Antonio R. Parra
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199660568
- eISBN:
- 9780191743382
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660568.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Legal History
This chapter provides a detailed, stage-by-stage narrative of the drawing up of the text of the Convention between 1962 and 1965. For their work on what became the ICSID Convention, the Executive ...
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This chapter provides a detailed, stage-by-stage narrative of the drawing up of the text of the Convention between 1962 and 1965. For their work on what became the ICSID Convention, the Executive Directors convened a committee of the whole comprising all of the Executive Directors. Called the Committee of the Whole on the Settlement of Investment Disputes, it held six initial meetings during the period from December 1962 to June 1963. In these meetings, the Executive Directors discussed the Working Paper in the form of a Draft Convention for the Resolution of Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States. Broches had submitted this Working Paper to the Executive Directors in June 1962. The chapter examines the Working Paper and the discussions of it in the Committee of the Whole.Less
This chapter provides a detailed, stage-by-stage narrative of the drawing up of the text of the Convention between 1962 and 1965. For their work on what became the ICSID Convention, the Executive Directors convened a committee of the whole comprising all of the Executive Directors. Called the Committee of the Whole on the Settlement of Investment Disputes, it held six initial meetings during the period from December 1962 to June 1963. In these meetings, the Executive Directors discussed the Working Paper in the form of a Draft Convention for the Resolution of Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States. Broches had submitted this Working Paper to the Executive Directors in June 1962. The chapter examines the Working Paper and the discussions of it in the Committee of the Whole.
Sugata Marjit and Saibal Kar
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198071495
- eISBN:
- 9780199081257
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198071495.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses two case studies—Dharavi in Mumbai and Surat in Gujarat. In particular, it uses the case studies to discuss situations where international trade policies and their effects on ...
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This chapter discusses two case studies—Dharavi in Mumbai and Surat in Gujarat. In particular, it uses the case studies to discuss situations where international trade policies and their effects on domestic factor prices turn out to be of critical importance for the existence of informal activities. It shows that the recent transformation of the slums in Dharavi in Mumbai through massive real estate development is counter-productive to a flourishing informal segment of leather products, though the general state of the unorganized leather industry has worsened somewhat over the recent years. In contrast, the paper work industry in Surat is benefiting from the spoils of globalization.Less
This chapter discusses two case studies—Dharavi in Mumbai and Surat in Gujarat. In particular, it uses the case studies to discuss situations where international trade policies and their effects on domestic factor prices turn out to be of critical importance for the existence of informal activities. It shows that the recent transformation of the slums in Dharavi in Mumbai through massive real estate development is counter-productive to a flourishing informal segment of leather products, though the general state of the unorganized leather industry has worsened somewhat over the recent years. In contrast, the paper work industry in Surat is benefiting from the spoils of globalization.
Antonio R. Parra
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199660568
- eISBN:
- 9780191743382
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660568.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Legal History
This chapter provides a detailed, stage-by-stage narrative of the drawing up of the text of the Convention between 1962 and 1965. It describes the Preliminary Draft, focusing on the main differences ...
More
This chapter provides a detailed, stage-by-stage narrative of the drawing up of the text of the Convention between 1962 and 1965. It describes the Preliminary Draft, focusing on the main differences between it and the Working Paper. It also reviews the sources or antecedents for the Preliminary Draft (and the Working Paper before it). The chapter then turns to the discussions at the regional consultative meetings.Less
This chapter provides a detailed, stage-by-stage narrative of the drawing up of the text of the Convention between 1962 and 1965. It describes the Preliminary Draft, focusing on the main differences between it and the Working Paper. It also reviews the sources or antecedents for the Preliminary Draft (and the Working Paper before it). The chapter then turns to the discussions at the regional consultative meetings.
Elting E. Morison
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262529310
- eISBN:
- 9780262336581
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262529310.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
People have had trouble adapting to new technology ever since (perhaps) the inventor of the wheel had to explain that a wheelbarrow could carry more than a person. This little book describes how we ...
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People have had trouble adapting to new technology ever since (perhaps) the inventor of the wheel had to explain that a wheelbarrow could carry more than a person. This little book describes how we learn to live and work with innovation. It considers, among other things, the three stages of users' resistance to change: ignoring it, rational rebuttal, and name-calling. It recounts the illustrative anecdote of the World War II artillerymen who stood still to hold the horses despite the fact that the guns were now hitched to trucks—reassuring those of us who have trouble with a new interface or a software upgrade that we are not the first to encounter such problems. The book offers an entertaining series of historical accounts to highlight this major theme: the nature of technological change and society's reaction to that change. It begins with resistance to innovation in the U.S. Navy following an officer's discovery of a more accurate way to fire a gun at sea; continues with thoughts about bureaucracy, paper work, and card files; touches on rumble seats, the ghost in Hamlet, and computers; tells the strange history of a new model steamship in the 1860s; and describes the development of the Bessemer steel process. Each instance teaches a lesson about the more profound and current problem of how to organize and manage systems of ideas, energies, and machinery so that it will conform to the human dimension.Less
People have had trouble adapting to new technology ever since (perhaps) the inventor of the wheel had to explain that a wheelbarrow could carry more than a person. This little book describes how we learn to live and work with innovation. It considers, among other things, the three stages of users' resistance to change: ignoring it, rational rebuttal, and name-calling. It recounts the illustrative anecdote of the World War II artillerymen who stood still to hold the horses despite the fact that the guns were now hitched to trucks—reassuring those of us who have trouble with a new interface or a software upgrade that we are not the first to encounter such problems. The book offers an entertaining series of historical accounts to highlight this major theme: the nature of technological change and society's reaction to that change. It begins with resistance to innovation in the U.S. Navy following an officer's discovery of a more accurate way to fire a gun at sea; continues with thoughts about bureaucracy, paper work, and card files; touches on rumble seats, the ghost in Hamlet, and computers; tells the strange history of a new model steamship in the 1860s; and describes the development of the Bessemer steel process. Each instance teaches a lesson about the more profound and current problem of how to organize and manage systems of ideas, energies, and machinery so that it will conform to the human dimension.
Elting E. Morison
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262529310
- eISBN:
- 9780262336581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262529310.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter discusses the nature of bureaucracy and the things associated with a bureaucratic organization. It first considers various definitions of bureaucracy before turning to two or three ...
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This chapter discusses the nature of bureaucracy and the things associated with a bureaucratic organization. It first considers various definitions of bureaucracy before turning to two or three things that come to anyone's mind when he is presented with the word “bureaucracy.” In particular, it looks at the career of General Fred Crayton Ainsworth, who made his reputation for his skill in the collection, the filing, and the organization of paper. Here, it becomes apparent that the real point of bureaucracy is data processing. After addressing paper work in bureaucracy, the chapter examines the impersonality of bureaucracy as well as red tape and regulations and those who work in the bureaucratic situation. It suggests that what we call bureaucracy, with its interest in fixed and uniform solutions, thrives best in static environments, but that science and technology constantly interfere to throw the bureaucratic balance of things out of balance.Less
This chapter discusses the nature of bureaucracy and the things associated with a bureaucratic organization. It first considers various definitions of bureaucracy before turning to two or three things that come to anyone's mind when he is presented with the word “bureaucracy.” In particular, it looks at the career of General Fred Crayton Ainsworth, who made his reputation for his skill in the collection, the filing, and the organization of paper. Here, it becomes apparent that the real point of bureaucracy is data processing. After addressing paper work in bureaucracy, the chapter examines the impersonality of bureaucracy as well as red tape and regulations and those who work in the bureaucratic situation. It suggests that what we call bureaucracy, with its interest in fixed and uniform solutions, thrives best in static environments, but that science and technology constantly interfere to throw the bureaucratic balance of things out of balance.
