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The Business Park

Sam Wetherell

in Foundations: How the Built Environment Made Twentieth-Century Britain

This chapter discusses the suburban, postindustrial, and holistically planned developments such as the Cambridge Science Park. These were initiated and managed by a single authority, usually a ... More

This chapter discusses the suburban, postindustrial, and holistically planned developments such as the Cambridge Science Park. These were initiated and managed by a single authority, usually a private developer, and hosted a mixture of offices, light industry, and private research centers. The chapter also highlights the emergence of the business park, which the author described as a host of different developments that at various times have been called “office parks,” “science parks,” “research parks,” “industrial parks,” or “technology parks.” The chapter then looks at the history of a new late-twentieth-century urban form, looking at the kinds of working subjects that this form hoped to produce and attract, and its relationship to the state and the wider world. Ultimately, the chapter traces back where the book began, at Trafford Park. Ruined by deindustrialization and choked by geography, Trafford Park was transformed by a state development corporation into a massive business park by the 1980s. As with the private housing estate and shopping mall, this new urban form required a reimagining of the old.Less

Science and Technology Parks for Sustainable Development

Salah M. El-Haggar

in Sustainability and Innovation

This chapter deals with the main features of science and technology parks (STPs) in general, and science and technology parks for sustainable development (STPSDs) in particular. An STP is a cluster ... More

This chapter deals with the main features of science and technology parks (STPs) in general, and science and technology parks for sustainable development (STPSDs) in particular. An STP is a cluster of technology-based organizations situated on or near a university campus in order to benefit from the university’s knowledge base and ongoing research, and to develop commercial applications for this knowledge in association with the commercial tenants in the park. STPSDs consist of a number of industrial clusters/complexes (incubators), where each cluster/complex will devote itself to a specific national problem according to the standards of sustainable development/sustainable economy. The discussions cover the objectives, benefits, and challenges of STPs; policies for development of STPs; models for STPs; examples of STPs; and STPs for sustainable development.Less

The Near-Horizon Future of Science and the National Parks

Gary E. Machlis

in Science, Conservation, and National Parks

The near-horizon future of science in the national parks is likely to include significant new advances in theory, methods, and applications. These new challenges and opportunities are accompanied by ... More

The near-horizon future of science in the national parks is likely to include significant new advances in theory, methods, and applications. These new challenges and opportunities are accompanied by complex scientific controversies. This chapter presents examples of emerging scientific fields and disciplines (from quantum biology to cliodynamics) and for each describes possible implications for park science. It briefly describes emerging methods, tools, and datasets (such as eDNA, biocuration, and big data analytics), discussing how each of these innovations may contribute to park science. The chapter identifies several scientific and science policy issues that are controversial, including de-extinction, human-assisted evolution, the role of citizen science, and the tension between data collection and surveillance. It concludes with an example of science policy recommendations from the 2012 Revisiting Leopold Report that may help shape the near horizon future of science in the national parks.Less

Science, Parks, and Conservation in a Rapidly Changing World

Steven R. Beissinger and David D. Ackerly

Steven R. Beissinger, David D. Ackerly, Holly Doremus, and Gary E. Machlis (eds)

in Science, Conservation, and National Parks

We examine how science, conservation, and management of park resources have changed over the past century since the birth of the US National Park Service, and how climate change may require shifts to ... More

We examine how science, conservation, and management of park resources have changed over the past century since the birth of the US National Park Service, and how climate change may require shifts to conservation and management paradigms during the second century of national parks. We first review the state of science and conservation at the time the Organic Act was passed in 1916. Within a month of passage, Grinnell and Storer argued for science-based management of national parks and for parks to be free from human impacts on nature. Nevertheless, Mather chose to invest in infrastructure and no park scientists would be hired until 1928. The fall and rise of science in the US National Parks would be repeated several times during the 20th century before expansion in the 21st century. We then examine the key issue facing the future of parks throughout the world: how to steward them through the rapid environmental and cultural changes taking place. Success may require the dominant paradigm of 20th century conservation—“manage to maintain current and historic baseline conditions”—to be co-mingled with two other paradigms: “manage for natural processes and trajectories of change” and “manage proactively for projected future conditions.”Less

Social Capital of Personnel Managers: Causes and Return of Position-Generated Networks and Participation in Voluntary Associations

Ray-May Hsung and Yi-Jr Lin

in Social Capital: An International Research Program

This chapter takes a look at the causes and return of social capital for 126 personnel managers in the export processing zones (EPZs) and one science park (SP) in Taiwan. It uses the data gathered ... More

This chapter takes a look at the causes and return of social capital for 126 personnel managers in the export processing zones (EPZs) and one science park (SP) in Taiwan. It uses the data gathered from position-generated networks and participation in voluntary associations. This chapter is able to identify some new issues relating to social capital, such as the lack of connections between human capital and the extensity of accessed positions in the field of personnel managers.Less

The University of Cambridge

Shiri M. Breznitz

in The Fountain of Knowledge: The Role of Universities in Economic Development

In the mid-1980s, entrepreneurs referred to the “Cambridge phenomenon,” a vibrant high-tech cluster around Cambridge. In the late 1990s, however, Cambridge initiated a series of changes in its ... More

In the mid-1980s, entrepreneurs referred to the “Cambridge phenomenon,” a vibrant high-tech cluster around Cambridge. In the late 1990s, however, Cambridge initiated a series of changes in its technology-transfer structure and policy, and a biotechnology cluster in the area, one of the largest in the world, already existed. Although the university's goal of improving its technology transfer model was intended to enhance its capabilities in this area, the changes unbalanced the delicate equilibrium that existed in the region.Less

The dynamics of economic and social partnerships and governance failure

Bob Jessop

in Putting Civil Society in Its Place: Governance, Metagovernance and Subjectivity

It is not just market forces and imperative coordination that fail; civil society as a mode of governance at the intersection of networks and solidarity is also prone to failure. This claim is ... More

It is not just market forces and imperative coordination that fail; civil society as a mode of governance at the intersection of networks and solidarity is also prone to failure. This claim is illustrated from four case studies. First, recent work on global social policy; second, a critique of the literature on the neoliberal project of ‘good governance’ to solve the problems of local economic development; third, a study of the difficulties of economic governance in Dartford (regarding the London Science Park) and Greater Manchester (its Olympic Bid); and, fourth, a periodization of corporatism and social economy models. In each case, the focus is on the discourses and multi-spatial character of the social problem and the dynamics of policy failure.Less

The Mid-urban Realm

Nicholas A. Phelps

in Interplaces: An Economic Geography of the Inter-urban and International Economies

This chapter continues with the contribution of the suburban matrix to the economies of many nations. The term suburb is one that is imbued with the stasis associated with dwelling in a place and yet ... More

This chapter continues with the contribution of the suburban matrix to the economies of many nations. The term suburb is one that is imbued with the stasis associated with dwelling in a place and yet suburbs are charged with a greater sense of flux than this may suggest. The chapter looks more closely at the heavily urbanized corridors that exist between major cities. It explores the evidence for the economic importance of megalopolis in the US, but also the zwischenstadt in Europe and desakota regions in Asia. It then goes on to look at the numerous different retail, office, airport, and science park enclaves that make up this mid-urban realm.Less