Rob H. Bisseling
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198529392
- eISBN:
- 9780191712869
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529392.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This book explains the use of the bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) model and the BSPlib communication library in parallel algorithm design and parallel programming. The main topics treated in the book ...
More
This book explains the use of the bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) model and the BSPlib communication library in parallel algorithm design and parallel programming. The main topics treated in the book are central to the area of scientific computation: solving dense linear systems by Gaussian elimination, computing fast Fourier transforms, and solving sparse linear systems by iterative methods based on sparse matrix-vector multiplication. Each topic is treated in depth, starting from the problem formulation and a sequential algorithm, through a parallel algorithm and its cost analysis, to a complete parallel program written in C and BSPlib, and experimental results obtained using this program on a parallel computer. Throughout the book, emphasis is placed on analyzing the cost of the parallel algorithms developed, expressed in three terms: computation cost, communication cost, and synchronization cost. The book contains five example programs written in BSPlib, which illustrate the methods taught. These programs are freely available as the package BSPedupack. An appendix on the message-passing interface (MPI) discusses how to program in a structured, bulk synchronous parallel style using the MPI communication library, and presents MPI equivalents of all the programs in the book.Less
This book explains the use of the bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) model and the BSPlib communication library in parallel algorithm design and parallel programming. The main topics treated in the book are central to the area of scientific computation: solving dense linear systems by Gaussian elimination, computing fast Fourier transforms, and solving sparse linear systems by iterative methods based on sparse matrix-vector multiplication. Each topic is treated in depth, starting from the problem formulation and a sequential algorithm, through a parallel algorithm and its cost analysis, to a complete parallel program written in C and BSPlib, and experimental results obtained using this program on a parallel computer. Throughout the book, emphasis is placed on analyzing the cost of the parallel algorithms developed, expressed in three terms: computation cost, communication cost, and synchronization cost. The book contains five example programs written in BSPlib, which illustrate the methods taught. These programs are freely available as the package BSPedupack. An appendix on the message-passing interface (MPI) discusses how to program in a structured, bulk synchronous parallel style using the MPI communication library, and presents MPI equivalents of all the programs in the book.
Ian Clark
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297009
- eISBN:
- 9780191711428
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297009.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
As part of the ending of the Cold War, a summit of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe agreed the Charter of Paris in 1990. Amongst other things, it expressed a commitment to ...
More
As part of the ending of the Cold War, a summit of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe agreed the Charter of Paris in 1990. Amongst other things, it expressed a commitment to democracy ‘as the only system of government of our nations’. If international society is considered to be pluralistic, this was a puzzling development: it was making an international principle of legitimacy out of a form of internal government. The chapter attempts to explain this development in terms of the role of world society, in the context of the dramatic events of the end of the Cold War. It shows that the commitment to democracy served obvious state purposes, but also responded to a wider social constituency of expectations. This case was pressed by a transnational network acting in support of democratic principles, and which organized parallel summits to shadow the CSCE process. This also responded to developments in international law where some theorists, such as Thomas Franck, claimed to have identified an emerging democratic entitlement.Less
As part of the ending of the Cold War, a summit of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe agreed the Charter of Paris in 1990. Amongst other things, it expressed a commitment to democracy ‘as the only system of government of our nations’. If international society is considered to be pluralistic, this was a puzzling development: it was making an international principle of legitimacy out of a form of internal government. The chapter attempts to explain this development in terms of the role of world society, in the context of the dramatic events of the end of the Cold War. It shows that the commitment to democracy served obvious state purposes, but also responded to a wider social constituency of expectations. This case was pressed by a transnational network acting in support of democratic principles, and which organized parallel summits to shadow the CSCE process. This also responded to developments in international law where some theorists, such as Thomas Franck, claimed to have identified an emerging democratic entitlement.
Anna Wierzbicka
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195137330
- eISBN:
- 9780199867905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195137337.003.0024
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This chapter emphasizes the originality of Jesus’ ethical teaching, obscured by the use of complex analytical terms (such as nonviolence, nonretaliation, compassion, kindness, tolerance, hypocrisy, ...
More
This chapter emphasizes the originality of Jesus’ ethical teaching, obscured by the use of complex analytical terms (such as nonviolence, nonretaliation, compassion, kindness, tolerance, hypocrisy, anger, etc.) and brought to light by the use of more fine‐grained analytical tools such as GOOD and BAD KNOW, THINK, and WANT, and the other simple and universal human concepts. It shows that the apparent parallels in earlier religious lore – Jewish, Greco‐Roman, Hindu, Confucian, Buddhist, and so on – are often illusory and conceal profound conceptual differences. It argues that the vital matters of Christian‐Jewish dialogue are not well served by attempts to play down the distinctive features of Jesus’ teaching. It concurs with the fourth‐century Syrian biblical scholar, St. Efrem, who affirmed the “the smallest words of Christ contain immense treasures,” and it claims that the depth and originality of Jesus’ ethical teaching can be better revealed by means of simple and universal human concepts, than by the use of the technical language of traditional theology and exegesis.Less
This chapter emphasizes the originality of Jesus’ ethical teaching, obscured by the use of complex analytical terms (such as nonviolence, nonretaliation, compassion, kindness, tolerance, hypocrisy, anger, etc.) and brought to light by the use of more fine‐grained analytical tools such as GOOD and BAD KNOW, THINK, and WANT, and the other simple and universal human concepts. It shows that the apparent parallels in earlier religious lore – Jewish, Greco‐Roman, Hindu, Confucian, Buddhist, and so on – are often illusory and conceal profound conceptual differences. It argues that the vital matters of Christian‐Jewish dialogue are not well served by attempts to play down the distinctive features of Jesus’ teaching. It concurs with the fourth‐century Syrian biblical scholar, St. Efrem, who affirmed the “the smallest words of Christ contain immense treasures,” and it claims that the depth and originality of Jesus’ ethical teaching can be better revealed by means of simple and universal human concepts, than by the use of the technical language of traditional theology and exegesis.
W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon A. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The Soma model simulates the origin of the resting potential in nerve cells. Because this model demonstrates steady-state conditions, or slow changes in the steady state, the membrane capacitance is ...
More
The Soma model simulates the origin of the resting potential in nerve cells. Because this model demonstrates steady-state conditions, or slow changes in the steady state, the membrane capacitance is ignored. In addition, there are no voltage- or time-dependent membrane conductances in this model. The equilibrium (Nernst) potentials for sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions are calculated from the relevant ionic concentrations. The relationship between temperature and equilibrium potentials can be explored by altering the simulated temperature. This model also includes an electrogenic pump, which generates a net outflow of positive ions and therefore acts to hyperpolarize the membrane.Less
The Soma model simulates the origin of the resting potential in nerve cells. Because this model demonstrates steady-state conditions, or slow changes in the steady state, the membrane capacitance is ignored. In addition, there are no voltage- or time-dependent membrane conductances in this model. The equilibrium (Nernst) potentials for sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions are calculated from the relevant ionic concentrations. The relationship between temperature and equilibrium potentials can be explored by altering the simulated temperature. This model also includes an electrogenic pump, which generates a net outflow of positive ions and therefore acts to hyperpolarize the membrane.
W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon A. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The Axon model simulates the equations and parameters derived from experiments by Hodgkin and Huxley on the squid giant axon. Because of the exact correspondence between the equations incorporated ...
More
The Axon model simulates the equations and parameters derived from experiments by Hodgkin and Huxley on the squid giant axon. Because of the exact correspondence between the equations incorporated into this model and the equations developed in the studies of Hodgkin and Huxley, this model generates graphs that mirror precisely the theoretical curves depicted in the Hodgkin-Huxley papers on the squid axon. Three similar models are included in this chapter: the single space-clamped axon, simultaneous simulations of several spaced-clamped axons to compare model output when parameters are altered, and a simulation of the spatially extended axon to illustrate impulse propagation.Less
The Axon model simulates the equations and parameters derived from experiments by Hodgkin and Huxley on the squid giant axon. Because of the exact correspondence between the equations incorporated into this model and the equations developed in the studies of Hodgkin and Huxley, this model generates graphs that mirror precisely the theoretical curves depicted in the Hodgkin-Huxley papers on the squid axon. Three similar models are included in this chapter: the single space-clamped axon, simultaneous simulations of several spaced-clamped axons to compare model output when parameters are altered, and a simulation of the spatially extended axon to illustrate impulse propagation.
W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon A. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.003.0018
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The Soma model illustrates the origins of the membrane potential based on the parallel conductance model, with the capacitor not included in the simulation. In addition, none of the membrane ...
More
The Soma model illustrates the origins of the membrane potential based on the parallel conductance model, with the capacitor not included in the simulation. In addition, none of the membrane conductances are voltage dependent. This chapter describes the equations underlying the resting potential, based on the fundamental Nernst equation, which gives the relationship between ionic concentrations and electrical potential.Less
The Soma model illustrates the origins of the membrane potential based on the parallel conductance model, with the capacitor not included in the simulation. In addition, none of the membrane conductances are voltage dependent. This chapter describes the equations underlying the resting potential, based on the fundamental Nernst equation, which gives the relationship between ionic concentrations and electrical potential.
W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon A. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.003.0019
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The Axon models present the fundamental concepts that underlie the generation and propagation of the nerve impulses. This chapter includes a complete list of the equations that describe the ...
More
The Axon models present the fundamental concepts that underlie the generation and propagation of the nerve impulses. This chapter includes a complete list of the equations that describe the Hodgkin-Huxley parallel conductance model specifically for squid axons, but these equations can be used to simulate nearly any action potential. The various currents generated by ionic conductances are individually described by their own equations. Ionic currents are controlled by membrane conductances and the appropriate electrochemical driving forces.Less
The Axon models present the fundamental concepts that underlie the generation and propagation of the nerve impulses. This chapter includes a complete list of the equations that describe the Hodgkin-Huxley parallel conductance model specifically for squid axons, but these equations can be used to simulate nearly any action potential. The various currents generated by ionic conductances are individually described by their own equations. Ionic currents are controlled by membrane conductances and the appropriate electrochemical driving forces.
Gary A. Glatzmaier
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691141725
- eISBN:
- 9781400848904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691141725.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter considers two ways of employing a spatial resolution that varies with position within a finite-difference method: using a nonuniform grid and mapping to a new coordinate variable. It ...
More
This chapter considers two ways of employing a spatial resolution that varies with position within a finite-difference method: using a nonuniform grid and mapping to a new coordinate variable. It first provides an overview of nonuniform grids before discussing coordinate mapping as an alternative way of achieving spatial discretization. It then describes an approach for treating both the vertical and horizontal directions with simple finite-difference methods: defining a streamfunction, which automatically satisfies mass conservation, and solving for vorticity via the curl of the momentum conservation equation. It also explains the use of the Chebyshev–Fourier method to simulate the convection or gravity wave problem by employing spectral methods in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Finally, it looks at the basic ideas and some issues that need to be addressed with respect to parallel processing as well as choices that need to be made when designing a parallel code.Less
This chapter considers two ways of employing a spatial resolution that varies with position within a finite-difference method: using a nonuniform grid and mapping to a new coordinate variable. It first provides an overview of nonuniform grids before discussing coordinate mapping as an alternative way of achieving spatial discretization. It then describes an approach for treating both the vertical and horizontal directions with simple finite-difference methods: defining a streamfunction, which automatically satisfies mass conservation, and solving for vorticity via the curl of the momentum conservation equation. It also explains the use of the Chebyshev–Fourier method to simulate the convection or gravity wave problem by employing spectral methods in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Finally, it looks at the basic ideas and some issues that need to be addressed with respect to parallel processing as well as choices that need to be made when designing a parallel code.
John McGarry and Brendan O'Leary
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199266579
- eISBN:
- 9780191601446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199266573.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
The chapter discusses the use of the comparative method by Northern Ireland's political partisans and academics. It shows how analogies with other conflicts have been used by partisans to further ...
More
The chapter discusses the use of the comparative method by Northern Ireland's political partisans and academics. It shows how analogies with other conflicts have been used by partisans to further their political agendas. These analogies are tied to important international norms, and their use by Northern Ireland's politicians are an attempt to influence international opinion, as well as cement group solidarity. The second part of the chapter summarizes how Northern Ireland has been analysed by academics employing important comparative political theories, including consociationalism and integrationism.Less
The chapter discusses the use of the comparative method by Northern Ireland's political partisans and academics. It shows how analogies with other conflicts have been used by partisans to further their political agendas. These analogies are tied to important international norms, and their use by Northern Ireland's politicians are an attempt to influence international opinion, as well as cement group solidarity. The second part of the chapter summarizes how Northern Ireland has been analysed by academics employing important comparative political theories, including consociationalism and integrationism.
Yuval Shany
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199211791
- eISBN:
- 9780191706035
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211791.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The book seeks to investigate the growing jurisdictional interaction between national and international courts — i.e., their parallel involvement in the same or related disputes — in the light of ...
More
The book seeks to investigate the growing jurisdictional interaction between national and international courts — i.e., their parallel involvement in the same or related disputes — in the light of competing theoretical, ideological, and methodological discourses on the nature of the relationship and the means to regulate it. In particular, it aims to explore what, if any, rules of international law could, or perhaps should govern such interactions, and regulate forum selection or multiple proceedings involving national and international courts. In addition, the book explores the standards of review employed by international courts vis-à-vis the decisions of their domestic counterparts and vice versa. It posits that the regulation of such interactions ultimately depends on the selection of the overarching paradigm that governs the relations between national and international courts (hierarchical/non-hierarchical and disintegrative or integrative). Following academic discussion of the problems and solutions pertaining to the interaction between national and international courts, the book considers the potential applicability of several jurisdiction-regulating measures to jurisdictional interactions between national and international courts. These include rules on forum selection and on rules designed to regulate multiple proceedings (e.g., lis alibi pendens and res judicata), utilization of comity based measures and doctrines, such as discretionary stay or dismissal of proceedings and margin of appreciation judicial review, and examination of the prohibition against abuse of rights. This segment of the book strives to provide lawyers and academics with a ‘tool kit’ of measures which could be employed in cases involving jurisdictional interactions between national and international courts.Less
The book seeks to investigate the growing jurisdictional interaction between national and international courts — i.e., their parallel involvement in the same or related disputes — in the light of competing theoretical, ideological, and methodological discourses on the nature of the relationship and the means to regulate it. In particular, it aims to explore what, if any, rules of international law could, or perhaps should govern such interactions, and regulate forum selection or multiple proceedings involving national and international courts. In addition, the book explores the standards of review employed by international courts vis-à-vis the decisions of their domestic counterparts and vice versa. It posits that the regulation of such interactions ultimately depends on the selection of the overarching paradigm that governs the relations between national and international courts (hierarchical/non-hierarchical and disintegrative or integrative). Following academic discussion of the problems and solutions pertaining to the interaction between national and international courts, the book considers the potential applicability of several jurisdiction-regulating measures to jurisdictional interactions between national and international courts. These include rules on forum selection and on rules designed to regulate multiple proceedings (e.g., lis alibi pendens and res judicata), utilization of comity based measures and doctrines, such as discretionary stay or dismissal of proceedings and margin of appreciation judicial review, and examination of the prohibition against abuse of rights. This segment of the book strives to provide lawyers and academics with a ‘tool kit’ of measures which could be employed in cases involving jurisdictional interactions between national and international courts.
John V. Kulvicki
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290758
- eISBN:
- 9780191604010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019929075X.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
This chapter explores the range of pictorial representation. It considers many kinds of projective systems and shows how they all manage to satisfy the conditions set forth in Chapters 2 and 3 for ...
More
This chapter explores the range of pictorial representation. It considers many kinds of projective systems and shows how they all manage to satisfy the conditions set forth in Chapters 2 and 3 for being pictures. In addition, common systems of auditory representation turn out to be pictorial according to this view; this is surprising but not terribly counterintuitive. Tactile line drawings sometimes used by the blind also turn out to be pictorial on the account offered herein, and the discussion of bare-bones content suggests some new avenues of research on tactile pictures. The chapter closes by considering how well the structural account fares with respect to a list of explananda offered by Robert Hopkins as the gold standard for a theory of depiction.Less
This chapter explores the range of pictorial representation. It considers many kinds of projective systems and shows how they all manage to satisfy the conditions set forth in Chapters 2 and 3 for being pictures. In addition, common systems of auditory representation turn out to be pictorial according to this view; this is surprising but not terribly counterintuitive. Tactile line drawings sometimes used by the blind also turn out to be pictorial on the account offered herein, and the discussion of bare-bones content suggests some new avenues of research on tactile pictures. The chapter closes by considering how well the structural account fares with respect to a list of explananda offered by Robert Hopkins as the gold standard for a theory of depiction.
Ian Christie
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265536
- eISBN:
- 9780191760327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265536.003.0027
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
The forces which impede transformational tipping points are very strong, entrenched and locked in. To overcome these will require polycentric governance, cooperating corporations, alliances between ...
More
The forces which impede transformational tipping points are very strong, entrenched and locked in. To overcome these will require polycentric governance, cooperating corporations, alliances between civic and religious groups, and the onset of more autonomous yet accountable local and regional governance. These may form parallel infrastructures of change in corporate ethos and accounting, in the ecological awakening of religions, and in the effective democratization and economic autonomy of local governance.Less
The forces which impede transformational tipping points are very strong, entrenched and locked in. To overcome these will require polycentric governance, cooperating corporations, alliances between civic and religious groups, and the onset of more autonomous yet accountable local and regional governance. These may form parallel infrastructures of change in corporate ethos and accounting, in the ecological awakening of religions, and in the effective democratization and economic autonomy of local governance.
Rob H. Bisseling
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198529392
- eISBN:
- 9780191712869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529392.003.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter is a self-contained tutorial which discusses how to get started quickly with parallel programming and how to design and implement algorithms in a structured way using supersteps. It ...
More
This chapter is a self-contained tutorial which discusses how to get started quickly with parallel programming and how to design and implement algorithms in a structured way using supersteps. It introduces a simple target architecture for designing parallel algorithms, the bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) computer. Using the computation of the inner product of two vectors as an example, the chapter shows how an algorithm is designed hand in hand with its cost analysis. The algorithm is implemented in a short program that demonstrates the most important primitives of the communication library BSPlib. Furthermore, a benchmarking program is given for measuring the BSP parameters of a parallel computer. The BSP computer has distributed memory. The fundamental question of choosing a suitable data distribution for a given problem is discussed using the block and cyclic distributions as an example.Less
This chapter is a self-contained tutorial which discusses how to get started quickly with parallel programming and how to design and implement algorithms in a structured way using supersteps. It introduces a simple target architecture for designing parallel algorithms, the bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) computer. Using the computation of the inner product of two vectors as an example, the chapter shows how an algorithm is designed hand in hand with its cost analysis. The algorithm is implemented in a short program that demonstrates the most important primitives of the communication library BSPlib. Furthermore, a benchmarking program is given for measuring the BSP parameters of a parallel computer. The BSP computer has distributed memory. The fundamental question of choosing a suitable data distribution for a given problem is discussed using the block and cyclic distributions as an example.
Bruno Breitmeyer and Haluk Ogmen
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198530671
- eISBN:
- 9780191728204
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530671.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Visual information can be processed at pre-conscious as well as conscious levels. Understanding the factors that determine whether or not a stimulus reaches phenomenal awareness and the fate of ...
More
Visual information can be processed at pre-conscious as well as conscious levels. Understanding the factors that determine whether or not a stimulus reaches phenomenal awareness and the fate of stimulus information that remains at preconscious levels, poses major challenges to current research in visual cognition and neuroscience. First published in 1984, Visual Masking was a classic text in the field of cognitive psychology. In the years since, considerable advances that have been made in the cognitive neurosciences have been accompanied by a growing interest in the topic of consciousness. The current, 2nd edition takes into account these new findings and research interests. Incorporating much new, and deleting some old materials, this book focuses on visual masking as a technique of making ‘time slices’ on a millisecond scale through conscious and pre-conscious vision. The result is a detailed description of the temporal dynamics that comprise the microgenesis of visual object perception from the time a stimulus is presented on the retinae to the time, several hundreds of milliseconds later, of its registration at pre-conscious, behavioural, and at conscious, perceptual levels. The book takes a highly integrative approach, relating visual masking within a wide compass, not only to the study of conscious perception, but also to related spatio-temporal phenomena of vision such as motion perception, attention, and to a variety of visual deficits.Less
Visual information can be processed at pre-conscious as well as conscious levels. Understanding the factors that determine whether or not a stimulus reaches phenomenal awareness and the fate of stimulus information that remains at preconscious levels, poses major challenges to current research in visual cognition and neuroscience. First published in 1984, Visual Masking was a classic text in the field of cognitive psychology. In the years since, considerable advances that have been made in the cognitive neurosciences have been accompanied by a growing interest in the topic of consciousness. The current, 2nd edition takes into account these new findings and research interests. Incorporating much new, and deleting some old materials, this book focuses on visual masking as a technique of making ‘time slices’ on a millisecond scale through conscious and pre-conscious vision. The result is a detailed description of the temporal dynamics that comprise the microgenesis of visual object perception from the time a stimulus is presented on the retinae to the time, several hundreds of milliseconds later, of its registration at pre-conscious, behavioural, and at conscious, perceptual levels. The book takes a highly integrative approach, relating visual masking within a wide compass, not only to the study of conscious perception, but also to related spatio-temporal phenomena of vision such as motion perception, attention, and to a variety of visual deficits.
Grant Hardy
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199731701
- eISBN:
- 9780199777167
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731701.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature, World Religions
In the Book of Mormon, many narratives have parallels. These include 1) simple parallels, such as Abinadi's story being like that of Moses, 2) complex parallels in which a single story has multiple ...
More
In the Book of Mormon, many narratives have parallels. These include 1) simple parallels, such as Abinadi's story being like that of Moses, 2) complex parallels in which a single story has multiple referents, as happens with Nephi and Lehi's deliverance from prison, and 3) contrastive narratives in series. Examples of the last category can be found in three pairs of incidents in which a remarkable success wrought by ordinary competence is immediately followed by a much more spectacular achievement brought about through faith. Mormon has employed selection, arrangement, and phrasing to construct these parallel narratives, but he wants to show that these are actual historical patterns rather than clever impositions by the narrator.Less
In the Book of Mormon, many narratives have parallels. These include 1) simple parallels, such as Abinadi's story being like that of Moses, 2) complex parallels in which a single story has multiple referents, as happens with Nephi and Lehi's deliverance from prison, and 3) contrastive narratives in series. Examples of the last category can be found in three pairs of incidents in which a remarkable success wrought by ordinary competence is immediately followed by a much more spectacular achievement brought about through faith. Mormon has employed selection, arrangement, and phrasing to construct these parallel narratives, but he wants to show that these are actual historical patterns rather than clever impositions by the narrator.
John G. Orme and Terri Combs-Orme
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195329452
- eISBN:
- 9780199864812
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195329452.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter discusses ordinal logistic regression (also known as the ordinal logit, ordered polytomous logit, constrained cumulative logit, proportional odds, parallel regression, or grouped ...
More
This chapter discusses ordinal logistic regression (also known as the ordinal logit, ordered polytomous logit, constrained cumulative logit, proportional odds, parallel regression, or grouped continuous model), for modeling relationships between an ordinal dependent variable and multiple independent variables. Ordinal variables have three or more ordered categories, and ordinal logistic regression focuses on cumulative probabilities of the dependent variable and odds and odds ratios based on those cumulative probabilities, estimating a single common odds ratio. The chapter discusses the proportional odds or parallel regression assumption; this is the assumption that the odds ratios for each cumulative level are equal in the population (although they might be different in a sample due to sampling error). The concepts of threshold, sometimes called a cut-point, proportional odds or parallel regression assumption, are also discussed.Less
This chapter discusses ordinal logistic regression (also known as the ordinal logit, ordered polytomous logit, constrained cumulative logit, proportional odds, parallel regression, or grouped continuous model), for modeling relationships between an ordinal dependent variable and multiple independent variables. Ordinal variables have three or more ordered categories, and ordinal logistic regression focuses on cumulative probabilities of the dependent variable and odds and odds ratios based on those cumulative probabilities, estimating a single common odds ratio. The chapter discusses the proportional odds or parallel regression assumption; this is the assumption that the odds ratios for each cumulative level are equal in the population (although they might be different in a sample due to sampling error). The concepts of threshold, sometimes called a cut-point, proportional odds or parallel regression assumption, are also discussed.
Tanya Khovanova
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691164038
- eISBN:
- 9781400881338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691164038.003.0007
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter presents solutions to generalizations of Konstantin Knop's puzzle for any number of minutes and any number of parallel scales. It first describes the similarity of the original puzzle ...
More
This chapter presents solutions to generalizations of Konstantin Knop's puzzle for any number of minutes and any number of parallel scales. It first describes the similarity of the original puzzle with a multiple-pans problem: a coin-weighing puzzle involving balance scales with not two, but any number of pans. The notion of a coin's potential is defined next. The chapter then provides a solution to the parallel weighing problem in case there is an unlimited supply of real coins. Afterward, the chapter offers a solution to the original puzzle and its generalization for any number of minutes, and generalizes these results to the use of more than two scales in parallel. In addition, the find-and-label variation of this problem for any number of minutes is discussed, before the chapter concludes with a comparison of the find-and-label problem with the just-find problem.Less
This chapter presents solutions to generalizations of Konstantin Knop's puzzle for any number of minutes and any number of parallel scales. It first describes the similarity of the original puzzle with a multiple-pans problem: a coin-weighing puzzle involving balance scales with not two, but any number of pans. The notion of a coin's potential is defined next. The chapter then provides a solution to the parallel weighing problem in case there is an unlimited supply of real coins. Afterward, the chapter offers a solution to the original puzzle and its generalization for any number of minutes, and generalizes these results to the use of more than two scales in parallel. In addition, the find-and-label variation of this problem for any number of minutes is discussed, before the chapter concludes with a comparison of the find-and-label problem with the just-find problem.
David T. Lamb
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231478
- eISBN:
- 9780191710841
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231478.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This chapter explores the positive parallels between Jehu and David, suggesting that Drt favours charismatic rulers. Two of the parallels are discussed on their own (‘Righteous evaluations’ and ...
More
This chapter explores the positive parallels between Jehu and David, suggesting that Drt favours charismatic rulers. Two of the parallels are discussed on their own (‘Righteous evaluations’ and ‘Manifestation of YHWH's spirit’) while the other parallels are discussed in three sets of pairs because of textual connections (‘Prophet anointings and divine election’, ‘eroic exploits and popular support’, and ‘Direct divine speech and dynastic promise’).Less
This chapter explores the positive parallels between Jehu and David, suggesting that Drt favours charismatic rulers. Two of the parallels are discussed on their own (‘Righteous evaluations’ and ‘Manifestation of YHWH's spirit’) while the other parallels are discussed in three sets of pairs because of textual connections (‘Prophet anointings and divine election’, ‘eroic exploits and popular support’, and ‘Direct divine speech and dynastic promise’).
Paul Borgman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331608
- eISBN:
- 9780199868001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331608.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
Israel's second king, David, will commit what looks like far greater wrong than anything done by God's first choice, King Saul. But David proves much the superior leader. Why might God have given up ...
More
Israel's second king, David, will commit what looks like far greater wrong than anything done by God's first choice, King Saul. But David proves much the superior leader. Why might God have given up so quickly on Saul, and what does this intimate about God's reversal of choices, for David? Possible answers begin to emerge with the narrator's presentation of Saul's three anointings and paralleled wrongdoing, the latter sandwiching a picture of Jonathan, of everything good that Saul isn't. With Saul we find an anatomy of failure that goes beyond mere wrongdoing. Something within Saul is tragically lacking, a flaw that will prove definitive as a contrast with David. Brought into a unifying vision by this and other patterns are “blocks” of material considered quite disparate by many biblical scholars.Less
Israel's second king, David, will commit what looks like far greater wrong than anything done by God's first choice, King Saul. But David proves much the superior leader. Why might God have given up so quickly on Saul, and what does this intimate about God's reversal of choices, for David? Possible answers begin to emerge with the narrator's presentation of Saul's three anointings and paralleled wrongdoing, the latter sandwiching a picture of Jonathan, of everything good that Saul isn't. With Saul we find an anatomy of failure that goes beyond mere wrongdoing. Something within Saul is tragically lacking, a flaw that will prove definitive as a contrast with David. Brought into a unifying vision by this and other patterns are “blocks” of material considered quite disparate by many biblical scholars.
Christopher Tuckett
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199212132
- eISBN:
- 9780191705922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199212132.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
Several places in the text of the Gospel of Mary have parallels to traditions and/or sayings which appear in texts which (later) formed part of the ‘New Testament’. Some of these parallels are at the ...
More
Several places in the text of the Gospel of Mary have parallels to traditions and/or sayings which appear in texts which (later) formed part of the ‘New Testament’. Some of these parallels are at the level of significant words or phrases, while others are at the level of broader thematic parallels (or in some cases almost ‘anti-parallels’, i.e., showing significant differences from, as well as similarities to, the New Testament). This chapter addresses the question of whether the similarities and parallels in wording indicate any kind of dependence of the Gospel of Mary on New Testament texts, and, so, whether we can be any more precise about the source(s) of the language used in the Gospel of Mary. The parallels between the Gospel of Mary and New Testament texts may be divided into three groups: (1) parallels that appear to be clear ‘echoes’ or ‘allusions’ to New Testament passages; (2) parallels that are less close, and are not so clearly ‘echoes’ of New Testament passages; (3) more general thematic parallels. The nature of the parallels that seem to exist, and the fact that some of the parallels involve at times redactional elements on the side of the (later to become) canonical texts suggests that the Gospel of Mary is primarily a witness to the later, developing tradition generated by these texts, and does not provide independent witness to early Jesus tradition itself.Less
Several places in the text of the Gospel of Mary have parallels to traditions and/or sayings which appear in texts which (later) formed part of the ‘New Testament’. Some of these parallels are at the level of significant words or phrases, while others are at the level of broader thematic parallels (or in some cases almost ‘anti-parallels’, i.e., showing significant differences from, as well as similarities to, the New Testament). This chapter addresses the question of whether the similarities and parallels in wording indicate any kind of dependence of the Gospel of Mary on New Testament texts, and, so, whether we can be any more precise about the source(s) of the language used in the Gospel of Mary. The parallels between the Gospel of Mary and New Testament texts may be divided into three groups: (1) parallels that appear to be clear ‘echoes’ or ‘allusions’ to New Testament passages; (2) parallels that are less close, and are not so clearly ‘echoes’ of New Testament passages; (3) more general thematic parallels. The nature of the parallels that seem to exist, and the fact that some of the parallels involve at times redactional elements on the side of the (later to become) canonical texts suggests that the Gospel of Mary is primarily a witness to the later, developing tradition generated by these texts, and does not provide independent witness to early Jesus tradition itself.
