Bernhard Ebbinghaus
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199286119
- eISBN:
- 9780191604089
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199286116.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Governments have realized the negative impact of early retirement on social expenditures and labor costs, responding with a paradigm shift away from passive labor market policies. Governments seek to ...
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Governments have realized the negative impact of early retirement on social expenditures and labor costs, responding with a paradigm shift away from passive labor market policies. Governments seek to reverse early exit by raising the retirement age in pension systems, reforming disability insurance, closing special early retirement programs, activating older workers, and fostering gradual transitions to retirement. These reforms met many obstacles given the entrenched multiple pathways and status quo defense of the social partners, particularly as benefits came to be viewed as acquired rights.Less
Governments have realized the negative impact of early retirement on social expenditures and labor costs, responding with a paradigm shift away from passive labor market policies. Governments seek to reverse early exit by raising the retirement age in pension systems, reforming disability insurance, closing special early retirement programs, activating older workers, and fostering gradual transitions to retirement. These reforms met many obstacles given the entrenched multiple pathways and status quo defense of the social partners, particularly as benefits came to be viewed as acquired rights.
Bernhard Ebbinghaus
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199286119
- eISBN:
- 9780191604089
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199286116.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This concluding chapter summarizes the main findings of the book, evaluating the protection-oriented ‘pull’ and production-oriented ‘push’ approaches to explain the long-term development and ...
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This concluding chapter summarizes the main findings of the book, evaluating the protection-oriented ‘pull’ and production-oriented ‘push’ approaches to explain the long-term development and cross-national variations in early exit from work. It discusses the difficulties of ‘path dependence’ as well as the opportunities of institutional change to reverse early retirement policies. It recommends a paradigm shift away from early retirement in combination with integration policies that facilitate older workers to remain active.Less
This concluding chapter summarizes the main findings of the book, evaluating the protection-oriented ‘pull’ and production-oriented ‘push’ approaches to explain the long-term development and cross-national variations in early exit from work. It discusses the difficulties of ‘path dependence’ as well as the opportunities of institutional change to reverse early retirement policies. It recommends a paradigm shift away from early retirement in combination with integration policies that facilitate older workers to remain active.
Hugh Grady
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198183228
- eISBN:
- 9780191673962
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183228.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Shakespeare Studies, Criticism/Theory
This chapter focuses on one of the seminal figures in the construction of a Modernist Shakespeare: G. Wilson Knight. It argues that Knight's criticism is one of the key places where the construction ...
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This chapter focuses on one of the seminal figures in the construction of a Modernist Shakespeare: G. Wilson Knight. It argues that Knight's criticism is one of the key places where the construction of the Modernist Shakespeare can be observed at close hand. The chapter begins by clarifying the nature of the aesthetic paradigm shift, constitutive of a change in literary periods, which is fundamental to changes in 20th-century Shakespeare criticism beginning with Knight. Once those theoretical clarifications are established, it turns to the concrete complexities of Knight's criticism.Less
This chapter focuses on one of the seminal figures in the construction of a Modernist Shakespeare: G. Wilson Knight. It argues that Knight's criticism is one of the key places where the construction of the Modernist Shakespeare can be observed at close hand. The chapter begins by clarifying the nature of the aesthetic paradigm shift, constitutive of a change in literary periods, which is fundamental to changes in 20th-century Shakespeare criticism beginning with Knight. Once those theoretical clarifications are established, it turns to the concrete complexities of Knight's criticism.
Rebecca L. Hegar
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195109405
- eISBN:
- 9780199865789
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195109405.003.0014
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter discusses the shifts in the dominant paradigm for child placement practice, with emphasis on the rise of kinship foster care. It analyzes the unintended and unforeseen consequences of ...
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This chapter discusses the shifts in the dominant paradigm for child placement practice, with emphasis on the rise of kinship foster care. It analyzes the unintended and unforeseen consequences of policy and practice under the newest child placement paradigm. The final sections consider the state of child placement practice in the next century.Less
This chapter discusses the shifts in the dominant paradigm for child placement practice, with emphasis on the rise of kinship foster care. It analyzes the unintended and unforeseen consequences of policy and practice under the newest child placement paradigm. The final sections consider the state of child placement practice in the next century.
Bernard Cooke
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195174519
- eISBN:
- 9780199835119
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195174518.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
A paradigm shift has occurred in human knowing that places ‘power’ at the center of interpreting humans’ experience. This hermeneutic has found a distinctive expression in theological methodology ...
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A paradigm shift has occurred in human knowing that places ‘power’ at the center of interpreting humans’ experience. This hermeneutic has found a distinctive expression in theological methodology where it has coincided with the incorporation of historical consciousness and utilization of experience as a starting point. Within theology, this has produced renewed interest in pneumatology, the study of the Spirit of God. Since biblically the Spirit of God is identified as divine power, this volume relates the divine Spirit to various forms of power.Less
A paradigm shift has occurred in human knowing that places ‘power’ at the center of interpreting humans’ experience. This hermeneutic has found a distinctive expression in theological methodology where it has coincided with the incorporation of historical consciousness and utilization of experience as a starting point. Within theology, this has produced renewed interest in pneumatology, the study of the Spirit of God. Since biblically the Spirit of God is identified as divine power, this volume relates the divine Spirit to various forms of power.
Mark Robert Rank
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195101683
- eISBN:
- 9780199894048
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195101683.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
The first step on the road to positive change is a national shift in how Americans think about poverty. This chapter begins by describing the major tenets of the old paradigm. Much of this will be ...
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The first step on the road to positive change is a national shift in how Americans think about poverty. This chapter begins by describing the major tenets of the old paradigm. Much of this will be quite familiar, since variations of it can be heard in political sound bites, mainstream policy research, the popular media, and informal discussions with one's neighbors. The chapter then describes the foundations of a new paradigm for comprehending poverty. This paradigm is based upon several of the major themes found within the first two-thirds of this book and represents a sharp break from the old ways of viewing poverty. Finally, the chapter concludes with several examples intended to illustrate that a paradigm shift in thinking can occur within a relatively short span.Less
The first step on the road to positive change is a national shift in how Americans think about poverty. This chapter begins by describing the major tenets of the old paradigm. Much of this will be quite familiar, since variations of it can be heard in political sound bites, mainstream policy research, the popular media, and informal discussions with one's neighbors. The chapter then describes the foundations of a new paradigm for comprehending poverty. This paradigm is based upon several of the major themes found within the first two-thirds of this book and represents a sharp break from the old ways of viewing poverty. Finally, the chapter concludes with several examples intended to illustrate that a paradigm shift in thinking can occur within a relatively short span.
Auke van Dijk, Frank Hoogewoning, and Maurice Punch
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447326915
- eISBN:
- 9781447326946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447326915.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
A historical, comparative perspective can shed light on a number of questions: How have modern police systems, especially in the UK and Netherlands, developed? What types of police systems can be ...
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A historical, comparative perspective can shed light on a number of questions: How have modern police systems, especially in the UK and Netherlands, developed? What types of police systems can be distinguished? How valid are Brodeur’s concepts of ‘high’ and ‘low’ policing, and ‘militarized policing’ and could there be more categories? What determines the paradigms of policing and what leads to changing paradigms? How can society discern the ‘paradigm in use’ as opposed to the ‘espoused’ paradigm? What are the consequences of the blurring of boundaries in policing, criminal justice and intelligence agencies and is there a danger of slipping into a security state? And, more specifically, how does ‘paradigm shift’ in the UK compare to ‘paradigm lost’ in the Netherlands?Less
A historical, comparative perspective can shed light on a number of questions: How have modern police systems, especially in the UK and Netherlands, developed? What types of police systems can be distinguished? How valid are Brodeur’s concepts of ‘high’ and ‘low’ policing, and ‘militarized policing’ and could there be more categories? What determines the paradigms of policing and what leads to changing paradigms? How can society discern the ‘paradigm in use’ as opposed to the ‘espoused’ paradigm? What are the consequences of the blurring of boundaries in policing, criminal justice and intelligence agencies and is there a danger of slipping into a security state? And, more specifically, how does ‘paradigm shift’ in the UK compare to ‘paradigm lost’ in the Netherlands?
Gyula Klima
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195176223
- eISBN:
- 9780199871957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176223.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The first chapter presents a brief summary of the little we know about Buridan’s life, and the somewhat more we know about his immediate historical influence. But this brief survey of known facts ...
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The first chapter presents a brief summary of the little we know about Buridan’s life, and the somewhat more we know about his immediate historical influence. But this brief survey of known facts only sets up the main argument of the chapter intending to show Buridan’s “modernity” in more than one sense of the word. Buridan is “modern” in the medieval sense, being “the great architect” of what would become in late-medieval philosophy the nominalist via moderna (as opposed to the realist via antiqua), but he is also “modern” from our perspective, having many of the same concerns as contemporary analytic philosophers. Indeed, his philosophy can be the best key to understanding the major paradigm shifts between medieval and modern philosophy.Less
The first chapter presents a brief summary of the little we know about Buridan’s life, and the somewhat more we know about his immediate historical influence. But this brief survey of known facts only sets up the main argument of the chapter intending to show Buridan’s “modernity” in more than one sense of the word. Buridan is “modern” in the medieval sense, being “the great architect” of what would become in late-medieval philosophy the nominalist via moderna (as opposed to the realist via antiqua), but he is also “modern” from our perspective, having many of the same concerns as contemporary analytic philosophers. Indeed, his philosophy can be the best key to understanding the major paradigm shifts between medieval and modern philosophy.
Josef W. Konvitz
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781784992903
- eISBN:
- 9781526103970
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784992903.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Paradigm shifts in economic governance have occurred at intervals of a century or more; we may be at a point of transition comparable to that of the early 20th century, a point of conjuncture between ...
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Paradigm shifts in economic governance have occurred at intervals of a century or more; we may be at a point of transition comparable to that of the early 20th century, a point of conjuncture between short and long term trends. History becomes all the more relevant therefore because there is no living experience of what such a paradigm shift entails. It is part of a process by which crises are resolved when the previous paradigm no longer provides effective or credible solutions. The challenge today, to make cities safer in the 21st century, calls attention to problems which the macro-economic and sectoral policy frameworks of the 20th century are ill-equipped to address. Each paradigm shift in the past was associated with a major increase in the scale of urbanization. This analysis introduces the distinction between meta-regulation, which operates at the level of a paradigm, and regulation in the form of specific roles. Meta-regulation helps to keep the entire system going in reference to basic values, defined in terms of society’s deepest hopes and fears.Less
Paradigm shifts in economic governance have occurred at intervals of a century or more; we may be at a point of transition comparable to that of the early 20th century, a point of conjuncture between short and long term trends. History becomes all the more relevant therefore because there is no living experience of what such a paradigm shift entails. It is part of a process by which crises are resolved when the previous paradigm no longer provides effective or credible solutions. The challenge today, to make cities safer in the 21st century, calls attention to problems which the macro-economic and sectoral policy frameworks of the 20th century are ill-equipped to address. Each paradigm shift in the past was associated with a major increase in the scale of urbanization. This analysis introduces the distinction between meta-regulation, which operates at the level of a paradigm, and regulation in the form of specific roles. Meta-regulation helps to keep the entire system going in reference to basic values, defined in terms of society’s deepest hopes and fears.
Anthony Snodgrass
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748623334
- eISBN:
- 9780748653577
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623334.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This chapter sets the recent and partial transformation in the content and practice of classical archaeology against the background of Thomas S. Kuhn's well-known work, The Structure of Scientific ...
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This chapter sets the recent and partial transformation in the content and practice of classical archaeology against the background of Thomas S. Kuhn's well-known work, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, first published in 1962. A word or two is in place about Kuhn's analysis of how revolutions happen in the sciences, noting his view that, on an initially small scale, they happen very frequently. A ‘paradigm shift’ is what occurs when, perhaps at first in only one small part of one discipline, new beliefs, values and techniques are embraced. Really important paradigm shifts are ones which seriously interrupt the progress of the other main element of Kuhn's antithesis, ‘normal science’. This chapter presents examples which illustrate how, usually in combination, some of the following themes have recently been raised: rural life, domestic life, neglected periods, dedications, burial and the more backward regions of Greece.Less
This chapter sets the recent and partial transformation in the content and practice of classical archaeology against the background of Thomas S. Kuhn's well-known work, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, first published in 1962. A word or two is in place about Kuhn's analysis of how revolutions happen in the sciences, noting his view that, on an initially small scale, they happen very frequently. A ‘paradigm shift’ is what occurs when, perhaps at first in only one small part of one discipline, new beliefs, values and techniques are embraced. Really important paradigm shifts are ones which seriously interrupt the progress of the other main element of Kuhn's antithesis, ‘normal science’. This chapter presents examples which illustrate how, usually in combination, some of the following themes have recently been raised: rural life, domestic life, neglected periods, dedications, burial and the more backward regions of Greece.
Graham K. Wilson and Wyn Grant
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199641987
- eISBN:
- 9780191741586
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641987.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
In its early stages, the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) seemed to offer the prospect for a major shift in policy paradigms. One of the central issues in political science is when and under what ...
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In its early stages, the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) seemed to offer the prospect for a major shift in policy paradigms. One of the central issues in political science is when and under what conditions does policy change, when a punctuation occurs in the equilibrium that usually characterizes most policy areas. Long periods of relative stability are followed by very significant changes. At the onset of the GFC, it seemed reasonable to suppose that there would be widespread reconsideration of neoliberalism and some of the initial responses suggested this might be the case. However, social democratic parties of the center-left have been unable to develop a convincing response to the crisis. That reconsideration may have occurred in academic circles particularly among those always critical of it. It is the enduring strength of neoliberalism that is now impressive. The possibility of a second phase of the crisis triggered by sovereign debt is a very real one, but there is no sign of new thinking to respond to it.Less
In its early stages, the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) seemed to offer the prospect for a major shift in policy paradigms. One of the central issues in political science is when and under what conditions does policy change, when a punctuation occurs in the equilibrium that usually characterizes most policy areas. Long periods of relative stability are followed by very significant changes. At the onset of the GFC, it seemed reasonable to suppose that there would be widespread reconsideration of neoliberalism and some of the initial responses suggested this might be the case. However, social democratic parties of the center-left have been unable to develop a convincing response to the crisis. That reconsideration may have occurred in academic circles particularly among those always critical of it. It is the enduring strength of neoliberalism that is now impressive. The possibility of a second phase of the crisis triggered by sovereign debt is a very real one, but there is no sign of new thinking to respond to it.
General Sir Rupert Smith
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199599486
- eISBN:
- 9780191595806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599486.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Theory
The Epilogue argues that ‘war amongst the people’ has replaced traditional industrial war, suggesting that the new paradigm is best characterized by an ebb and flow between confrontation and ...
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The Epilogue argues that ‘war amongst the people’ has replaced traditional industrial war, suggesting that the new paradigm is best characterized by an ebb and flow between confrontation and conflict, where the objectives for military forces are no longer ‘take, hold, destroy, defeat’, but, for example, ‘create a safe and secure environment’. Under the old paradigm the objective was to destroy the opponent; under the new paradigm the objective is to alter the opponent's intentions. Where the old paradigm considered military force supreme, the new accords equal importance to diplomatic, political, economic, social, and legal measures. It concludes that if operational art is to be relevant and useful in the future we must understand it as ‘a combination of a free, creative and original expression of the use of force and forces; a design; and direction, an expression of the character and aptitude of the artist’.Less
The Epilogue argues that ‘war amongst the people’ has replaced traditional industrial war, suggesting that the new paradigm is best characterized by an ebb and flow between confrontation and conflict, where the objectives for military forces are no longer ‘take, hold, destroy, defeat’, but, for example, ‘create a safe and secure environment’. Under the old paradigm the objective was to destroy the opponent; under the new paradigm the objective is to alter the opponent's intentions. Where the old paradigm considered military force supreme, the new accords equal importance to diplomatic, political, economic, social, and legal measures. It concludes that if operational art is to be relevant and useful in the future we must understand it as ‘a combination of a free, creative and original expression of the use of force and forces; a design; and direction, an expression of the character and aptitude of the artist’.
Karol Berger
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195128604
- eISBN:
- 9780199785803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195128605.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
Modern European art music is a social practice with internal aims on which its claim to relative autonomy rests (relative, because the contrast between autonomous and functional music, as well as the ...
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Modern European art music is a social practice with internal aims on which its claim to relative autonomy rests (relative, because the contrast between autonomous and functional music, as well as the parallel contrast between art and popular music, is the contrast between ideal types). A profound transformation of these aims marks a revolution or a paradigm shift in the history of this practice. With each successive paradigm shift, the specific relation and proportion between its artistic-autonomous and popular-functional components, specifically between the idea of music as the abstract embodiment of harmony and the idea of music as the representation or mimesis of passions, changed. The formalism and abstraction that characterize the musical and artistic modernity celebrates the modern absolute freedom of a subjectivity that intends everything, but is committed to nothing. At its most radical, it faces the same loss of significance and sterility that is faced by the subjectivity it celebrates.Less
Modern European art music is a social practice with internal aims on which its claim to relative autonomy rests (relative, because the contrast between autonomous and functional music, as well as the parallel contrast between art and popular music, is the contrast between ideal types). A profound transformation of these aims marks a revolution or a paradigm shift in the history of this practice. With each successive paradigm shift, the specific relation and proportion between its artistic-autonomous and popular-functional components, specifically between the idea of music as the abstract embodiment of harmony and the idea of music as the representation or mimesis of passions, changed. The formalism and abstraction that characterize the musical and artistic modernity celebrates the modern absolute freedom of a subjectivity that intends everything, but is committed to nothing. At its most radical, it faces the same loss of significance and sterility that is faced by the subjectivity it celebrates.
Eugene Aisenberg, Gita Mehrotra, Amelia Gavin, and Jennifer Bowman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195369595
- eISBN:
- 9780199865215
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369595.003.0009
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
Previous chapters of the book have provided current findings on risk factors, protective factors, and outcomes of violence exposure in children. This chapter summarizes important findings on ...
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Previous chapters of the book have provided current findings on risk factors, protective factors, and outcomes of violence exposure in children. This chapter summarizes important findings on prevention and intervention programs. While research shows that violence can be addressed through planned interventions, fundamental questions remain about the nature of violence and its root causes; how violence is perceived; and how it is conceptualized and understood in research and practice. Also, as discussed throughout the book, gender and ethnicity are important variables that help shape the context of violence. Yet, the role of gender, ethnicity, and other social identities in the etiology and prevention of violence remain only partly understood. Issues of culture, oppression, and discrimination also require further discussion to arrive at a more complete understanding of violence in context.This chapter seeks to highlight the role of culture in framing an individual’s beliefs and understanding of violence. It also discusses issues of structural inequality, social power, and dominance of one group over others, and the ways in which these factors perpetuate violence at a societal level. Additionally, the chapter discusses the intersection of identity categories, such as gender, age, race, ethnicity, class, religion, sexual orientation, immigration history, and poverty in relation to violence. The intent is to begin a conversation about a paradigm shift in which these issues are considered more fully in violence research, theory, and practice.Less
Previous chapters of the book have provided current findings on risk factors, protective factors, and outcomes of violence exposure in children. This chapter summarizes important findings on prevention and intervention programs. While research shows that violence can be addressed through planned interventions, fundamental questions remain about the nature of violence and its root causes; how violence is perceived; and how it is conceptualized and understood in research and practice. Also, as discussed throughout the book, gender and ethnicity are important variables that help shape the context of violence. Yet, the role of gender, ethnicity, and other social identities in the etiology and prevention of violence remain only partly understood. Issues of culture, oppression, and discrimination also require further discussion to arrive at a more complete understanding of violence in context.This chapter seeks to highlight the role of culture in framing an individual’s beliefs and understanding of violence. It also discusses issues of structural inequality, social power, and dominance of one group over others, and the ways in which these factors perpetuate violence at a societal level. Additionally, the chapter discusses the intersection of identity categories, such as gender, age, race, ethnicity, class, religion, sexual orientation, immigration history, and poverty in relation to violence. The intent is to begin a conversation about a paradigm shift in which these issues are considered more fully in violence research, theory, and practice.
Dominic D. P. Johnson and Elizabeth M. P. Madin
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520253476
- eISBN:
- 9780520934313
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520253476.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter focuses on paradigm shifts in security strategy. It suggests that it takes disasters to trigger change because dangers that remain hypothetical fail to trigger appropriate sensory ...
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This chapter focuses on paradigm shifts in security strategy. It suggests that it takes disasters to trigger change because dangers that remain hypothetical fail to trigger appropriate sensory responses, psychological biases serve to maintain the status quo, dominant leaders entrench their own idiosyncratic policy preferences, organizational behavior and bureaucratic processes resist change, and electoral politics offers little incentive for expensive and disruptive preparation for unlikely and often invisible threats. It also asks why humans, who are well aware of the potential for catastrophic paradigm shifts, still fail to adapt to changing circumstances until after disaster has struck. The chapter also outlines a series of events that illustrate the failure to adapt to novel security threats: the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the Vietnam War, and the terrorist attacks of 9/11.Less
This chapter focuses on paradigm shifts in security strategy. It suggests that it takes disasters to trigger change because dangers that remain hypothetical fail to trigger appropriate sensory responses, psychological biases serve to maintain the status quo, dominant leaders entrench their own idiosyncratic policy preferences, organizational behavior and bureaucratic processes resist change, and electoral politics offers little incentive for expensive and disruptive preparation for unlikely and often invisible threats. It also asks why humans, who are well aware of the potential for catastrophic paradigm shifts, still fail to adapt to changing circumstances until after disaster has struck. The chapter also outlines a series of events that illustrate the failure to adapt to novel security threats: the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the Vietnam War, and the terrorist attacks of 9/11.
John A. Mathews
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780804791502
- eISBN:
- 9780804793162
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804791502.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Part III draws the threads together to discuss the emergence of this new model of “green development”, or green growth capitalism. Chapter Seven is concerned with the process of transition itself, ...
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Part III draws the threads together to discuss the emergence of this new model of “green development”, or green growth capitalism. Chapter Seven is concerned with the process of transition itself, emphasizing the barriers and difficulties encountered by any change on the scale of the new greening trajectory. The greening of markets for energy, commodities and capital can be expected to propagate to encompass the entire economy, through multiple inter-firm connections and driven by competitive forces. Green products will call for new value chains that will propagate via intermediate suppliers and aggregators back to ultimate commodity suppliers, where the greening of commodity markets will exert their effects downstream. The barriers that stand in the way of this emergent system are formidable, from the protection of vested interests and continuation of subsidies to fossil fuels, to the clash of sectional interests. Ultimately it is strong states that drive fundamental change.Less
Part III draws the threads together to discuss the emergence of this new model of “green development”, or green growth capitalism. Chapter Seven is concerned with the process of transition itself, emphasizing the barriers and difficulties encountered by any change on the scale of the new greening trajectory. The greening of markets for energy, commodities and capital can be expected to propagate to encompass the entire economy, through multiple inter-firm connections and driven by competitive forces. Green products will call for new value chains that will propagate via intermediate suppliers and aggregators back to ultimate commodity suppliers, where the greening of commodity markets will exert their effects downstream. The barriers that stand in the way of this emergent system are formidable, from the protection of vested interests and continuation of subsidies to fossil fuels, to the clash of sectional interests. Ultimately it is strong states that drive fundamental change.
Claire Pouncey
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035484
- eISBN:
- 9780262341752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035484.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
Although the National Institute of Mental Health characterizes its Research Domain Criteria program as a “paradigm shift,” its change in emphasis from discrete mental disorders to psychophysiological ...
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Although the National Institute of Mental Health characterizes its Research Domain Criteria program as a “paradigm shift,” its change in emphasis from discrete mental disorders to psychophysiological constructs does not depart dramatically from prior research strategies. The RDoC program supports psychopathology research that utilizes newer, biologically-based investigational methods; avoids pre-existing conceptions of mental disorders; and provides insight into the full range of psychological functioning, from normal to pathological. However, it maintains the methodological rules of the existing psychopathological paradigm. This chapter traces the conceptual history of construct validity to show its consistency across disorder-based and construct-based approaches to the study of psychopathology. Because the RDoC research program is grounded in construct validity and aims to develop existing theory, it does not constitute a paradigm shift in the Kuhnian sense, but simply rejects mental disorders as scientifically legitimate constructs.Less
Although the National Institute of Mental Health characterizes its Research Domain Criteria program as a “paradigm shift,” its change in emphasis from discrete mental disorders to psychophysiological constructs does not depart dramatically from prior research strategies. The RDoC program supports psychopathology research that utilizes newer, biologically-based investigational methods; avoids pre-existing conceptions of mental disorders; and provides insight into the full range of psychological functioning, from normal to pathological. However, it maintains the methodological rules of the existing psychopathological paradigm. This chapter traces the conceptual history of construct validity to show its consistency across disorder-based and construct-based approaches to the study of psychopathology. Because the RDoC research program is grounded in construct validity and aims to develop existing theory, it does not constitute a paradigm shift in the Kuhnian sense, but simply rejects mental disorders as scientifically legitimate constructs.
Ricardo Herbert Jones
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520248632
- eISBN:
- 9780520943339
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520248632.003.0011
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter describes the individual paradigm shift and the options that this shift has created for the women. This “birth model that works” is a replicable model of simplicity: a doctor, a midwife, ...
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This chapter describes the individual paradigm shift and the options that this shift has created for the women. This “birth model that works” is a replicable model of simplicity: a doctor, a midwife, and a doula attending births in a setting of the woman's choice. The chapter discusses the initiation into the humanization of childbirth that occurred in 1986 when an event in the emergency room of the hospital directed the attention toward the critical questioning of medical assistance at birth. The scars of the contemporary technocratic paradigm related to health care can be seen in the aseptic and cold manner that people these days manage birth in hospitals. It hopes to discover a key that could open the energies which were put to sleep by the imposition of rules, protocols, and prohibitions, most of them favoring institutions and the work of doctors, and not helping childbearing women.Less
This chapter describes the individual paradigm shift and the options that this shift has created for the women. This “birth model that works” is a replicable model of simplicity: a doctor, a midwife, and a doula attending births in a setting of the woman's choice. The chapter discusses the initiation into the humanization of childbirth that occurred in 1986 when an event in the emergency room of the hospital directed the attention toward the critical questioning of medical assistance at birth. The scars of the contemporary technocratic paradigm related to health care can be seen in the aseptic and cold manner that people these days manage birth in hospitals. It hopes to discover a key that could open the energies which were put to sleep by the imposition of rules, protocols, and prohibitions, most of them favoring institutions and the work of doctors, and not helping childbearing women.
Radim Bělohlávek, Joseph W. Dauben, and George J. Klir
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190200015
- eISBN:
- 9780190200039
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190200015.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics, General
The aim of this chapter is to assess the significance of fuzzy logic based on its developments and its impact on mathematics and other areas of human affairs over its fifty-year history. For this ...
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The aim of this chapter is to assess the significance of fuzzy logic based on its developments and its impact on mathematics and other areas of human affairs over its fifty-year history. For this purpose, the well-established concepts of a paradigm and a paradigm shift in science as well as their counterparts in mathematics and other areas of human affairs are employed as useful metaphors. Authors’ views regarding future prospects of fuzzy logic are also discussed. The prospects for a wider awareness of fuzzy logic depend on the development of specialist forums for discussion of its application, as well as on the availability of general-purpose textbooks. Fuzzy logic offers contributions to thinking about a large number of disciplines, and their acceptance will depend on how well the claims made for it materialize.Less
The aim of this chapter is to assess the significance of fuzzy logic based on its developments and its impact on mathematics and other areas of human affairs over its fifty-year history. For this purpose, the well-established concepts of a paradigm and a paradigm shift in science as well as their counterparts in mathematics and other areas of human affairs are employed as useful metaphors. Authors’ views regarding future prospects of fuzzy logic are also discussed. The prospects for a wider awareness of fuzzy logic depend on the development of specialist forums for discussion of its application, as well as on the availability of general-purpose textbooks. Fuzzy logic offers contributions to thinking about a large number of disciplines, and their acceptance will depend on how well the claims made for it materialize.
Michael Ruse
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226748610
- eISBN:
- 9780226748597
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226748597.003.0027
- Subject:
- Biology, Paleontology
This chapter evaluates whether the development of paleobiology over the past several decades constitutes a genuine scientific revolution or paradigm shift. It analyzes a number of criteria by which ...
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This chapter evaluates whether the development of paleobiology over the past several decades constitutes a genuine scientific revolution or paradigm shift. It analyzes a number of criteria by which this era of paleobiology might be judged to have been revolutionary and compares the development of paleobiology with other major shifts in modern natural sciences. This chapter argues that the paleobiological revolution was an event of significant importance in the history of recent science and a subject worthy of continued and serious historical and philosophical study.Less
This chapter evaluates whether the development of paleobiology over the past several decades constitutes a genuine scientific revolution or paradigm shift. It analyzes a number of criteria by which this era of paleobiology might be judged to have been revolutionary and compares the development of paleobiology with other major shifts in modern natural sciences. This chapter argues that the paleobiological revolution was an event of significant importance in the history of recent science and a subject worthy of continued and serious historical and philosophical study.
