Fred Campano and Dominick Salvatore
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195300918
- eISBN:
- 9780199783441
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195300912.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Intended as an introductory textbook for advanced undergraduates and first year graduate students, this book leads the reader from familiar basic micro- and macroeconomic concepts in the introduction ...
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Intended as an introductory textbook for advanced undergraduates and first year graduate students, this book leads the reader from familiar basic micro- and macroeconomic concepts in the introduction to not so familiar concepts relating to income distribution in the subsequent chapters. The income concept and household sample surveys are examined first, followed by descriptive statistics techniques commonly used to present the survey results. The commonality found in the shape of the income density function leads to statistical modeling, parameter estimation, and goodness of fit tests. Alternative models are then introduced along with the related summary measures of income distribution, including the Gini coefficient. This is followed by a sequence of chapters that deal with normative issues such as inequality, poverty, and country comparisons. The remaining chapters cover an assortment of topics including: economic development and globalization and their impact on income distribution, redistribution of income, and integrating macroeconomic models with income distribution models.Less
Intended as an introductory textbook for advanced undergraduates and first year graduate students, this book leads the reader from familiar basic micro- and macroeconomic concepts in the introduction to not so familiar concepts relating to income distribution in the subsequent chapters. The income concept and household sample surveys are examined first, followed by descriptive statistics techniques commonly used to present the survey results. The commonality found in the shape of the income density function leads to statistical modeling, parameter estimation, and goodness of fit tests. Alternative models are then introduced along with the related summary measures of income distribution, including the Gini coefficient. This is followed by a sequence of chapters that deal with normative issues such as inequality, poverty, and country comparisons. The remaining chapters cover an assortment of topics including: economic development and globalization and their impact on income distribution, redistribution of income, and integrating macroeconomic models with income distribution models.
Rolf Niedermeier
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566076
- eISBN:
- 9780191713910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566076.003.0006
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Combinatorics / Graph Theory / Discrete Mathematics
This chapter ends the first, introductory part of the book by recalling some of the central observations so far.
This chapter ends the first, introductory part of the book by recalling some of the central observations so far.
Rolf Niedermeier
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566076
- eISBN:
- 9780191713910
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566076.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Combinatorics / Graph Theory / Discrete Mathematics
This book provides an introduction to the concept of fixed-parameter tractability. The corresponding design and analysis of efficient fixed-parameter algorithms for optimally solving combinatorially ...
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This book provides an introduction to the concept of fixed-parameter tractability. The corresponding design and analysis of efficient fixed-parameter algorithms for optimally solving combinatorially explosive (NP-hard) discrete problems is a vividly developing field, with a growing list of applications in various contexts such as network analysis or bioinformatics. The book emphasizes algorithmic techniques over computational complexity theory. It is divided into three parts: a broad introduction that provides the general philosophy and motivation; followed by coverage of algorithmic methods developed over the years in fixed-parameter algorithmics forming the core of the book; and a discussion of the essentials of parameterized hardness theory with a focus on W[1]-hardness which parallels NP-hardness, then stating some relations to polynomial-time approximation algorithms, and finishing up with a list of selected case studies to show the wide range of applicability of the presented methodology.Less
This book provides an introduction to the concept of fixed-parameter tractability. The corresponding design and analysis of efficient fixed-parameter algorithms for optimally solving combinatorially explosive (NP-hard) discrete problems is a vividly developing field, with a growing list of applications in various contexts such as network analysis or bioinformatics. The book emphasizes algorithmic techniques over computational complexity theory. It is divided into three parts: a broad introduction that provides the general philosophy and motivation; followed by coverage of algorithmic methods developed over the years in fixed-parameter algorithmics forming the core of the book; and a discussion of the essentials of parameterized hardness theory with a focus on W[1]-hardness which parallels NP-hardness, then stating some relations to polynomial-time approximation algorithms, and finishing up with a list of selected case studies to show the wide range of applicability of the presented methodology.
Moody Chu and Gene Golub
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566649
- eISBN:
- 9780191718021
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566649.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
The basic goal of an inverse eigenvalue problem is to reconstruct the physical parameters of a certain system from the knowledge or desire of its dynamical behavior. Depending on the application, ...
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The basic goal of an inverse eigenvalue problem is to reconstruct the physical parameters of a certain system from the knowledge or desire of its dynamical behavior. Depending on the application, inverse eigenvalue problems appear in many different forms. This book discusses the fundamental questions, some known results, many applications, mathematical properties, a variety of numerical techniques, as well as several open problems.Less
The basic goal of an inverse eigenvalue problem is to reconstruct the physical parameters of a certain system from the knowledge or desire of its dynamical behavior. Depending on the application, inverse eigenvalue problems appear in many different forms. This book discusses the fundamental questions, some known results, many applications, mathematical properties, a variety of numerical techniques, as well as several open problems.
Rolf Niedermeier
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566076
- eISBN:
- 9780191713910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566076.003.0012
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Combinatorics / Graph Theory / Discrete Mathematics
This chapter gives a summary of what happens in Part II and Part III.
This chapter gives a summary of what happens in Part II and Part III.
Ian G. Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195168211
- eISBN:
- 9780199788453
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168211.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This work provides an analysis of word order and clause structure in Welsh, within the context of a minimalist version of principles and parameters theory. The central issue is the analysis of VSO ...
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This work provides an analysis of word order and clause structure in Welsh, within the context of a minimalist version of principles and parameters theory. The central issue is the analysis of VSO order, the only unmarked clausal order in Welsh. The question is: which values of which parameters of Universal Grammar determine VSO order? Behind this basic descriptive goal, there are two theoretical questions. The first has to do with the conditions of adequacy on parameters: these must be both typologizable and learnable. The second concerns the Extended Projection Principle (EPP). Developing the conception of this principle in Chomsky (2000, 2001), it is concluded that it is a parametrized property of the C-system and/or the I-system, and that it seems to be intrinsically connected to the defective nature of certain functional heads. Successive chapters deal with the analysis of VSO orders, the Welsh Case-agreement system as it applies to both subjects and objects, the ‘verbal noun’, and the nature of the C-system. The last chapter takes up the related but distinct question of the theoretical status of head-movement, arguing that this may be construed as movement to a specifier position followed by morphological reanalysis of adjacent heads. Throughout, Welsh is compared to the other Celtic languages, and to the Romance and Germanic languages. Comparison with Romance is particularly revealing in relation to the agreement system, and comparison with Germanic in relation to C-system.Less
This work provides an analysis of word order and clause structure in Welsh, within the context of a minimalist version of principles and parameters theory. The central issue is the analysis of VSO order, the only unmarked clausal order in Welsh. The question is: which values of which parameters of Universal Grammar determine VSO order? Behind this basic descriptive goal, there are two theoretical questions. The first has to do with the conditions of adequacy on parameters: these must be both typologizable and learnable. The second concerns the Extended Projection Principle (EPP). Developing the conception of this principle in Chomsky (2000, 2001), it is concluded that it is a parametrized property of the C-system and/or the I-system, and that it seems to be intrinsically connected to the defective nature of certain functional heads. Successive chapters deal with the analysis of VSO orders, the Welsh Case-agreement system as it applies to both subjects and objects, the ‘verbal noun’, and the nature of the C-system. The last chapter takes up the related but distinct question of the theoretical status of head-movement, arguing that this may be construed as movement to a specifier position followed by morphological reanalysis of adjacent heads. Throughout, Welsh is compared to the other Celtic languages, and to the Romance and Germanic languages. Comparison with Romance is particularly revealing in relation to the agreement system, and comparison with Germanic in relation to C-system.
W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon A. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The Soma model simulates the origin of the resting potential in nerve cells. Because this model demonstrates steady-state conditions, or slow changes in the steady state, the membrane capacitance is ...
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The Soma model simulates the origin of the resting potential in nerve cells. Because this model demonstrates steady-state conditions, or slow changes in the steady state, the membrane capacitance is ignored. In addition, there are no voltage- or time-dependent membrane conductances in this model. The equilibrium (Nernst) potentials for sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions are calculated from the relevant ionic concentrations. The relationship between temperature and equilibrium potentials can be explored by altering the simulated temperature. This model also includes an electrogenic pump, which generates a net outflow of positive ions and therefore acts to hyperpolarize the membrane.Less
The Soma model simulates the origin of the resting potential in nerve cells. Because this model demonstrates steady-state conditions, or slow changes in the steady state, the membrane capacitance is ignored. In addition, there are no voltage- or time-dependent membrane conductances in this model. The equilibrium (Nernst) potentials for sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions are calculated from the relevant ionic concentrations. The relationship between temperature and equilibrium potentials can be explored by altering the simulated temperature. This model also includes an electrogenic pump, which generates a net outflow of positive ions and therefore acts to hyperpolarize the membrane.
W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon A. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The Axon model simulates the equations and parameters derived from experiments by Hodgkin and Huxley on the squid giant axon. Because of the exact correspondence between the equations incorporated ...
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The Axon model simulates the equations and parameters derived from experiments by Hodgkin and Huxley on the squid giant axon. Because of the exact correspondence between the equations incorporated into this model and the equations developed in the studies of Hodgkin and Huxley, this model generates graphs that mirror precisely the theoretical curves depicted in the Hodgkin-Huxley papers on the squid axon. Three similar models are included in this chapter: the single space-clamped axon, simultaneous simulations of several spaced-clamped axons to compare model output when parameters are altered, and a simulation of the spatially extended axon to illustrate impulse propagation.Less
The Axon model simulates the equations and parameters derived from experiments by Hodgkin and Huxley on the squid giant axon. Because of the exact correspondence between the equations incorporated into this model and the equations developed in the studies of Hodgkin and Huxley, this model generates graphs that mirror precisely the theoretical curves depicted in the Hodgkin-Huxley papers on the squid axon. Three similar models are included in this chapter: the single space-clamped axon, simultaneous simulations of several spaced-clamped axons to compare model output when parameters are altered, and a simulation of the spatially extended axon to illustrate impulse propagation.
W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon A. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The Neuron model simulates the membrane potentials in vertebrate neurons, which are modeled as three serially connected compartments: dendrite, soma, and axon. The model is designed to simulate the ...
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The Neuron model simulates the membrane potentials in vertebrate neurons, which are modeled as three serially connected compartments: dendrite, soma, and axon. The model is designed to simulate the dynamic properties of neurons including electrotonic spread between neuronal compartments (dendrite, soma, and axon).Less
The Neuron model simulates the membrane potentials in vertebrate neurons, which are modeled as three serially connected compartments: dendrite, soma, and axon. The model is designed to simulate the dynamic properties of neurons including electrotonic spread between neuronal compartments (dendrite, soma, and axon).
W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon A. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The Synapse model simulates the membrane potentials of three-compartment invertebrate neurons, comprising a soma, the neurite, and an axon. This model includes synaptic conductances to simulate ...
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The Synapse model simulates the membrane potentials of three-compartment invertebrate neurons, comprising a soma, the neurite, and an axon. This model includes synaptic conductances to simulate synaptic interactions between neurons and thus can be used to simulate simple circuits as well as synaptic interactions between pairs of neurons. Simulated neuronal interactions can be either of the chemical synaptic variety (excitatory and inhibitory) or electrical (rectifying and nonrectifying). In this model, the types and magnitudes of synaptic interactions are under experimenter control. In addition, the inhibitory synapses can be set to exhibit synaptic fatigue, based on a model in which transmitter depletion leads to reduced transmitter release from the presynaptic terminal and hence to reduced synaptic efficacy. Electrotonic interactions are determined by electrotonic conductances between neurite compartments of two neurons.Less
The Synapse model simulates the membrane potentials of three-compartment invertebrate neurons, comprising a soma, the neurite, and an axon. This model includes synaptic conductances to simulate synaptic interactions between neurons and thus can be used to simulate simple circuits as well as synaptic interactions between pairs of neurons. Simulated neuronal interactions can be either of the chemical synaptic variety (excitatory and inhibitory) or electrical (rectifying and nonrectifying). In this model, the types and magnitudes of synaptic interactions are under experimenter control. In addition, the inhibitory synapses can be set to exhibit synaptic fatigue, based on a model in which transmitter depletion leads to reduced transmitter release from the presynaptic terminal and hence to reduced synaptic efficacy. Electrotonic interactions are determined by electrotonic conductances between neurite compartments of two neurons.
W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon A. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Section II provides an overview of each of the seven models simulated by NeuroDynamix II. Beginning with a brief introduction, each subsection describes one model, includes a glossary of variable and ...
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Section II provides an overview of each of the seven models simulated by NeuroDynamix II. Beginning with a brief introduction, each subsection describes one model, includes a glossary of variable and parameter names, and units for the variable and parameter values. Illustrations are included to provide assistance in conceptualizing the models and their implementation with NeuroDynamix II. The Electricity model simulates the properties of simple electrical circuits that include resistors, batteries, and capacitors. The experimenter can specify the number and value of components and then examine the consequences of applying known currents or known potentials to these circuits.Less
Section II provides an overview of each of the seven models simulated by NeuroDynamix II. Beginning with a brief introduction, each subsection describes one model, includes a glossary of variable and parameter names, and units for the variable and parameter values. Illustrations are included to provide assistance in conceptualizing the models and their implementation with NeuroDynamix II. The Electricity model simulates the properties of simple electrical circuits that include resistors, batteries, and capacitors. The experimenter can specify the number and value of components and then examine the consequences of applying known currents or known potentials to these circuits.
W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon A. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The Patch model simulates the dynamics of a small piece of cell membrane as observed with the patch-clamp technique. Either individual channels in a small patch of membrane or the macroscopic current ...
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The Patch model simulates the dynamics of a small piece of cell membrane as observed with the patch-clamp technique. Either individual channels in a small patch of membrane or the macroscopic current observed with the whole cell patch clamp may be simulated. Channels are viewed as all-or-none conductances that are gated by voltage (sodium and potassium channels), by a messenger ligand (ACh channel), or not gated (chloride channel). The experimenter can specify the channel type and the number of channels found in the membrane patch. Properties that are simulated include the random opening of channels, the gating of the channels by membrane potential, the voltage dependence of the currents through the channels, the dependence of single channel currents on channel conductance, and the summation of microscopic currents from many individual, randomly gated channels to yield a noisy macroscopic current.Less
The Patch model simulates the dynamics of a small piece of cell membrane as observed with the patch-clamp technique. Either individual channels in a small patch of membrane or the macroscopic current observed with the whole cell patch clamp may be simulated. Channels are viewed as all-or-none conductances that are gated by voltage (sodium and potassium channels), by a messenger ligand (ACh channel), or not gated (chloride channel). The experimenter can specify the channel type and the number of channels found in the membrane patch. Properties that are simulated include the random opening of channels, the gating of the channels by membrane potential, the voltage dependence of the currents through the channels, the dependence of single channel currents on channel conductance, and the summation of microscopic currents from many individual, randomly gated channels to yield a noisy macroscopic current.
Barbara J. Burns and Kimberly Hoagwood (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195134575
- eISBN:
- 9780199864065
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134575.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health, Communities and Organizations
This book presents innovative interventions for youth with severe emotional and behavioral disorders. The book is designed to fill a gap between the knowledge base and clinical practice through its ...
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This book presents innovative interventions for youth with severe emotional and behavioral disorders. The book is designed to fill a gap between the knowledge base and clinical practice through its presentation of theory, practice parameters, training requirements, and research evidence. Featuring community-based and state-of-the-art services for youth with severe emotional and behavioral disorders and their families, this book describes each intervention in depth, along with the supporting evidence for its utility. Most chapters present a single intervention as an alternative to institutional care. Shared characteristics of these interventions include delivery of services in the community (homes, schools, and neighborhoods) provided largely by parents and paraprofessional staff. The interventions are appropriate to use in any of the child human services sectors and have been developed in the field with real-world child and family clients. In addition, they offer a reduced cost in comparison to institutional care. Several chapters address diagnostic-specific psychosocial and psychopharmacological treatments, which are likely to be provided as adjunctive treatment in a clinical setting.Less
This book presents innovative interventions for youth with severe emotional and behavioral disorders. The book is designed to fill a gap between the knowledge base and clinical practice through its presentation of theory, practice parameters, training requirements, and research evidence. Featuring community-based and state-of-the-art services for youth with severe emotional and behavioral disorders and their families, this book describes each intervention in depth, along with the supporting evidence for its utility. Most chapters present a single intervention as an alternative to institutional care. Shared characteristics of these interventions include delivery of services in the community (homes, schools, and neighborhoods) provided largely by parents and paraprofessional staff. The interventions are appropriate to use in any of the child human services sectors and have been developed in the field with real-world child and family clients. In addition, they offer a reduced cost in comparison to institutional care. Several chapters address diagnostic-specific psychosocial and psychopharmacological treatments, which are likely to be provided as adjunctive treatment in a clinical setting.
Anatoly Larkin (late) and Andrei Varlamov
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198528159
- eISBN:
- 9780191713521
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528159.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This book presents itself as both an encyclopedia and a textbook of fluctuation phenomena in superconductors. The first half presents the phenomenological methods of the Ginzburg-Landau theory and ...
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This book presents itself as both an encyclopedia and a textbook of fluctuation phenomena in superconductors. The first half presents the phenomenological methods of the Ginzburg-Landau theory and microscopical methods of the quantum field theory in the description of fluctuations. The second half provides a wide panorama of the superconductive fluctuations manifestated in different observables: their role in fields such as high temperature superconductivity, nano-superconductivity, the physics of Josephson junctions and granular superconductors, and strongly disordered superconductors. Other textbooks on this subject postulate that the BCS theory of superconductivity is an exact one. This book dispels this, indicating the limits of the applicability of the mean field theory and demonstrating the existence of a wide circle of interesting phenomena beyond its confines.Less
This book presents itself as both an encyclopedia and a textbook of fluctuation phenomena in superconductors. The first half presents the phenomenological methods of the Ginzburg-Landau theory and microscopical methods of the quantum field theory in the description of fluctuations. The second half provides a wide panorama of the superconductive fluctuations manifestated in different observables: their role in fields such as high temperature superconductivity, nano-superconductivity, the physics of Josephson junctions and granular superconductors, and strongly disordered superconductors. Other textbooks on this subject postulate that the BCS theory of superconductivity is an exact one. This book dispels this, indicating the limits of the applicability of the mean field theory and demonstrating the existence of a wide circle of interesting phenomena beyond its confines.
Anthony Garratt, Kevin Lee, M. Hashem Pesaran, and Yongcheol Shin
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199296859
- eISBN:
- 9780191603853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199296855.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter provides an introduction to the interpretation and estimation of probability forecasts, which is considered to be a particularly useful method for presenting forecasts and ...
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This chapter provides an introduction to the interpretation and estimation of probability forecasts, which is considered to be a particularly useful method for presenting forecasts and decision-making. It shows how probability forecasts can accommodate stochastic uncertainty, parameter uncertainty, and model uncertainty. Practical guidance on their computation is provided.Less
This chapter provides an introduction to the interpretation and estimation of probability forecasts, which is considered to be a particularly useful method for presenting forecasts and decision-making. It shows how probability forecasts can accommodate stochastic uncertainty, parameter uncertainty, and model uncertainty. Practical guidance on their computation is provided.
Pieter A. M. Seuren
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199559473
- eISBN:
- 9780191721137
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559473.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
This chapter concentrates on the problems posed by lexical meanings for any formal theory. Among the topics discussed are the noncompositionality of compound meanings, vagueness phenomena, the ...
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This chapter concentrates on the problems posed by lexical meanings for any formal theory. Among the topics discussed are the noncompositionality of compound meanings, vagueness phenomena, the nonintersectivity of adjectives, presuppositional aspects of lexical meaning, metaphor, polysemy, built‐in cognitive parameters and intrinsically higher‐order predicates.Less
This chapter concentrates on the problems posed by lexical meanings for any formal theory. Among the topics discussed are the noncompositionality of compound meanings, vagueness phenomena, the nonintersectivity of adjectives, presuppositional aspects of lexical meaning, metaphor, polysemy, built‐in cognitive parameters and intrinsically higher‐order predicates.
Alexander Ebner
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231423
- eISBN:
- 9780191710865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231423.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the significance of addressing the institutional substance of markets. It presents the underlying thesis of the chapters in this book: that ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the significance of addressing the institutional substance of markets. It presents the underlying thesis of the chapters in this book: that the basic conceptual parameters of the new institutionalism are currently shifting towards an integrative framework that adheres to evolutionary concepts in accounting for the matter of knowledge, learning, and institutional change. The institutions of market and varieties of institutionalism, recent trends in the differentiation of institutionalist theorizing, and evolutionary reasoning on institutional change are discussed. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the significance of addressing the institutional substance of markets. It presents the underlying thesis of the chapters in this book: that the basic conceptual parameters of the new institutionalism are currently shifting towards an integrative framework that adheres to evolutionary concepts in accounting for the matter of knowledge, learning, and institutional change. The institutions of market and varieties of institutionalism, recent trends in the differentiation of institutionalist theorizing, and evolutionary reasoning on institutional change are discussed. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Alexa Riehle, Sébastien Roux, Bjørg Elisabeth Kilavik, and Sonja Grün
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195395273
- eISBN:
- 9780199863518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395273.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
The temporal coding hypothesis suggests that not only changes in firing rate but also precise spike timing, especially synchrony, constitute an important part of the representational substrate for ...
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The temporal coding hypothesis suggests that not only changes in firing rate but also precise spike timing, especially synchrony, constitute an important part of the representational substrate for perception and action. In this framework, the concept of cell assemblies uses synchrony as an additional dimension to firing rate, as a candidate for information processing. Consequently, the observation of spike synchrony between neurons might be interpreted as an activation of a functional cell assembly. When, in an instructed delay task, prior information is provided about movement parameters, such as movement direction (spatial parameters) or the moment when to move (temporal parameters), movement initiation is faster. Cortical neurons selectively modulate their activity in relation to this information. To indicate the end of an instructed delay, motor cortical neurons synchronize significantly their activity at the moment of signal expectancy, often without any detectable modulation in firing rate. The observed increase of the temporal precision of synchrony toward the end of an instructed delay is interpreted to facilitate the efficiency of the motor output, leading to an increase of performance speed. Finally, the chapter shows that the timing of the task is dynamically represented in the temporal structure of significant spike synchrony at the population level, which is shaped by learning and practice. The emergence of significant synchrony becomes more structured; that, is it becomes stronger and more localized in time with practice, in parallel with a decrease in firing rate and an improvement of the behavioral performance. Performance optimization through practice might therefore be achieved by boosting the computational contribution of spike synchrony, allowing an overall reduction in population activity.Less
The temporal coding hypothesis suggests that not only changes in firing rate but also precise spike timing, especially synchrony, constitute an important part of the representational substrate for perception and action. In this framework, the concept of cell assemblies uses synchrony as an additional dimension to firing rate, as a candidate for information processing. Consequently, the observation of spike synchrony between neurons might be interpreted as an activation of a functional cell assembly. When, in an instructed delay task, prior information is provided about movement parameters, such as movement direction (spatial parameters) or the moment when to move (temporal parameters), movement initiation is faster. Cortical neurons selectively modulate their activity in relation to this information. To indicate the end of an instructed delay, motor cortical neurons synchronize significantly their activity at the moment of signal expectancy, often without any detectable modulation in firing rate. The observed increase of the temporal precision of synchrony toward the end of an instructed delay is interpreted to facilitate the efficiency of the motor output, leading to an increase of performance speed. Finally, the chapter shows that the timing of the task is dynamically represented in the temporal structure of significant spike synchrony at the population level, which is shaped by learning and practice. The emergence of significant synchrony becomes more structured; that, is it becomes stronger and more localized in time with practice, in parallel with a decrease in firing rate and an improvement of the behavioral performance. Performance optimization through practice might therefore be achieved by boosting the computational contribution of spike synchrony, allowing an overall reduction in population activity.
Rolf Niedermeier
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566076
- eISBN:
- 9780191713910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566076.003.0003
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Combinatorics / Graph Theory / Discrete Mathematics
This chapter introduces basic concepts which are necessary for an understanding of this subject, beginning with a close look at parameterized algorithmics. It briefly highlights the central aspects ...
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This chapter introduces basic concepts which are necessary for an understanding of this subject, beginning with a close look at parameterized algorithmics. It briefly highlights the central aspects of the theory, defining parameterized problems, fixed-parameter tractability, parameterized reductions, and the parameterized complexity class W[1] representing parameterized hardness. In addition, it also indicates the limitations of the theory, focussing on different sorts of combinatorial explosions.Less
This chapter introduces basic concepts which are necessary for an understanding of this subject, beginning with a close look at parameterized algorithmics. It briefly highlights the central aspects of the theory, defining parameterized problems, fixed-parameter tractability, parameterized reductions, and the parameterized complexity class W[1] representing parameterized hardness. In addition, it also indicates the limitations of the theory, focussing on different sorts of combinatorial explosions.
Rolf Niedermeier
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566076
- eISBN:
- 9780191713910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566076.003.0005
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Combinatorics / Graph Theory / Discrete Mathematics
This chapter sheds light on the various aspects of how problems can be studied from a parameterized point of view. Doing so, it emphasizes the importance of small parameters, guaranteed parameter ...
More
This chapter sheds light on the various aspects of how problems can be studied from a parameterized point of view. Doing so, it emphasizes the importance of small parameters, guaranteed parameter values, the existence of more than one parameter for one and the same problem, and structural parameterizations.Less
This chapter sheds light on the various aspects of how problems can be studied from a parameterized point of view. Doing so, it emphasizes the importance of small parameters, guaranteed parameter values, the existence of more than one parameter for one and the same problem, and structural parameterizations.
