Mitch Blair, Sarah Stewart-Brown, Tony Waterston, and Rachel Crowther
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199547500
- eISBN:
- 9780191720123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547500.003.003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter uses the Mandala framework of health determinants to describe the many interweaving factors that influence child health. It is shown that parental health and genetic constitution, ...
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This chapter uses the Mandala framework of health determinants to describe the many interweaving factors that influence child health. It is shown that parental health and genetic constitution, antenatal and postnatal nutrition, and infection influence early human biological factors such as birthweight. At a family level, support, nurturance, and stimulation influence the development of language, social and emotional health. The family is in turn influenced by resources determined in large part by employment and financial security. Neighbourhoods and communities play a part in determining what families can and cannot offer their children. Here factors such as safety, social cohesion, and the avoidance of ghettoization of poor and marginalized families are key influences on early childhood development. The way in which we design our cities and their social organization has a major influence at this level. At the widest level of social aggregation, the key factors are sociopolitical organization and programme delivery. Income distribution, patterns of employment and migration, and societal attitudes to children and young people influence the conditions in which children live, learn, and grow up. This chapter describes each of these levels of influence and gives examples of how these determinants effect the child in the centre of the Mandala diagram.Less
This chapter uses the Mandala framework of health determinants to describe the many interweaving factors that influence child health. It is shown that parental health and genetic constitution, antenatal and postnatal nutrition, and infection influence early human biological factors such as birthweight. At a family level, support, nurturance, and stimulation influence the development of language, social and emotional health. The family is in turn influenced by resources determined in large part by employment and financial security. Neighbourhoods and communities play a part in determining what families can and cannot offer their children. Here factors such as safety, social cohesion, and the avoidance of ghettoization of poor and marginalized families are key influences on early childhood development. The way in which we design our cities and their social organization has a major influence at this level. At the widest level of social aggregation, the key factors are sociopolitical organization and programme delivery. Income distribution, patterns of employment and migration, and societal attitudes to children and young people influence the conditions in which children live, learn, and grow up. This chapter describes each of these levels of influence and gives examples of how these determinants effect the child in the centre of the Mandala diagram.
Stephanie L. Rees, Vedran Lovic, and Alison S. Fleming
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195162851
- eISBN:
- 9780199863891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162851.003.0027
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Techniques
This chapter describes maternal behavior of the laboratory rat and outlines various methods of observing and quantifying this behavior. Although in some rodent biparental species males also show ...
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This chapter describes maternal behavior of the laboratory rat and outlines various methods of observing and quantifying this behavior. Although in some rodent biparental species males also show parental behavior, this is not the case for most rodents, including R. norvegicus. However, under certain experimental conditions, males also show many of the components of behavior normally shown by the mother rat. The general and specific methods for the testing of maternal behavior are described. Several environmental and situational factors that affect the expression of maternal behavior are considered.Less
This chapter describes maternal behavior of the laboratory rat and outlines various methods of observing and quantifying this behavior. Although in some rodent biparental species males also show parental behavior, this is not the case for most rodents, including R. norvegicus. However, under certain experimental conditions, males also show many of the components of behavior normally shown by the mother rat. The general and specific methods for the testing of maternal behavior are described. Several environmental and situational factors that affect the expression of maternal behavior are considered.
Frances A. Champagne and James P. Curley
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199692576
- eISBN:
- 9780191774737
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199692576.003.0017
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter describes how both genetic and epigenetic approaches have been applied to the study of parental care/caregiving, with a particular focus on species in which there have been molecular ...
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This chapter describes how both genetic and epigenetic approaches have been applied to the study of parental care/caregiving, with a particular focus on species in which there have been molecular analyses of these mechanisms (Apis mellifera, rodents, primates, and humans). Targeted gene deletion, QTL analyses, gene polymorphism associations, DNA methylation, and gene expression assays in these species have identified specific genes that play a critical role in the interactions between parents and offspring. It is apparent from these studies that genes which promote or inhibit parental behaviour also shape the ability of offspring to solicit resources and that genes implicated in parental care often have an impact on a broad range of phenotypic outcomes. The transmission of variation in parental care across generations may involve both genetic and epigenetic pathways and thus both of these processes contribute to the evolution of parental behaviour.Less
This chapter describes how both genetic and epigenetic approaches have been applied to the study of parental care/caregiving, with a particular focus on species in which there have been molecular analyses of these mechanisms (Apis mellifera, rodents, primates, and humans). Targeted gene deletion, QTL analyses, gene polymorphism associations, DNA methylation, and gene expression assays in these species have identified specific genes that play a critical role in the interactions between parents and offspring. It is apparent from these studies that genes which promote or inhibit parental behaviour also shape the ability of offspring to solicit resources and that genes implicated in parental care often have an impact on a broad range of phenotypic outcomes. The transmission of variation in parental care across generations may involve both genetic and epigenetic pathways and thus both of these processes contribute to the evolution of parental behaviour.
Michael Numan
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190848675
- eISBN:
- 9780190848705
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190848675.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
The introduction provides a brief overview of the book, describing its three major themes: (a) the mechanisms through which the brain regulates parental behavior in nonhuman mammals and parental ...
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The introduction provides a brief overview of the book, describing its three major themes: (a) the mechanisms through which the brain regulates parental behavior in nonhuman mammals and parental cognitions, emotions, and behavior in humans; (b) the experiential and genetic factors that affect the development of the parental brain, with a focus on the intergenerational continuity of normal and abnormal parental behavior; and (c) an evolutionary perspective based on the fact that maternal behavior is the most basic mammalian caregiving system. It is proposed that the parental brain served as a foundation upon which natural selection acted to result in the evolution of other forms of strong prosocial behaviors in mammals, including humans.Less
The introduction provides a brief overview of the book, describing its three major themes: (a) the mechanisms through which the brain regulates parental behavior in nonhuman mammals and parental cognitions, emotions, and behavior in humans; (b) the experiential and genetic factors that affect the development of the parental brain, with a focus on the intergenerational continuity of normal and abnormal parental behavior; and (c) an evolutionary perspective based on the fact that maternal behavior is the most basic mammalian caregiving system. It is proposed that the parental brain served as a foundation upon which natural selection acted to result in the evolution of other forms of strong prosocial behaviors in mammals, including humans.
Hans Kruuk
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198565871
- eISBN:
- 9780191728228
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565871.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Animal Biology
Olfactory communication is important; in all but sea otters, faeces (‘spraints’) are used for scent-marking. In Eurasian otters this is highly seasonal, associated with feeding and food availability, ...
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Olfactory communication is important; in all but sea otters, faeces (‘spraints’) are used for scent-marking. In Eurasian otters this is highly seasonal, associated with feeding and food availability, enabling spacing-out between individuals. Vocal communication is elaborate, especially in gregarious species; giant otters use underwater vocalizations. Aggressive behaviour in Eurasian otters is inter- and intra-sexual, with fights mostly between males. Sexual behaviour is described. In almost all species only the female is involved in parental care, which is very prolonged (often more than 1 year) compared with similar-sized carnivores. The sea otter carries one single cub, showing great attachment. Eurasian otter cubs reach maximum fishing efficiency after almost 2 yrs. The long dependency is likely related to the problems of catching fish, and it affects population dynamics.Less
Olfactory communication is important; in all but sea otters, faeces (‘spraints’) are used for scent-marking. In Eurasian otters this is highly seasonal, associated with feeding and food availability, enabling spacing-out between individuals. Vocal communication is elaborate, especially in gregarious species; giant otters use underwater vocalizations. Aggressive behaviour in Eurasian otters is inter- and intra-sexual, with fights mostly between males. Sexual behaviour is described. In almost all species only the female is involved in parental care, which is very prolonged (often more than 1 year) compared with similar-sized carnivores. The sea otter carries one single cub, showing great attachment. Eurasian otter cubs reach maximum fishing efficiency after almost 2 yrs. The long dependency is likely related to the problems of catching fish, and it affects population dynamics.
Ian Q. Whishaw and Bryan Kolb (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195162851
- eISBN:
- 9780199863891
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162851.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Techniques
This book contains a wide range of information of huge complexity on rat behavior. The book has three objectives. The first objective is to present an introduction of rat behavior. In choosing the ...
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This book contains a wide range of information of huge complexity on rat behavior. The book has three objectives. The first objective is to present an introduction of rat behavior. In choosing the rat as the subject species, the book has made the assumption that this species will remain, as it has in the past, the primary subject used the laboratory investigations of behavior. The second objective is to describe the organization and complexity of rat behavior. The major theme emerging from many lines of research on rat behavior is that understanding the rules of behavioral organization will be central in understanding the structural basis of behavior. The third objective is to update, as much as is possible, previous compendiums of rat behavior. Behavioral neuroscience continues to be a diverse field of research in which there remain many competing experimental methods and hypotheses. The behavioral descriptions in this book are closely tied to the laboratory methods from which they were derived, thus allowing investigators to exploit both the behavior and the methods for their own research. The first part of the book includes sections on natural history, sensory systems, motor systems, regulatory systems, development and parental behavior, social behavior, cognitive functions, and models. The second section is comprised by the major tests used by scientists interested in each domain of behavior.Less
This book contains a wide range of information of huge complexity on rat behavior. The book has three objectives. The first objective is to present an introduction of rat behavior. In choosing the rat as the subject species, the book has made the assumption that this species will remain, as it has in the past, the primary subject used the laboratory investigations of behavior. The second objective is to describe the organization and complexity of rat behavior. The major theme emerging from many lines of research on rat behavior is that understanding the rules of behavioral organization will be central in understanding the structural basis of behavior. The third objective is to update, as much as is possible, previous compendiums of rat behavior. Behavioral neuroscience continues to be a diverse field of research in which there remain many competing experimental methods and hypotheses. The behavioral descriptions in this book are closely tied to the laboratory methods from which they were derived, thus allowing investigators to exploit both the behavior and the methods for their own research. The first part of the book includes sections on natural history, sensory systems, motor systems, regulatory systems, development and parental behavior, social behavior, cognitive functions, and models. The second section is comprised by the major tests used by scientists interested in each domain of behavior.
Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300103939
- eISBN:
- 9780300133936
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300103939.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
All parents experience stress as they attempt to meet the challenges of caring for their children. This comprehensive book examines the causes and consequences of parenting distress, drawing on a ...
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All parents experience stress as they attempt to meet the challenges of caring for their children. This comprehensive book examines the causes and consequences of parenting distress, drawing on a wide array of findings in current empirical research. The author explores normal and pathological parenting stress, the influences of parents on their children as well as children on their parents, and the effects of biological and environmental factors. Beginning with an overview of theories of stress and coping, he goes on to describe how parenting stress is linked with problems in adult and child health (emotional problems, developmental disorders, illness); parental behaviors (warmth, harsh discipline); and factors outside the family (marital quality, work roles, cultural influences). The book concludes with a useful review of coping strategies and interventions that alleviate parenting stress.Less
All parents experience stress as they attempt to meet the challenges of caring for their children. This comprehensive book examines the causes and consequences of parenting distress, drawing on a wide array of findings in current empirical research. The author explores normal and pathological parenting stress, the influences of parents on their children as well as children on their parents, and the effects of biological and environmental factors. Beginning with an overview of theories of stress and coping, he goes on to describe how parenting stress is linked with problems in adult and child health (emotional problems, developmental disorders, illness); parental behaviors (warmth, harsh discipline); and factors outside the family (marital quality, work roles, cultural influences). The book concludes with a useful review of coping strategies and interventions that alleviate parenting stress.
Kathryn P. Meadow-Orlans, Lynne Sanford Koester, Patricia E. Spencer, and Robert H. MacTurk
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195147902
- eISBN:
- 9780199893775
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195147902.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Clinical Child Psychology / School Psychology
This chapter provides a general view of the different worlds of deaf and hearing infants born to hearing or to deaf parents, and a summary of the major variables investigated in the study. The ...
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This chapter provides a general view of the different worlds of deaf and hearing infants born to hearing or to deaf parents, and a summary of the major variables investigated in the study. The chapter is organized to show the major tasks and achievements of infants during this period, the parental behaviors that facilitate development, and the research questions that framed the Gallaudet Infancy Study (GIS). These sections are followed by a description of the ordinary course of parent-infant relationships when infants are deaf and parents are hearing, and then by a description of the influence of Deaf culture on the relationships of deaf infants with deaf parents.Less
This chapter provides a general view of the different worlds of deaf and hearing infants born to hearing or to deaf parents, and a summary of the major variables investigated in the study. The chapter is organized to show the major tasks and achievements of infants during this period, the parental behaviors that facilitate development, and the research questions that framed the Gallaudet Infancy Study (GIS). These sections are followed by a description of the ordinary course of parent-infant relationships when infants are deaf and parents are hearing, and then by a description of the influence of Deaf culture on the relationships of deaf infants with deaf parents.
Dario Maestripieri
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226501192
- eISBN:
- 9780226501222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226501222.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Behavior / Behavioral Ecology
This chapter reviews current knowledge about maternal influences on offspring growth, reproduction, and behavior in nonhuman primates, particularly Old World monkeys. It describes the process by ...
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This chapter reviews current knowledge about maternal influences on offspring growth, reproduction, and behavior in nonhuman primates, particularly Old World monkeys. It describes the process by which dominance rank is acquired and transmitted across generations in cercopithecine monkeys and discusses the findings of studies which investigated the influence of maternal dominance and/or body condition on offspring sex ratios at birth. This chapter also examines maternal influences on offspring behavior and physiology, including offspring social and mating preferences, reactivity to the environment and parental behavior.Less
This chapter reviews current knowledge about maternal influences on offspring growth, reproduction, and behavior in nonhuman primates, particularly Old World monkeys. It describes the process by which dominance rank is acquired and transmitted across generations in cercopithecine monkeys and discusses the findings of studies which investigated the influence of maternal dominance and/or body condition on offspring sex ratios at birth. This chapter also examines maternal influences on offspring behavior and physiology, including offspring social and mating preferences, reactivity to the environment and parental behavior.
John Seymour
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198264682
- eISBN:
- 9780191682759
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198264682.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
This chapter examines how the law in the United States, Canada, and England has responded to parental behaviour which threatens the welfare of a fetus or causes it harm. The aim of the various legal ...
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This chapter examines how the law in the United States, Canada, and England has responded to parental behaviour which threatens the welfare of a fetus or causes it harm. The aim of the various legal procedures discussed is to protect the fetus. This aim can be pursued in different ways and at different stages of the antenatal and perinatal period. During a woman’s pregnancy, the law may be invoked in an attempt to prevent threatened harm. The same purpose may be pursued at the time of delivery. Alternatively, legal action might be taken immediately after the birth of an impaired child. At first sight, it may seem odd to regard postnatal intervention as a means of protecting the fetus, but it is possible for the law to take action after the event in order to express society’s disapproval of certain conduct and so to seek to deter its repetition.Less
This chapter examines how the law in the United States, Canada, and England has responded to parental behaviour which threatens the welfare of a fetus or causes it harm. The aim of the various legal procedures discussed is to protect the fetus. This aim can be pursued in different ways and at different stages of the antenatal and perinatal period. During a woman’s pregnancy, the law may be invoked in an attempt to prevent threatened harm. The same purpose may be pursued at the time of delivery. Alternatively, legal action might be taken immediately after the birth of an impaired child. At first sight, it may seem odd to regard postnatal intervention as a means of protecting the fetus, but it is possible for the law to take action after the event in order to express society’s disapproval of certain conduct and so to seek to deter its repetition.
