Gary A. Glatzmaier
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691141725
- eISBN:
- 9781400848904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691141725.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter considers two ways of employing a spatial resolution that varies with position within a finite-difference method: using a nonuniform grid and mapping to a new coordinate variable. It ...
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This chapter considers two ways of employing a spatial resolution that varies with position within a finite-difference method: using a nonuniform grid and mapping to a new coordinate variable. It first provides an overview of nonuniform grids before discussing coordinate mapping as an alternative way of achieving spatial discretization. It then describes an approach for treating both the vertical and horizontal directions with simple finite-difference methods: defining a streamfunction, which automatically satisfies mass conservation, and solving for vorticity via the curl of the momentum conservation equation. It also explains the use of the Chebyshev–Fourier method to simulate the convection or gravity wave problem by employing spectral methods in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Finally, it looks at the basic ideas and some issues that need to be addressed with respect to parallel processing as well as choices that need to be made when designing a parallel code.Less
This chapter considers two ways of employing a spatial resolution that varies with position within a finite-difference method: using a nonuniform grid and mapping to a new coordinate variable. It first provides an overview of nonuniform grids before discussing coordinate mapping as an alternative way of achieving spatial discretization. It then describes an approach for treating both the vertical and horizontal directions with simple finite-difference methods: defining a streamfunction, which automatically satisfies mass conservation, and solving for vorticity via the curl of the momentum conservation equation. It also explains the use of the Chebyshev–Fourier method to simulate the convection or gravity wave problem by employing spectral methods in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Finally, it looks at the basic ideas and some issues that need to be addressed with respect to parallel processing as well as choices that need to be made when designing a parallel code.
Suzanne N. Haber
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
This chapter first briefly reviews the basic circuitry that underlies parallel processing. It then considers the anatomical basis for integration across different corticobasal ganglia circuits (with ...
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This chapter first briefly reviews the basic circuitry that underlies parallel processing. It then considers the anatomical basis for integration across different corticobasal ganglia circuits (with a particular emphasis on dopamine), and functional support for integrative processes. While the focus is on primate studies, key rodent experiments are also highlighted when primate data are unavailable.Less
This chapter first briefly reviews the basic circuitry that underlies parallel processing. It then considers the anatomical basis for integration across different corticobasal ganglia circuits (with a particular emphasis on dopamine), and functional support for integrative processes. While the focus is on primate studies, key rodent experiments are also highlighted when primate data are unavailable.
Sandra L. Bloom and Brian Farragher
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195374803
- eISBN:
- 9780199865420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374803.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
Organizations are living complex systems and as such are vulnerable to the impact of trauma and adversity. This chapter explores how groups respond to stress and suggests that as a result of acute ...
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Organizations are living complex systems and as such are vulnerable to the impact of trauma and adversity. This chapter explores how groups respond to stress and suggests that as a result of acute and chronic organizational stress, destructive processes occur within and between organizations that mirror or “parallel” the processes for which clients seek help. The result for them is “sanctuary trauma”, while the result for providers of service is a collective maladjustments as the organizations within which we work cease fulfilling a fundamental social role, that of containing anxiety in the face of death, suffering, defeat, and uncertainty. In such cases, social defense mechanisms come to dominate whatever therapeutic activity is supposed to be occurring in the social service environment. However, these parallel processes can be named and understood within the context of present knowledge of individual and group psychology.Less
Organizations are living complex systems and as such are vulnerable to the impact of trauma and adversity. This chapter explores how groups respond to stress and suggests that as a result of acute and chronic organizational stress, destructive processes occur within and between organizations that mirror or “parallel” the processes for which clients seek help. The result for them is “sanctuary trauma”, while the result for providers of service is a collective maladjustments as the organizations within which we work cease fulfilling a fundamental social role, that of containing anxiety in the face of death, suffering, defeat, and uncertainty. In such cases, social defense mechanisms come to dominate whatever therapeutic activity is supposed to be occurring in the social service environment. However, these parallel processes can be named and understood within the context of present knowledge of individual and group psychology.
Emily D. Grossman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195188370
- eISBN:
- 9780199870462
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188370.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter discusses the neural correlates of human action perception, specifically the perception of bodies and body movements. It also provides a brief discussion on the likely connection of this ...
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This chapter discusses the neural correlates of human action perception, specifically the perception of bodies and body movements. It also provides a brief discussion on the likely connection of this network to additional cortical areas associated with more abstract properties of action perception, such as perceived intentionality. An introduction to the primary perceptual pathways in the visual cortex for generalized motion and form perception is presented, as well as some preliminary evidence for specialized circuits dedicated to biological motion perception.Less
This chapter discusses the neural correlates of human action perception, specifically the perception of bodies and body movements. It also provides a brief discussion on the likely connection of this network to additional cortical areas associated with more abstract properties of action perception, such as perceived intentionality. An introduction to the primary perceptual pathways in the visual cortex for generalized motion and form perception is presented, as well as some preliminary evidence for specialized circuits dedicated to biological motion perception.
Sam Glucksberg
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195111095
- eISBN:
- 9780199872107
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195111095.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter examines the assumption that literal meanings are functionally primary: are they, as opposed to figurative meanings, processed automatically, and are they processed more quickly? ...
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This chapter examines the assumption that literal meanings are functionally primary: are they, as opposed to figurative meanings, processed automatically, and are they processed more quickly? Experimental evidence is adduced to show that, like literally intended expressions, metaphors and idioms are processed automatically, i.e., in an obligatory fashion. Furthermore, metaphors are processed in parallel with literal language when both kinds of meanings are available. Even the time-course of interpretation is the same for literal and metaphorical expressions. The primacy of the literal can be clearly rejected.Less
This chapter examines the assumption that literal meanings are functionally primary: are they, as opposed to figurative meanings, processed automatically, and are they processed more quickly? Experimental evidence is adduced to show that, like literally intended expressions, metaphors and idioms are processed automatically, i.e., in an obligatory fashion. Furthermore, metaphors are processed in parallel with literal language when both kinds of meanings are available. Even the time-course of interpretation is the same for literal and metaphorical expressions. The primacy of the literal can be clearly rejected.
Sharon B. Berlin
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195110371
- eISBN:
- 9780199865680
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195110371.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter discusses prevailing biological and cognitive accounts of how the mind creates meaning. It starts with the notion that the mind is the work of a biological brain, provides a brief review ...
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This chapter discusses prevailing biological and cognitive accounts of how the mind creates meaning. It starts with the notion that the mind is the work of a biological brain, provides a brief review of the structure and function of the brain, and goes on to explore cognitive models of mind, including associative network and parallel distributive processing models of organized memories (or schemas), and declarative and procedural forms of knowledge. The chapter discusses points of convergence among these conceptions, their contributions to the C-I perspective, and their practical utility in informing practice. In particular, emphasis is given to processes involved in helping clients transform declarative or descriptive knowledge into procedural or how-to knowledge.Less
This chapter discusses prevailing biological and cognitive accounts of how the mind creates meaning. It starts with the notion that the mind is the work of a biological brain, provides a brief review of the structure and function of the brain, and goes on to explore cognitive models of mind, including associative network and parallel distributive processing models of organized memories (or schemas), and declarative and procedural forms of knowledge. The chapter discusses points of convergence among these conceptions, their contributions to the C-I perspective, and their practical utility in informing practice. In particular, emphasis is given to processes involved in helping clients transform declarative or descriptive knowledge into procedural or how-to knowledge.
Cathleen M. Moore and Jeremy M. Wolfe
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198505150
- eISBN:
- 9780191686818
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198505150.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The question of whether visual search involves at least one item-by-item serial processing stage or whether instead it is an entirely parallel process has been debated for decades. Recently, ...
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The question of whether visual search involves at least one item-by-item serial processing stage or whether instead it is an entirely parallel process has been debated for decades. Recently, estimates of ‘attentional dwell-time’, which is the time required to reallocate attention from one item to another, have been brought to bear on this question. This chapter reviews this and other classes of evidence that favor serial or parallel models of visual search, and concludes that hybrid models that are neither strictly serial nor strictly parallel are better candidates for describing human visual search. The chapter ends with a sketch of one such model, and some of its possibilities.Less
The question of whether visual search involves at least one item-by-item serial processing stage or whether instead it is an entirely parallel process has been debated for decades. Recently, estimates of ‘attentional dwell-time’, which is the time required to reallocate attention from one item to another, have been brought to bear on this question. This chapter reviews this and other classes of evidence that favor serial or parallel models of visual search, and concludes that hybrid models that are neither strictly serial nor strictly parallel are better candidates for describing human visual search. The chapter ends with a sketch of one such model, and some of its possibilities.
John M. Findlay
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198524793
- eISBN:
- 9780191711817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524793.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter reviews the features of the visual and oculomotor systems that are particularly important for understanding active vision. First, the chapter describes the inhomogeneity of the visual ...
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This chapter reviews the features of the visual and oculomotor systems that are particularly important for understanding active vision. First, the chapter describes the inhomogeneity of the visual projections and the consequences of the resulting inhomogeneity on visual abilities. Human vision has a high resolution fovea at the centre and visual ability falling off quickly into peripheral vision. Second, the evidence for multiple types of parallel processing within the visual and oculomotor system is reviewed. Third, the basic characteristics of the oculomotor system are described and different types of eye movement are identified, followed by a more detailed description of saccadic eye movements: the fast ballistic eye movements that move the fovea to point at regions of interest.Less
This chapter reviews the features of the visual and oculomotor systems that are particularly important for understanding active vision. First, the chapter describes the inhomogeneity of the visual projections and the consequences of the resulting inhomogeneity on visual abilities. Human vision has a high resolution fovea at the centre and visual ability falling off quickly into peripheral vision. Second, the evidence for multiple types of parallel processing within the visual and oculomotor system is reviewed. Third, the basic characteristics of the oculomotor system are described and different types of eye movement are identified, followed by a more detailed description of saccadic eye movements: the fast ballistic eye movements that move the fovea to point at regions of interest.
Sandra L. Bloom and Brian Farragher
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195374803
- eISBN:
- 9780199865420
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374803.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This book describes what happens to human service delivery programs under the impact of unrelenting stress and multiple losses. Never perfect places of safety in the first place, many ...
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This book describes what happens to human service delivery programs under the impact of unrelenting stress and multiple losses. Never perfect places of safety in the first place, many social services of every size, shape, and variety are collapsing under over thirty years of system fragmentation even while public costs have escalated dramatically. The result is that important places of refuge–of sanctuary–for the children, adults, and families who have been exposed to the greatest amount of adversity and trauma, are struggling to provide even the most minimally adequate services. We believe that at this point, our social service network is functioning as a trauma-organized system still largely unaware of the multiple ways in which adaptation to chronic stress has created a state of dysfunction that in many cases virtually prohibits the recovery of the individual clients who are the source of the underlying and original organizational missions, while damaging many of the people who work within it. Just as the encroachment of trauma into the life of an individual client is an insidious process that turns the past into a nightmare, the present into a repetitive cycle of re-enactment, and the future into a terminal illness, the impact of chronic strain on an organization is insidious. As seemingly logical reactions to difficult situations pile upon each other, no one is able to truly perceive the fundamentally skewed and post-traumatic basic assumptions upon which that logic is built. As an earthquake can cause the foundations of a building to become unstable, even while the building still stands, apparently intact, so too does chronic repetitive stress or sudden traumatic stress destabilize the cognitive and affective foundations of shared meaning that is necessary for a group to function and stay whole. The goal of this book is a practical one: to provide the beginnings of a coherent framework for organizational staff and leaders to more effectively provide trauma-informed care for their clients by becoming trauma-sensitive themselves. This means becoming sensitive to the ways in which all human beings and human systems are impacted by individual and collective exposure to overwhelming stress.Less
This book describes what happens to human service delivery programs under the impact of unrelenting stress and multiple losses. Never perfect places of safety in the first place, many social services of every size, shape, and variety are collapsing under over thirty years of system fragmentation even while public costs have escalated dramatically. The result is that important places of refuge–of sanctuary–for the children, adults, and families who have been exposed to the greatest amount of adversity and trauma, are struggling to provide even the most minimally adequate services. We believe that at this point, our social service network is functioning as a trauma-organized system still largely unaware of the multiple ways in which adaptation to chronic stress has created a state of dysfunction that in many cases virtually prohibits the recovery of the individual clients who are the source of the underlying and original organizational missions, while damaging many of the people who work within it. Just as the encroachment of trauma into the life of an individual client is an insidious process that turns the past into a nightmare, the present into a repetitive cycle of re-enactment, and the future into a terminal illness, the impact of chronic strain on an organization is insidious. As seemingly logical reactions to difficult situations pile upon each other, no one is able to truly perceive the fundamentally skewed and post-traumatic basic assumptions upon which that logic is built. As an earthquake can cause the foundations of a building to become unstable, even while the building still stands, apparently intact, so too does chronic repetitive stress or sudden traumatic stress destabilize the cognitive and affective foundations of shared meaning that is necessary for a group to function and stay whole. The goal of this book is a practical one: to provide the beginnings of a coherent framework for organizational staff and leaders to more effectively provide trauma-informed care for their clients by becoming trauma-sensitive themselves. This means becoming sensitive to the ways in which all human beings and human systems are impacted by individual and collective exposure to overwhelming stress.
Larry R. Squire
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195380101
- eISBN:
- 9780199864362
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380101.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, History of Neuroscience
This chapter presents an autobiography of Nobuo Suga. Suga and his collaborators explored the neural mechanisms for parallel and hierarchical processing of biosonar information and the cortical maps ...
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This chapter presents an autobiography of Nobuo Suga. Suga and his collaborators explored the neural mechanisms for parallel and hierarchical processing of biosonar information and the cortical maps representing different types of biosonar information. They also explored the role of the corticofugal (descending) auditory system in the improvement and adjustment of auditory signal processing and the neural circuit for plastic changes in the central auditory system elicited by auditory fear conditioning. His early years, career, and achievements are discussed.Less
This chapter presents an autobiography of Nobuo Suga. Suga and his collaborators explored the neural mechanisms for parallel and hierarchical processing of biosonar information and the cortical maps representing different types of biosonar information. They also explored the role of the corticofugal (descending) auditory system in the improvement and adjustment of auditory signal processing and the neural circuit for plastic changes in the central auditory system elicited by auditory fear conditioning. His early years, career, and achievements are discussed.
Roger Ratcliff and Gail McKoon
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262195805
- eISBN:
- 9780262272353
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262195805.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Research for which the idea that many basic cognitive processes can be described as fast, parallel, and automatic is reviewed. Memory retrieval/decision processes have often been ignored in the ...
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Research for which the idea that many basic cognitive processes can be described as fast, parallel, and automatic is reviewed. Memory retrieval/decision processes have often been ignored in the cognitive literature. However, in some cases, computationally complex processes can be replaced with simple passive processes. Cue-dependent retrieval from memory provides a straightforward example of how encoding, memory, and retrieval can interact. Three other examples are reviewed: inference in text processing, compound cue models for priming, and implicit memory. In each case, the research benefits from a focus on retrieval and decision processes. For implicit memory, consideration of these kinds of processes leads to a view of implicit memory different than hypothesizing new specialized memory systems. Finally, how behavioral data from simple decisions and the models that explain the behavior can be related to neuroscience research on neural firing rates are discussed.Less
Research for which the idea that many basic cognitive processes can be described as fast, parallel, and automatic is reviewed. Memory retrieval/decision processes have often been ignored in the cognitive literature. However, in some cases, computationally complex processes can be replaced with simple passive processes. Cue-dependent retrieval from memory provides a straightforward example of how encoding, memory, and retrieval can interact. Three other examples are reviewed: inference in text processing, compound cue models for priming, and implicit memory. In each case, the research benefits from a focus on retrieval and decision processes. For implicit memory, consideration of these kinds of processes leads to a view of implicit memory different than hypothesizing new specialized memory systems. Finally, how behavioral data from simple decisions and the models that explain the behavior can be related to neuroscience research on neural firing rates are discussed.
Sandra L. Bloom and Brian Farragher
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195374803
- eISBN:
- 9780199865420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374803.003.0013
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This concluding chapter represents an ending and a beginning–the conclusion of this volume and an introduction to what will be more fully covered in a forthcoming volume - a parallel process of ...
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This concluding chapter represents an ending and a beginning–the conclusion of this volume and an introduction to what will be more fully covered in a forthcoming volume - a parallel process of recovery for organizations that we call The Sanctuary Model. The Sanctuary Model offers an evidence-supported trauma-informed theory and methodology for changing organizational cultures. We will only touch on the main components of the model here and explore the subject in more depth in the third volume of this trilogy. We briefly introduce the central concepts of the Sanctuary Model as a change in the operating system for organizations. After briefing describing the Seven Sanctuary Commitments we discuss how the Sanctuary Model is being implemented via the Sanctuary Institute, the Sanctuary Network and Sanctuary Certification.Less
This concluding chapter represents an ending and a beginning–the conclusion of this volume and an introduction to what will be more fully covered in a forthcoming volume - a parallel process of recovery for organizations that we call The Sanctuary Model. The Sanctuary Model offers an evidence-supported trauma-informed theory and methodology for changing organizational cultures. We will only touch on the main components of the model here and explore the subject in more depth in the third volume of this trilogy. We briefly introduce the central concepts of the Sanctuary Model as a change in the operating system for organizations. After briefing describing the Seven Sanctuary Commitments we discuss how the Sanctuary Model is being implemented via the Sanctuary Institute, the Sanctuary Network and Sanctuary Certification.
Craig Delancey
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195142716
- eISBN:
- 9780199833153
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195142713.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
The notion of affective engineering – the attempt to engineer affective systems – is introduced. Shallow affective engineering is defined as the recreation of outward signs or single features of ...
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The notion of affective engineering – the attempt to engineer affective systems – is introduced. Shallow affective engineering is defined as the recreation of outward signs or single features of affects; deep affective engineering is the attempt to create affects in artificial systems. The important role of affects in autonomous biological systems shows that AI should pursue deep affective engineering as a strategy to understand and recreate such systems. Our best understanding of emotion suggests other insights into AI, including a special focus on action, parallel processing, and diverse valuations.Less
The notion of affective engineering – the attempt to engineer affective systems – is introduced. Shallow affective engineering is defined as the recreation of outward signs or single features of affects; deep affective engineering is the attempt to create affects in artificial systems. The important role of affects in autonomous biological systems shows that AI should pursue deep affective engineering as a strategy to understand and recreate such systems. Our best understanding of emotion suggests other insights into AI, including a special focus on action, parallel processing, and diverse valuations.
Buzsáki György
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195301069
- eISBN:
- 9780199863716
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301069.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic, Techniques
The most characteristic field pattern of the waking, activated neocortex is gamma oscillation. Its generation depends on the time decay of GABAA-receptor-mediated Laurent inhibition and/or shunting. ...
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The most characteristic field pattern of the waking, activated neocortex is gamma oscillation. Its generation depends on the time decay of GABAA-receptor-mediated Laurent inhibition and/or shunting. These receptors are uniformly distributed in the cerebral cortex and other brain regions. Because inhibitory postsynaptic potentials mediated by these neurons are reliable, they provide a more efficient means for timing than excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Due to the localized axon arbors of basket and chandelier cells and the local gap junctions, gamma oscillations in the cortex are often confined to a small piece of tissue. Coupling of distant gamma oscillators requires fast-conducting conduits, provided by the widespread axon collaterals of long-range interneurons and possibly by the long axons of some pyramidal cells. The physiological importance of the gamma rhythm is supported by the observation that neuronal assemblies in the waking brain self-organize themselves into temporal packages of 15 to 30 milliseconds.Less
The most characteristic field pattern of the waking, activated neocortex is gamma oscillation. Its generation depends on the time decay of GABAA-receptor-mediated Laurent inhibition and/or shunting. These receptors are uniformly distributed in the cerebral cortex and other brain regions. Because inhibitory postsynaptic potentials mediated by these neurons are reliable, they provide a more efficient means for timing than excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Due to the localized axon arbors of basket and chandelier cells and the local gap junctions, gamma oscillations in the cortex are often confined to a small piece of tissue. Coupling of distant gamma oscillators requires fast-conducting conduits, provided by the widespread axon collaterals of long-range interneurons and possibly by the long axons of some pyramidal cells. The physiological importance of the gamma rhythm is supported by the observation that neuronal assemblies in the waking brain self-organize themselves into temporal packages of 15 to 30 milliseconds.
Stephen E. Nadeau
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017022
- eISBN:
- 9780262301619
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017022.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
Linguists have mapped the topography of language behavior in many languages in intricate detail. To understand how the brain supports language function, however, we must take into account the ...
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Linguists have mapped the topography of language behavior in many languages in intricate detail. To understand how the brain supports language function, however, we must take into account the principles and regularities of neural function. Mechanisms of neurolinguistic function cannot be inferred solely from observations of normal and impaired language. This book develops a neurologically plausible theory of grammatic function. It brings together principles of neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and parallel distributed processing and draws on literature on language function from cognitive psychology, cognitive neuropsychology, psycholinguistics, and functional imaging to develop a comprehensive neurally based theory of language function. The author reviews the aphasia literature, including cross-linguistic aphasia research, to test the model’s ability to account for the findings of these empirical studies. He finds that the model readily accounts for a crucial finding in cross-linguistic studies—that the most powerful determinant of patterns of language breakdown in aphasia is the predisorder language spoken by the subject—and that it does so by conceptualizing grammatic function in terms of the statistical regularities of particular languages which are encoded in network connectivity. The author shows that the model provides a surprisingly good account for many findings and offers solutions for a number of controversial problems. Moreover, aphasia studies provide the basis for elaborating the model in interesting and important ways.Less
Linguists have mapped the topography of language behavior in many languages in intricate detail. To understand how the brain supports language function, however, we must take into account the principles and regularities of neural function. Mechanisms of neurolinguistic function cannot be inferred solely from observations of normal and impaired language. This book develops a neurologically plausible theory of grammatic function. It brings together principles of neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and parallel distributed processing and draws on literature on language function from cognitive psychology, cognitive neuropsychology, psycholinguistics, and functional imaging to develop a comprehensive neurally based theory of language function. The author reviews the aphasia literature, including cross-linguistic aphasia research, to test the model’s ability to account for the findings of these empirical studies. He finds that the model readily accounts for a crucial finding in cross-linguistic studies—that the most powerful determinant of patterns of language breakdown in aphasia is the predisorder language spoken by the subject—and that it does so by conceptualizing grammatic function in terms of the statistical regularities of particular languages which are encoded in network connectivity. The author shows that the model provides a surprisingly good account for many findings and offers solutions for a number of controversial problems. Moreover, aphasia studies provide the basis for elaborating the model in interesting and important ways.
Gregory Currie
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199256280
- eISBN:
- 9780191601712
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256284.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
Outlines a theory of genres: of what they are, what they do, and what they explain. The central notion is that of a genre‐for‐a‐community, which depends on psychological facts concerning tendencies ...
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Outlines a theory of genres: of what they are, what they do, and what they explain. The central notion is that of a genre‐for‐a‐community, which depends on psychological facts concerning tendencies of expectation in the audience. The minimal conditions for a genre to be instantiated are weak; Outlines some stronger conditions which allow us to focus on self‐conscious genre‐based effects. Suggests that genre, even thus strengthened, has only a very weak explanatory role. Gives accounts of genre identity across time, and of genre change.Less
Outlines a theory of genres: of what they are, what they do, and what they explain. The central notion is that of a genre‐for‐a‐community, which depends on psychological facts concerning tendencies of expectation in the audience. The minimal conditions for a genre to be instantiated are weak; Outlines some stronger conditions which allow us to focus on self‐conscious genre‐based effects. Suggests that genre, even thus strengthened, has only a very weak explanatory role. Gives accounts of genre identity across time, and of genre change.
Eelco Runia
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231168205
- eISBN:
- 9780231537575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231168205.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
This chapter examines how “moved by the past” can be a form of regression, with particular emphasis on how we may act out a necrophylic relationship with a past that is more dead than we suspect—and ...
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This chapter examines how “moved by the past” can be a form of regression, with particular emphasis on how we may act out a necrophylic relationship with a past that is more dead than we suspect—and in which we consequently reproduce a past that is more alive than we think. Focusing on the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation (NIOD) report about the alleged inability of Dutch peacekeepers to protect the Bosnian Muslims herded together in the “safe area” of Srebrenica in 1995, the chapter describes how a parallel process is going on when difficulties experienced in one environment are replicated in another environment. It considers the case of the NIOD historians to show that it is completely at odds with how we like to conceive the relation between historians and what they write about. The chapter suggests that studying historical works by means of parallel process theory transcends the introversion of both postmodernist theory of history and the positivist practice of history.Less
This chapter examines how “moved by the past” can be a form of regression, with particular emphasis on how we may act out a necrophylic relationship with a past that is more dead than we suspect—and in which we consequently reproduce a past that is more alive than we think. Focusing on the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation (NIOD) report about the alleged inability of Dutch peacekeepers to protect the Bosnian Muslims herded together in the “safe area” of Srebrenica in 1995, the chapter describes how a parallel process is going on when difficulties experienced in one environment are replicated in another environment. It considers the case of the NIOD historians to show that it is completely at odds with how we like to conceive the relation between historians and what they write about. The chapter suggests that studying historical works by means of parallel process theory transcends the introversion of both postmodernist theory of history and the positivist practice of history.
James L. McClelland
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262014571
- eISBN:
- 9780262289672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014571.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Research and Theory
This chapter offers a scientific theory of the nature of human memory that fits naturally with the view of memory as a constructive process. This theory, the complementary learning systems theory, is ...
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This chapter offers a scientific theory of the nature of human memory that fits naturally with the view of memory as a constructive process. This theory, the complementary learning systems theory, is grounded in a broad framework for understanding human cognitive processes called the parallel distributed processing (PDP) framework, a framework the author of this chapter helped develop with David Rumelhart and others in 1986. At the time the theory was presented in 1995, the focus was on one of the theory's two complementary learning systems, a fast-learning system in the medial temporal lobes of the brain. Subsequent work with Timothy Rogers, presented in Semantic Cognition, focused on the other, slow-learning system, located elsewhere in the neocortex. Later sections lay out the theory itself and distinguish it from other researchers' approaches to the neuroscience of memory. It then considers recent developments, as well as questions about the theory and its relevance to the humanities.Less
This chapter offers a scientific theory of the nature of human memory that fits naturally with the view of memory as a constructive process. This theory, the complementary learning systems theory, is grounded in a broad framework for understanding human cognitive processes called the parallel distributed processing (PDP) framework, a framework the author of this chapter helped develop with David Rumelhart and others in 1986. At the time the theory was presented in 1995, the focus was on one of the theory's two complementary learning systems, a fast-learning system in the medial temporal lobes of the brain. Subsequent work with Timothy Rogers, presented in Semantic Cognition, focused on the other, slow-learning system, located elsewhere in the neocortex. Later sections lay out the theory itself and distinguish it from other researchers' approaches to the neuroscience of memory. It then considers recent developments, as well as questions about the theory and its relevance to the humanities.
Stephen E. Nadeau
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017022
- eISBN:
- 9780262301619
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017022.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
This introductory chapter sets out the book’s purpose, which is to develop a neurologically plausible theory of grammatic function. It then discusses parallel distributed processing (PDP), one of the ...
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This introductory chapter sets out the book’s purpose, which is to develop a neurologically plausible theory of grammatic function. It then discusses parallel distributed processing (PDP), one of the major pillars of the book. PDP models can incorporate a large variety of model-specific assumptions, including ones that are not neurologically plausible. However, the book argues from the simplest, most limited set of assumptions possible, all of which receive substantial if not overwhelming support from neurobiological research. These assumptions are outlined.Less
This introductory chapter sets out the book’s purpose, which is to develop a neurologically plausible theory of grammatic function. It then discusses parallel distributed processing (PDP), one of the major pillars of the book. PDP models can incorporate a large variety of model-specific assumptions, including ones that are not neurologically plausible. However, the book argues from the simplest, most limited set of assumptions possible, all of which receive substantial if not overwhelming support from neurobiological research. These assumptions are outlined.
Stephen E. Nadeau
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017022
- eISBN:
- 9780262301619
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017022.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
This chapter extends the model presented in this book to incorporate a basis for grammatic function, and summarizes the broader model in quasi-mathematical terms in order to show, in compact form, ...
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This chapter extends the model presented in this book to incorporate a basis for grammatic function, and summarizes the broader model in quasi-mathematical terms in order to show, in compact form, how the pieces fit together. This dense formulation serves as the anchor point for the discussions that follow, which unpack the equations. The model to be developed, despite the quasi-mathematical formulations and the absolutely crucial parallel distributed processing grounding, will be theoretical and conceptual.Less
This chapter extends the model presented in this book to incorporate a basis for grammatic function, and summarizes the broader model in quasi-mathematical terms in order to show, in compact form, how the pieces fit together. This dense formulation serves as the anchor point for the discussions that follow, which unpack the equations. The model to be developed, despite the quasi-mathematical formulations and the absolutely crucial parallel distributed processing grounding, will be theoretical and conceptual.