Steven French and Décio Krause
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199278244
- eISBN:
- 9780191603952
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278245.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Drawing on philosophical accounts of identity and individuality, as well as the histories of both classical and quantum physics, this book explores two alternative metaphysical approaches to quantum ...
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Drawing on philosophical accounts of identity and individuality, as well as the histories of both classical and quantum physics, this book explores two alternative metaphysical approaches to quantum particles. It asks if quantum particles can be regarded as individuals, just like books, tables, and people. Taking the first approach, the book argues that if quantum particles are regarded as individuals, then Leibniz’s famous Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles is in fact violated. Recent discussions of this conclusion are analysed in detail and the costs involved in saving the Principle are carefully considered. For the second approach, the book considers recent work in non-standard logic and set theory to indicate how we can make sense of the idea that objects can be non-individuals. The concluding chapter suggests how these results might then be extended to quantum field theory.Less
Drawing on philosophical accounts of identity and individuality, as well as the histories of both classical and quantum physics, this book explores two alternative metaphysical approaches to quantum particles. It asks if quantum particles can be regarded as individuals, just like books, tables, and people. Taking the first approach, the book argues that if quantum particles are regarded as individuals, then Leibniz’s famous Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles is in fact violated. Recent discussions of this conclusion are analysed in detail and the costs involved in saving the Principle are carefully considered. For the second approach, the book considers recent work in non-standard logic and set theory to indicate how we can make sense of the idea that objects can be non-individuals. The concluding chapter suggests how these results might then be extended to quantum field theory.
Reinhard B. Neder and Thomas Proffen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233694
- eISBN:
- 9780191715563
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233694.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
Nanomaterials are a growing area of research and this chapter discusses the creation of various nanoparticles. The examples include simple particles, core-shell particles, as well as nanotubes. The ...
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Nanomaterials are a growing area of research and this chapter discusses the creation of various nanoparticles. The examples include simple particles, core-shell particles, as well as nanotubes. The small size and shape of these particles usually prohibits the application of periodic boundary conditions. Corresponding implications on the calculation of powder diffraction pattern as well as the PDF are discussed.Less
Nanomaterials are a growing area of research and this chapter discusses the creation of various nanoparticles. The examples include simple particles, core-shell particles, as well as nanotubes. The small size and shape of these particles usually prohibits the application of periodic boundary conditions. Corresponding implications on the calculation of powder diffraction pattern as well as the PDF are discussed.
Ian G. Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195168211
- eISBN:
- 9780199788453
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168211.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This work provides an analysis of word order and clause structure in Welsh, within the context of a minimalist version of principles and parameters theory. The central issue is the analysis of VSO ...
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This work provides an analysis of word order and clause structure in Welsh, within the context of a minimalist version of principles and parameters theory. The central issue is the analysis of VSO order, the only unmarked clausal order in Welsh. The question is: which values of which parameters of Universal Grammar determine VSO order? Behind this basic descriptive goal, there are two theoretical questions. The first has to do with the conditions of adequacy on parameters: these must be both typologizable and learnable. The second concerns the Extended Projection Principle (EPP). Developing the conception of this principle in Chomsky (2000, 2001), it is concluded that it is a parametrized property of the C-system and/or the I-system, and that it seems to be intrinsically connected to the defective nature of certain functional heads. Successive chapters deal with the analysis of VSO orders, the Welsh Case-agreement system as it applies to both subjects and objects, the ‘verbal noun’, and the nature of the C-system. The last chapter takes up the related but distinct question of the theoretical status of head-movement, arguing that this may be construed as movement to a specifier position followed by morphological reanalysis of adjacent heads. Throughout, Welsh is compared to the other Celtic languages, and to the Romance and Germanic languages. Comparison with Romance is particularly revealing in relation to the agreement system, and comparison with Germanic in relation to C-system.Less
This work provides an analysis of word order and clause structure in Welsh, within the context of a minimalist version of principles and parameters theory. The central issue is the analysis of VSO order, the only unmarked clausal order in Welsh. The question is: which values of which parameters of Universal Grammar determine VSO order? Behind this basic descriptive goal, there are two theoretical questions. The first has to do with the conditions of adequacy on parameters: these must be both typologizable and learnable. The second concerns the Extended Projection Principle (EPP). Developing the conception of this principle in Chomsky (2000, 2001), it is concluded that it is a parametrized property of the C-system and/or the I-system, and that it seems to be intrinsically connected to the defective nature of certain functional heads. Successive chapters deal with the analysis of VSO orders, the Welsh Case-agreement system as it applies to both subjects and objects, the ‘verbal noun’, and the nature of the C-system. The last chapter takes up the related but distinct question of the theoretical status of head-movement, arguing that this may be construed as movement to a specifier position followed by morphological reanalysis of adjacent heads. Throughout, Welsh is compared to the other Celtic languages, and to the Romance and Germanic languages. Comparison with Romance is particularly revealing in relation to the agreement system, and comparison with Germanic in relation to C-system.
Seth Cable
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195392265
- eISBN:
- 9780199866526
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195392265.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This book puts forth a novel syntactic and semantic analysis of wh-questions based upon in-depth study of the Tlingit language, an endangered and under-documented language of North America. A major ...
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This book puts forth a novel syntactic and semantic analysis of wh-questions based upon in-depth study of the Tlingit language, an endangered and under-documented language of North America. A major consequence of this new approach is that the phenomenon classically dubbed pied-piping does not actually exist. The book begins by arguing that wh-fronting in Tlingit does not involve a syntactic relationship between interrogative C and the wh-word. Rather, it involves a probe/Agree relation between C and an overt ‘Q-particle’ (or ‘Q’) c-commanding the wh-word. Fronting of the wh-word in Tlingit is thus a mere by-product of fronting the QP projected by this Q. Given the strong similarity between the wh-constructions of Tlingit and those of more widely studied languages, this ‘Q-based’ analysis is applied to a range of other languages. Regarding so-called pied-piping structures, the Q-based theory provides an analysis in which the very concept of ‘pied-piping’ is eliminated from the theory of grammar. Furthermore, the account provides an especially minimal semantics for pied-piping structures, in which no mechanisms are needed beyond those required for simple wh-questions. Finally, the Q-based theory is able to capture certain constraints on pied-piping, as well as aspects of its variation across languages. Beyond its treatment of pied-piping, the Q-based theory also yields a novel syntax and semantics for multiple wh-questions that ties the presence of Superiority Effects to the absence of Intervention Effects. Furthermore, the account predicts a previously unnoticed Intervention Effect in English pied-piping structures. Finally, the Q-based theory provides a novel account of the ill-formedness of P-stranding and left branch extractions in many of the world’s languages.Less
This book puts forth a novel syntactic and semantic analysis of wh-questions based upon in-depth study of the Tlingit language, an endangered and under-documented language of North America. A major consequence of this new approach is that the phenomenon classically dubbed pied-piping does not actually exist. The book begins by arguing that wh-fronting in Tlingit does not involve a syntactic relationship between interrogative C and the wh-word. Rather, it involves a probe/Agree relation between C and an overt ‘Q-particle’ (or ‘Q’) c-commanding the wh-word. Fronting of the wh-word in Tlingit is thus a mere by-product of fronting the QP projected by this Q. Given the strong similarity between the wh-constructions of Tlingit and those of more widely studied languages, this ‘Q-based’ analysis is applied to a range of other languages. Regarding so-called pied-piping structures, the Q-based theory provides an analysis in which the very concept of ‘pied-piping’ is eliminated from the theory of grammar. Furthermore, the account provides an especially minimal semantics for pied-piping structures, in which no mechanisms are needed beyond those required for simple wh-questions. Finally, the Q-based theory is able to capture certain constraints on pied-piping, as well as aspects of its variation across languages. Beyond its treatment of pied-piping, the Q-based theory also yields a novel syntax and semantics for multiple wh-questions that ties the presence of Superiority Effects to the absence of Intervention Effects. Furthermore, the account predicts a previously unnoticed Intervention Effect in English pied-piping structures. Finally, the Q-based theory provides a novel account of the ill-formedness of P-stranding and left branch extractions in many of the world’s languages.
Anthony Leggett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199211241
- eISBN:
- 9780191706837
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211241.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Is the universe infinite, or does it have an edge beyond which there is, quite literally, nothing? Do we live in the only possible universe? Why does it have one time and three space dimensions — or ...
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Is the universe infinite, or does it have an edge beyond which there is, quite literally, nothing? Do we live in the only possible universe? Why does it have one time and three space dimensions — or does it? What is it made of? What does it mean when we hear that a new particle has been discovered? Will quantum mechanics eventually break down and give way to a totally new description of the world, one whose features we cannot even begin to imagine? This book aims to give a general overview of what physicists think they do and do not know in some representative frontier areas of contemporary physics. After sketching out the historical background, the book goes on to discuss the current situation and some of the open problems of cosmology, high-energy physics, and condensed-matter physics. This book focuses not so much on recent achievements as on the fundamental problems at the heart of the subject, and emphasizes the provisional nature of our present understanding of things.Less
Is the universe infinite, or does it have an edge beyond which there is, quite literally, nothing? Do we live in the only possible universe? Why does it have one time and three space dimensions — or does it? What is it made of? What does it mean when we hear that a new particle has been discovered? Will quantum mechanics eventually break down and give way to a totally new description of the world, one whose features we cannot even begin to imagine? This book aims to give a general overview of what physicists think they do and do not know in some representative frontier areas of contemporary physics. After sketching out the historical background, the book goes on to discuss the current situation and some of the open problems of cosmology, high-energy physics, and condensed-matter physics. This book focuses not so much on recent achievements as on the fundamental problems at the heart of the subject, and emphasizes the provisional nature of our present understanding of things.
Jeroen van Craenenbroeck
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195375640
- eISBN:
- 9780199871612
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195375640.003.0016
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter summarizes the second case study of this book and examines its theoretical implications. They are situated in three main areas. First of all, the preceding chapters have shown that only ...
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This chapter summarizes the second case study of this book and examines its theoretical implications. They are situated in three main areas. First of all, the preceding chapters have shown that only the pro-theory can provide an adequate analysis of Short Do Replies. The type of pro-theory advocated here differs from its predecessors, however, in its technical implementation, in the type of argumentation that is provided in its support, and in the empirical divide it makes between PF-deletion and pro. Secondly, the second case study has provided evidence for the existence and specific role of two PolPs in the dialect Dutch IP-domain, and for the independent existence of Agr s P. Thirdly, the second case study has argued in favor of an analysis of discourse particles that fully integrates them into the functional structure of the clause.Less
This chapter summarizes the second case study of this book and examines its theoretical implications. They are situated in three main areas. First of all, the preceding chapters have shown that only the pro-theory can provide an adequate analysis of Short Do Replies. The type of pro-theory advocated here differs from its predecessors, however, in its technical implementation, in the type of argumentation that is provided in its support, and in the empirical divide it makes between PF-deletion and pro. Secondly, the second case study has provided evidence for the existence and specific role of two PolPs in the dialect Dutch IP-domain, and for the independent existence of Agr s P. Thirdly, the second case study has argued in favor of an analysis of discourse particles that fully integrates them into the functional structure of the clause.
James A. Clarke
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198508557
- eISBN:
- 9780191708770
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508557.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter introduces the subject of synchrotron radiation by explaining the history of particle accelerators and hence the development of these sources of intense light. An overview of the photon ...
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This chapter introduces the subject of synchrotron radiation by explaining the history of particle accelerators and hence the development of these sources of intense light. An overview of the photon output properties of bending magnets, undulators, and wigglers is given. Simple arguments based upon special relativity are used to predict the spectrum and other source properties.Less
This chapter introduces the subject of synchrotron radiation by explaining the history of particle accelerators and hence the development of these sources of intense light. An overview of the photon output properties of bending magnets, undulators, and wigglers is given. Simple arguments based upon special relativity are used to predict the spectrum and other source properties.
Gary E. Bowman
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199228928
- eISBN:
- 9780191711206
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228928.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This introductory chapter outlines the differences between classical physics and quantum physics by positing three imaginary worlds. World 1 is governed by the laws of classical Newtonian mechanics, ...
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This introductory chapter outlines the differences between classical physics and quantum physics by positing three imaginary worlds. World 1 is governed by the laws of classical Newtonian mechanics, World 2 by classical field physics, and World 3 by quantum physics. The point is that classical physics deals with well-defined, continuously-existing physical quantities, including trajectories, while quantum physics is fundamentally about physical quantities defined in terms of probability functions.Less
This introductory chapter outlines the differences between classical physics and quantum physics by positing three imaginary worlds. World 1 is governed by the laws of classical Newtonian mechanics, World 2 by classical field physics, and World 3 by quantum physics. The point is that classical physics deals with well-defined, continuously-existing physical quantities, including trajectories, while quantum physics is fundamentally about physical quantities defined in terms of probability functions.
Mathias Frisch
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195172157
- eISBN:
- 9780199835294
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195172159.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This book has two principal aims: to investigate the conceptual structure of classical electrodynamics, and show that investigating a particular scientific theory can shed light on concerns in the ...
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This book has two principal aims: to investigate the conceptual structure of classical electrodynamics, and show that investigating a particular scientific theory can shed light on concerns in the general philosophy of science. It focuses on two basic issues on the interaction between charged particles and classical fields. First, what is the equation of motion of a charged particle interacting with an electromagnetic field? Second, how does the presence of charged particles or sources affect the total field? The book is divided into two parts. Part I focuses on particles — different particle equations of motion and their properties. Part II focuses on fields and their symmetry properties in the presence of particles.Less
This book has two principal aims: to investigate the conceptual structure of classical electrodynamics, and show that investigating a particular scientific theory can shed light on concerns in the general philosophy of science. It focuses on two basic issues on the interaction between charged particles and classical fields. First, what is the equation of motion of a charged particle interacting with an electromagnetic field? Second, how does the presence of charged particles or sources affect the total field? The book is divided into two parts. Part I focuses on particles — different particle equations of motion and their properties. Part II focuses on fields and their symmetry properties in the presence of particles.
J. B. Rosenzweig
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198525547
- eISBN:
- 9780191711725
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525547.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This book presents beam physics using a unified approach, emphasizing basic concepts and analysis methods. While many existing resources in beams and accelerators are specialized to aid the ...
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This book presents beam physics using a unified approach, emphasizing basic concepts and analysis methods. While many existing resources in beams and accelerators are specialized to aid the professional practitioner, this text anticipates the needs of physics students. The central concepts underpinning the physics of accelerators, charged particle, and photon beams are built up from familiar, intertwining components, such as electromagnetism, relativity, and Hamiltonian dynamics. These components are woven into an illustrative set of examples that allow investigation of a variety of physical scenarios. With these tools, single particle dynamics in linear accelerators are discussed, with general methods that are naturally extended to circular accelerators. Beyond single particle dynamics, the proliferation of commonly used beam descriptions are surveyed and compared. These methods provide a powerful connection between the classical charged particle beams, and beams based on coherent waves — laser beams. Aspects of experimental techniques are introduced. Numerous exercises, and examples drawn from devices such as synchrotrons and free-electron lasers, are included to illustrate relevant physical principles.Less
This book presents beam physics using a unified approach, emphasizing basic concepts and analysis methods. While many existing resources in beams and accelerators are specialized to aid the professional practitioner, this text anticipates the needs of physics students. The central concepts underpinning the physics of accelerators, charged particle, and photon beams are built up from familiar, intertwining components, such as electromagnetism, relativity, and Hamiltonian dynamics. These components are woven into an illustrative set of examples that allow investigation of a variety of physical scenarios. With these tools, single particle dynamics in linear accelerators are discussed, with general methods that are naturally extended to circular accelerators. Beyond single particle dynamics, the proliferation of commonly used beam descriptions are surveyed and compared. These methods provide a powerful connection between the classical charged particle beams, and beams based on coherent waves — laser beams. Aspects of experimental techniques are introduced. Numerous exercises, and examples drawn from devices such as synchrotrons and free-electron lasers, are included to illustrate relevant physical principles.
Nikolai V. Brilliantov and Thorsten Pöschel
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198530381
- eISBN:
- 9780191713057
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530381.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
Kinetic Theory of Granular Gases provides an introduction to the rapidly developing theory of dissipative gas dynamics — a theory which has mainly evolved over the last decade. The book ...
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Kinetic Theory of Granular Gases provides an introduction to the rapidly developing theory of dissipative gas dynamics — a theory which has mainly evolved over the last decade. The book is aimed at readers from the advanced undergraduate level upwards and leads on to the present state of research. Throughout, special emphasis is put on a microscopically consistent description of pairwise particle collisions which leads to an impact-velocity-dependent coefficient of restitution. The description of the many-particle system, based on the Boltzmann equation, starts with the derivation of the velocity distribution function, followed by the investigation of self-diffusion and Brownian motion. Using hydrodynamical methods, transport processes and self-organized structure formation are studied. An appendix gives a brief introduction to event-driven molecular dynamics. A second appendix describes a novel mathematical technique for derivation of kinetic properties, which allows for the application of computer algebra. The text is self-contained, requiring no mathematical or physical knowledge beyond that of standard physics undergraduate level. The material is adequate for a one-semester course and contains chapter summaries as well as exercises with detailed solutions. The molecular dynamics and computer-algebra programs can be downloaded from a companion web page.Less
Kinetic Theory of Granular Gases provides an introduction to the rapidly developing theory of dissipative gas dynamics — a theory which has mainly evolved over the last decade. The book is aimed at readers from the advanced undergraduate level upwards and leads on to the present state of research. Throughout, special emphasis is put on a microscopically consistent description of pairwise particle collisions which leads to an impact-velocity-dependent coefficient of restitution. The description of the many-particle system, based on the Boltzmann equation, starts with the derivation of the velocity distribution function, followed by the investigation of self-diffusion and Brownian motion. Using hydrodynamical methods, transport processes and self-organized structure formation are studied. An appendix gives a brief introduction to event-driven molecular dynamics. A second appendix describes a novel mathematical technique for derivation of kinetic properties, which allows for the application of computer algebra. The text is self-contained, requiring no mathematical or physical knowledge beyond that of standard physics undergraduate level. The material is adequate for a one-semester course and contains chapter summaries as well as exercises with detailed solutions. The molecular dynamics and computer-algebra programs can be downloaded from a companion web page.
Samir Okasha
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199267972
- eISBN:
- 9780191708275
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267972.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter develops an abstract framework for thinking about selection acting at multiple hierarchical levels. The nature of hierarchical organization is analyzed, in particular the idea that ...
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This chapter develops an abstract framework for thinking about selection acting at multiple hierarchical levels. The nature of hierarchical organization is analyzed, in particular the idea that interaction among lower-level entities is what gives rise to a higher-level entity. The relation between characters, fitnesses, and heritabilities at two hierarchical levels is discussed as a precursor to understanding multi-level selection. An important ambiguity in the notion of multi-level selection, due to J. Damuth and I. L. Heisler, is then examined. Both types of multi-level selection (MLS1 and MLS2) are analyzed using Price's equation and contrasted with each other.Less
This chapter develops an abstract framework for thinking about selection acting at multiple hierarchical levels. The nature of hierarchical organization is analyzed, in particular the idea that interaction among lower-level entities is what gives rise to a higher-level entity. The relation between characters, fitnesses, and heritabilities at two hierarchical levels is discussed as a precursor to understanding multi-level selection. An important ambiguity in the notion of multi-level selection, due to J. Damuth and I. L. Heisler, is then examined. Both types of multi-level selection (MLS1 and MLS2) are analyzed using Price's equation and contrasted with each other.
Edmund Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198508298
- eISBN:
- 9780191706363
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508298.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Many scientists and engineers spend their lives designing, constructing, and running accelerators, yet few universities include a study of them in their curricula. This book is a straightforward ...
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Many scientists and engineers spend their lives designing, constructing, and running accelerators, yet few universities include a study of them in their curricula. This book is a straightforward introduction used by undergraduates and postgraduate students as well as by professional staff attending the summer schools run by the big accelerator laboratories. Research physicists should read it for important background. It covers the essentials of the subject for accelerator physicists and engineers, and is at the level of the introductory courses provided by the CERN and US Accelerator schools. Its style is to give enough information to understand the subject without an excess of mathematics or theory. The text includes exercises and answers to focus the attention of the reader on the calculations necessary to design a new machine. After a chapter on the history of the accelerators, four chapters cover the dynamics of particle beams as they are guided and focused by the magnets of a synchrotron or storage ring and as they are accelerated by rf cavities. Another two chapters cover linear and non-linear effects from imperfect fields. There are chapters on synchrotron radiation, colliders, instabilities, and on future acceleration techniques. A chapter describes the applications of the ten thousand or more accelerators in the world ranging from the linear accelerators used for cancer therapy, through those used in industry and in other fields of research, to the giant ‘atom smashers’ at international particle physics laboratories. A final chapter is to stimulate new ideas for future acceleration techniques.Less
Many scientists and engineers spend their lives designing, constructing, and running accelerators, yet few universities include a study of them in their curricula. This book is a straightforward introduction used by undergraduates and postgraduate students as well as by professional staff attending the summer schools run by the big accelerator laboratories. Research physicists should read it for important background. It covers the essentials of the subject for accelerator physicists and engineers, and is at the level of the introductory courses provided by the CERN and US Accelerator schools. Its style is to give enough information to understand the subject without an excess of mathematics or theory. The text includes exercises and answers to focus the attention of the reader on the calculations necessary to design a new machine. After a chapter on the history of the accelerators, four chapters cover the dynamics of particle beams as they are guided and focused by the magnets of a synchrotron or storage ring and as they are accelerated by rf cavities. Another two chapters cover linear and non-linear effects from imperfect fields. There are chapters on synchrotron radiation, colliders, instabilities, and on future acceleration techniques. A chapter describes the applications of the ten thousand or more accelerators in the world ranging from the linear accelerators used for cancer therapy, through those used in industry and in other fields of research, to the giant ‘atom smashers’ at international particle physics laboratories. A final chapter is to stimulate new ideas for future acceleration techniques.
GÜNTHER DISSERTORI, IAN G. KNOWLES, and MICHAEL SCHMELLING
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199566419
- eISBN:
- 9780191708060
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566419.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This introductory chapter sets the stage for particle physics. It discusses fundamental fields and interactions and puts these into perspective.
This introductory chapter sets the stage for particle physics. It discusses fundamental fields and interactions and puts these into perspective.
Serge Haroche and Jean-Michel Raimond
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198509141
- eISBN:
- 9780191708626
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198509141.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
The counter-intuitive aspects of quantum physics have been illustrated for some time by thought experiments, from Einstein's photon box to Schrödinger's cat. These experiments have now become real, ...
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The counter-intuitive aspects of quantum physics have been illustrated for some time by thought experiments, from Einstein's photon box to Schrödinger's cat. These experiments have now become real, with single particles — electrons, atoms or photons — directly unveiling the weird features of the quantum. State superpositions, entanglement and complementarity define a novel quantum logic that can be harnessed for information processing, raising great hopes for applications. This book describes a class of such thought experiments made real. Juggling with atoms and photons confined in cavities, ions or cold atoms in traps, provides an incentive to shed a new light on the basic concepts of quantum physics. Measurement processes and decoherence at the quantum-classical boundary are highlighted.Less
The counter-intuitive aspects of quantum physics have been illustrated for some time by thought experiments, from Einstein's photon box to Schrödinger's cat. These experiments have now become real, with single particles — electrons, atoms or photons — directly unveiling the weird features of the quantum. State superpositions, entanglement and complementarity define a novel quantum logic that can be harnessed for information processing, raising great hopes for applications. This book describes a class of such thought experiments made real. Juggling with atoms and photons confined in cavities, ions or cold atoms in traps, provides an incentive to shed a new light on the basic concepts of quantum physics. Measurement processes and decoherence at the quantum-classical boundary are highlighted.
Narayan R. Aluru and George Em Karniadakis
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199219698
- eISBN:
- 9780191594229
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219698.003.0003
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Mathematical Biology
In this chapter we review recent advances in numerical simulation of micro and nanoflows. For coarse-grained simulation of microfuidics, we present an overview of Lattice Boltzmann, Brownian ...
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In this chapter we review recent advances in numerical simulation of micro and nanoflows. For coarse-grained simulation of microfuidics, we present an overview of Lattice Boltzmann, Brownian dynamics, stochastic rotation dynamics, and smoothed particle hydrodynamics methods and discuss the dissipative particle dynamics method in detail as it shares many features with the other methods. In the area of nanoflows, we review recent advances in non-equilibrium molecular dynamics methods focusing on the development of self-consistent and grand canonical methods for electric-field mediated transport. We present examples showing the significance of quantum effects in nanoflows. Finally, we discuss multiscale modeling focusing on direct coupling of molecular dynamics with Navier-Stokes equations and hierarchical coupling of quantum, molecular dynamics and classical fluid equations.Less
In this chapter we review recent advances in numerical simulation of micro and nanoflows. For coarse-grained simulation of microfuidics, we present an overview of Lattice Boltzmann, Brownian dynamics, stochastic rotation dynamics, and smoothed particle hydrodynamics methods and discuss the dissipative particle dynamics method in detail as it shares many features with the other methods. In the area of nanoflows, we review recent advances in non-equilibrium molecular dynamics methods focusing on the development of self-consistent and grand canonical methods for electric-field mediated transport. We present examples showing the significance of quantum effects in nanoflows. Finally, we discuss multiscale modeling focusing on direct coupling of molecular dynamics with Navier-Stokes equations and hierarchical coupling of quantum, molecular dynamics and classical fluid equations.
Robert M. Mazo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199556441
- eISBN:
- 9780191705625
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556441.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
Brownian motion is the incessant motion of small particles immersed in an ambient medium. It is due to fluctuations in the motion of the medium particles on the molecular scale. The name has been ...
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Brownian motion is the incessant motion of small particles immersed in an ambient medium. It is due to fluctuations in the motion of the medium particles on the molecular scale. The name has been carried over to other fluctuation phenomena. This book treats the physical theory of Brownian motion. The extensive mathematical theory, which treats the subject as a subfield of the general theory of random processes, is touched on but not presented in any detail. Random or stochastic process theory and statistical mechanics are the primary tools. The first eight chapters treat the stochastic theory and some applications. The next six present the statistical mechanical point of view. Then follows chapters on applications to diffusion, noise, and polymers, followed by a treatment of the motion of interacting Brownian particles. The book ends with a final chapter treating simulation, fractals, and chaos.Less
Brownian motion is the incessant motion of small particles immersed in an ambient medium. It is due to fluctuations in the motion of the medium particles on the molecular scale. The name has been carried over to other fluctuation phenomena. This book treats the physical theory of Brownian motion. The extensive mathematical theory, which treats the subject as a subfield of the general theory of random processes, is touched on but not presented in any detail. Random or stochastic process theory and statistical mechanics are the primary tools. The first eight chapters treat the stochastic theory and some applications. The next six present the statistical mechanical point of view. Then follows chapters on applications to diffusion, noise, and polymers, followed by a treatment of the motion of interacting Brownian particles. The book ends with a final chapter treating simulation, fractals, and chaos.
Martin Schöneld
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195132182
- eISBN:
- 9780199786336
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195132181.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter explores Kant’s professorial thesis, The Joint Use of Metaphysics and Geometry in Natural Philosophy, the First Example of Which Contains the Physical Monadology (1756). Section 1 ...
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This chapter explores Kant’s professorial thesis, The Joint Use of Metaphysics and Geometry in Natural Philosophy, the First Example of Which Contains the Physical Monadology (1756). Section 1 describes Euler’s problem that Kant sets out to solve — How can indivisible, unextended points make up divisible and extended bodies? Section 2 discusses Kant’s dynamic solution: his conception of “activity spheres” as ultimate and energetic constituents of matter. Section 3 examines Kant’s argument for combining qualitative-conceptual and quantitative-empirical perspectives, and its role in the pre-critical project.Less
This chapter explores Kant’s professorial thesis, The Joint Use of Metaphysics and Geometry in Natural Philosophy, the First Example of Which Contains the Physical Monadology (1756). Section 1 describes Euler’s problem that Kant sets out to solve — How can indivisible, unextended points make up divisible and extended bodies? Section 2 discusses Kant’s dynamic solution: his conception of “activity spheres” as ultimate and energetic constituents of matter. Section 3 examines Kant’s argument for combining qualitative-conceptual and quantitative-empirical perspectives, and its role in the pre-critical project.
Harvey R. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199275830
- eISBN:
- 9780191603914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199275831.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter discusses the physics of coordinate transformations. Topics covered include coordinatization of space-time, inertial coordinate systems, the linearity of inertial coordinate ...
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This chapter discusses the physics of coordinate transformations. Topics covered include coordinatization of space-time, inertial coordinate systems, the linearity of inertial coordinate transformations, and the rod and clock protocols.Less
This chapter discusses the physics of coordinate transformations. Topics covered include coordinatization of space-time, inertial coordinate systems, the linearity of inertial coordinate transformations, and the rod and clock protocols.
Nikolai V. Brilliantov and Thorsten Pöschel
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198530381
- eISBN:
- 9780191713057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530381.003.0012
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter discusses the basic concepts of diffusion and self-diffusion. It derives relations between the mean square displacement of a diffusing particle, the diffusion coefficient, and the ...
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This chapter discusses the basic concepts of diffusion and self-diffusion. It derives relations between the mean square displacement of a diffusing particle, the diffusion coefficient, and the velocity-time correlation function. These relations are generalized to the case of non-equilibrium granular gases.Less
This chapter discusses the basic concepts of diffusion and self-diffusion. It derives relations between the mean square displacement of a diffusing particle, the diffusion coefficient, and the velocity-time correlation function. These relations are generalized to the case of non-equilibrium granular gases.
