and laboratory settings.Less
Person identification at passport control, at borders, in police investigations, and in criminal trials relies critically on the identity verification of people via image-to-image or person-to-image comparison. While this task is known as ‘facial image comparison’ in forensic settings, it has been studied as ‘unfamiliar face matching’ in cognitive science. This book brings together expertise from practitioners, and academics in psychology and law, to draw together what is currently known about these tasks. It explains the problem of identity impostors and how within-person variability and between-person similarity, due to factors such as image quality, lighting direction, and view, affect identification. A framework to develop a cognitive theory of face matching is offered. The face-matching abilities of untrained lay observers, facial reviewers, facial examiners, and super-recognizers are analysed and contrasted. Individual differences between observers, learning and training for face recognition and face matching, and personnel selection are reviewed. The admissibility criteria of evidence from face matching in legal settings are considered, focusing on aspects such as the requirement of relevance, the prohibition on evidence of opinion, and reliability. Key concepts relevant to automatic face recognition algorithms at airports and in police investigations are explained, such as deep convolutional neural networks, biometrics, and human–computer interaction. Finally, new security threats in the form of hyper-realistic mask disguises are considered, including the impact these have on person identification in applied and laboratory settings.
Engseng Ho
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520244535
- eISBN:
- 9780520938694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520244535.003.0010
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Middle Eastern Cultural Anthropology
This chapter explores the difficulties of return to Tarim from the perspective of individual relevant to the Hadrami diaspora, focusing on the experience of the muwallads or Creoles who were born ...
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This chapter explores the difficulties of return to Tarim from the perspective of individual relevant to the Hadrami diaspora, focusing on the experience of the muwallads or Creoles who were born abroad. It describes the challenges faced by the muwallads in their return, including passport problems. It discusses the personal narratives of the muwallads where they recorded that the tradition of repatriation from diaspora is experienced as displacement instead of homecoming.Less
This chapter explores the difficulties of return to Tarim from the perspective of individual relevant to the Hadrami diaspora, focusing on the experience of the muwallads or Creoles who were born abroad. It describes the challenges faced by the muwallads in their return, including passport problems. It discusses the personal narratives of the muwallads where they recorded that the tradition of repatriation from diaspora is experienced as displacement instead of homecoming.
Craig Robertson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199927579
- eISBN:
- 9780190254568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199927579.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter focuses on the “passport nuisance” which developed in the United States in the early 1920s: the people's negative response to postwar passport requirements. It traces the passport ...
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This chapter focuses on the “passport nuisance” which developed in the United States in the early 1920s: the people's negative response to postwar passport requirements. It traces the passport nuisance to the perception of a required passport as a challenge not only to the wallet but also to accepted notions of respectability and privacy. More specifically, it examines the perception that an element of mistrust had entered the relationship between the federal government and its citizens, as well as U.S. citizens' interactions with foreign governments. It considers the causes of frustration with the process of obtaining a passport, such as the demand to apply in person along with a witness, the need to submit a photograph, the requirement for documentary proof of citizenship, and the additional cost of travel. It also looks at the articulation of the passport nuisance in newspapers and magazines through complaints about the visas required to travel through the new Europe. Finally, the chapter cites the dissipation of the passport nuisance by the mid-1930s.Less
This chapter focuses on the “passport nuisance” which developed in the United States in the early 1920s: the people's negative response to postwar passport requirements. It traces the passport nuisance to the perception of a required passport as a challenge not only to the wallet but also to accepted notions of respectability and privacy. More specifically, it examines the perception that an element of mistrust had entered the relationship between the federal government and its citizens, as well as U.S. citizens' interactions with foreign governments. It considers the causes of frustration with the process of obtaining a passport, such as the demand to apply in person along with a witness, the need to submit a photograph, the requirement for documentary proof of citizenship, and the additional cost of travel. It also looks at the articulation of the passport nuisance in newspapers and magazines through complaints about the visas required to travel through the new Europe. Finally, the chapter cites the dissipation of the passport nuisance by the mid-1930s.
Luca Scholz
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- March 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198845676
- eISBN:
- 9780191880797
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198845676.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, Political History
Abstract: Borders and Freedom of Movement in the Holy Roman Empire tells the history of free movement in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, one of the most fractured landscapes in human ...
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Abstract: Borders and Freedom of Movement in the Holy Roman Empire tells the history of free movement in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, one of the most fractured landscapes in human history. The boundaries that divided its hundreds of territories make the Old Reich a uniquely valuable site for studying the ordering of movement. The focus is on safe conduct, an institution that was common throughout the early modern world but became a key framework for negotiating free movement and its restriction in the Old Reich. The book shows that attempts to escort travellers, issue letters of passage, or to criminalize the use of ‘forbidden’ roads served to transform rights of passage into excludable and fiscally exploitable goods. Mobile populations—from emperors to peasants—defied attempts to govern their mobility with actions ranging from formal protest to bloodshed. Newly designed maps show that restrictions upon moving goods and people were rarely concentrated at borders before the mid-eighteenth century, but unevenly distributed along roads and rivers. In addition, the book unearths intense intellectual debates around the rulers’ right to interfere with freedom of movement. The Empire’s political order guaranteed extensive transit rights, but apologies of free movement and claims of protection could also mask aggressive attempts of territorial expansion. Drawing on sources discovered in more than twenty archives and covering the period between the late sixteenth to the early nineteenth century, the book offers a new perspective on the unstable relationship of political authority and human mobility in the heartlands of old-regime Europe.Less
Abstract: Borders and Freedom of Movement in the Holy Roman Empire tells the history of free movement in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, one of the most fractured landscapes in human history. The boundaries that divided its hundreds of territories make the Old Reich a uniquely valuable site for studying the ordering of movement. The focus is on safe conduct, an institution that was common throughout the early modern world but became a key framework for negotiating free movement and its restriction in the Old Reich. The book shows that attempts to escort travellers, issue letters of passage, or to criminalize the use of ‘forbidden’ roads served to transform rights of passage into excludable and fiscally exploitable goods. Mobile populations—from emperors to peasants—defied attempts to govern their mobility with actions ranging from formal protest to bloodshed. Newly designed maps show that restrictions upon moving goods and people were rarely concentrated at borders before the mid-eighteenth century, but unevenly distributed along roads and rivers. In addition, the book unearths intense intellectual debates around the rulers’ right to interfere with freedom of movement. The Empire’s political order guaranteed extensive transit rights, but apologies of free movement and claims of protection could also mask aggressive attempts of territorial expansion. Drawing on sources discovered in more than twenty archives and covering the period between the late sixteenth to the early nineteenth century, the book offers a new perspective on the unstable relationship of political authority and human mobility in the heartlands of old-regime Europe.
Robert L. McLaughlin and Sally E. Parry
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813123868
- eISBN:
- 9780813134840
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813123868.003.0005
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter examines how Hollywood war films presented America's British, Soviet, and Chinese allies as nations to be valued for their uniqueness and their similarity to the U.S. It contends that ...
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This chapter examines how Hollywood war films presented America's British, Soviet, and Chinese allies as nations to be valued for their uniqueness and their similarity to the U.S. It contends that Hollywood films faced different kinds of problems in representing Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China as nations to be fought with and fought for. They employed a variety of strategies to convey that each of these nations had a unique history and heritage for which it should be valued and that contrasts with the Nazis and the Japanese. Examples of these films include Passport to Destiny, Ski Patrol, and Secret Agent in Japan.Less
This chapter examines how Hollywood war films presented America's British, Soviet, and Chinese allies as nations to be valued for their uniqueness and their similarity to the U.S. It contends that Hollywood films faced different kinds of problems in representing Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China as nations to be fought with and fought for. They employed a variety of strategies to convey that each of these nations had a unique history and heritage for which it should be valued and that contrasts with the Nazis and the Japanese. Examples of these films include Passport to Destiny, Ski Patrol, and Secret Agent in Japan.
Charlotte E. Blattner
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- August 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190948313
- eISBN:
- 9780190948344
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190948313.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter takes a critical positivist approach to exploring lex ferenda options to protect animals abroad, uncovering new applications of the passive personality principle, the universality ...
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This chapter takes a critical positivist approach to exploring lex ferenda options to protect animals abroad, uncovering new applications of the passive personality principle, the universality principle, and the effects principle. Because the law of jurisdiction developed over centuries without considering animals, it does not meet the specific demands of animal law, conceptually and morally. The author offers a new application of the passive personality principle, arguing that animals should have functional nationality, like ships and corporations, that establishes a jurisdictional link to their home state. On this basis, a state can broadly and unequivocally protect its national animals abroad. The chapter next shows how the universality principle can, in the future, prohibit the most egregious crimes against animals that now escape every state’s jurisdiction (like illegal wildlife trafficking). Finally, arguments for a noneconomic version of the effects principle in animal law are explored.Less
This chapter takes a critical positivist approach to exploring lex ferenda options to protect animals abroad, uncovering new applications of the passive personality principle, the universality principle, and the effects principle. Because the law of jurisdiction developed over centuries without considering animals, it does not meet the specific demands of animal law, conceptually and morally. The author offers a new application of the passive personality principle, arguing that animals should have functional nationality, like ships and corporations, that establishes a jurisdictional link to their home state. On this basis, a state can broadly and unequivocally protect its national animals abroad. The chapter next shows how the universality principle can, in the future, prohibit the most egregious crimes against animals that now escape every state’s jurisdiction (like illegal wildlife trafficking). Finally, arguments for a noneconomic version of the effects principle in animal law are explored.
Melanie C. Hawthorne
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781789628128
- eISBN:
- 9781800852105
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789628128.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
Until well into the twentieth century, the claims to citizenship of women in the US and in Europe have come through men (father, husband); women had no citizenship of their own. The case studies of ...
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Until well into the twentieth century, the claims to citizenship of women in the US and in Europe have come through men (father, husband); women had no citizenship of their own. The case studies of three expatriate women (Renée Vivien, Romaine Brooks, and Natalie Barney) illustrate some of the consequences for women who lived independent lives. To begin with, the books traces the way that ideas about national belonging shaped gay male identity in the nineteenth century, before showing that such a discourse was not available to women and lesbians, including the three women who form the core of the book. In addition to questions of sexually non-conforming identity, women's mediated claim to citizenship limited their autonomy in practical ways (for example, they could be unilaterally expatriated). Consequently, the situation of the denizen may have been preferable to that of the citizen for women who lived between the lines. Drawing on the discourse of jurisprudence, the history of the passport, and original archival research on all three women, the books tells the story of women's evolving claims to citizenship in their own right.Less
Until well into the twentieth century, the claims to citizenship of women in the US and in Europe have come through men (father, husband); women had no citizenship of their own. The case studies of three expatriate women (Renée Vivien, Romaine Brooks, and Natalie Barney) illustrate some of the consequences for women who lived independent lives. To begin with, the books traces the way that ideas about national belonging shaped gay male identity in the nineteenth century, before showing that such a discourse was not available to women and lesbians, including the three women who form the core of the book. In addition to questions of sexually non-conforming identity, women's mediated claim to citizenship limited their autonomy in practical ways (for example, they could be unilaterally expatriated). Consequently, the situation of the denizen may have been preferable to that of the citizen for women who lived between the lines. Drawing on the discourse of jurisprudence, the history of the passport, and original archival research on all three women, the books tells the story of women's evolving claims to citizenship in their own right.
