Dawn Oliver (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199568666
- eISBN:
- 9780191721595
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568666.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
A British colony of fifty inhabitants in the Pacific Ocean, Pitcairn Island was settled by the Bounty mutineers and nineteen Polynesians in 1790. In 2004, six Pitcairn men were convicted of numerous ...
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A British colony of fifty inhabitants in the Pacific Ocean, Pitcairn Island was settled by the Bounty mutineers and nineteen Polynesians in 1790. In 2004, six Pitcairn men were convicted of numerous offenses against girls and young women, committed over a thirty year period, in what appears to have been a culture of sexual abuse on the island. This case has raised many questions: what right did the British government have to initiate these prosecutions? Was it fair to prosecute the defendants, given that no laws had been published on the island? Indeed, what, if any, law was there on this island? This collection of essays explores the many important issues raised by the case and by the situation of a small, isolated community of this kind. It starts by looking at the background to the prosecutions, considering the dilemma that faced the British government when the abuse was uncovered, and discussing the ways in which the judges dealt with the case, as well as exploring the history of the settlement and how colonial law affects it. This background paves the way for an exploration of the philosophical, jurisprudential and ethical issues raised by the prosecutions: was it legitimate for the UK to intervene, given the absence of any common community between the UK and the Island? Was the positivist ‘law on paper’ approach adopted by the British government and the courts appropriate, especially given the lack of promulgation of the laws under which the men were prosecuted? Would alternative responses such as payment of compensation to the female victims and provision of community support have been preferable? And should universal human rights claims justify the prosecutions, overriding any allegations of cultural relativism on the part of the UK?Less
A British colony of fifty inhabitants in the Pacific Ocean, Pitcairn Island was settled by the Bounty mutineers and nineteen Polynesians in 1790. In 2004, six Pitcairn men were convicted of numerous offenses against girls and young women, committed over a thirty year period, in what appears to have been a culture of sexual abuse on the island. This case has raised many questions: what right did the British government have to initiate these prosecutions? Was it fair to prosecute the defendants, given that no laws had been published on the island? Indeed, what, if any, law was there on this island? This collection of essays explores the many important issues raised by the case and by the situation of a small, isolated community of this kind. It starts by looking at the background to the prosecutions, considering the dilemma that faced the British government when the abuse was uncovered, and discussing the ways in which the judges dealt with the case, as well as exploring the history of the settlement and how colonial law affects it. This background paves the way for an exploration of the philosophical, jurisprudential and ethical issues raised by the prosecutions: was it legitimate for the UK to intervene, given the absence of any common community between the UK and the Island? Was the positivist ‘law on paper’ approach adopted by the British government and the courts appropriate, especially given the lack of promulgation of the laws under which the men were prosecuted? Would alternative responses such as payment of compensation to the female victims and provision of community support have been preferable? And should universal human rights claims justify the prosecutions, overriding any allegations of cultural relativism on the part of the UK?
Leah Price
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691114170
- eISBN:
- 9781400842186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691114170.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter suggests that two phenomena that usually get explained in terms of the rise of electronic media in the late twentieth century—the dematerialization of the text and the disembodiment of ...
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This chapter suggests that two phenomena that usually get explained in terms of the rise of electronic media in the late twentieth century—the dematerialization of the text and the disembodiment of the reader—have more to do with two much earlier developments. One is legal: the 1861 repeal of the taxes previously imposed on all paper except that used for printing bibles. The other is technological: the rise first of wood-pulp paper in the late nineteenth century and then of plastics in the twentieth. The chapter then looks at Henry Mayhew's London Labour and the London Poor (1861–62), the loose, baggy ethnography of the urban underclass that swelled out of a messy series of media. Mayhew's “cyclopaedia of the industry, the want, and the vice of the great Metropolis” so encyclopedically catalogs the uses to which used paper can be turned.Less
This chapter suggests that two phenomena that usually get explained in terms of the rise of electronic media in the late twentieth century—the dematerialization of the text and the disembodiment of the reader—have more to do with two much earlier developments. One is legal: the 1861 repeal of the taxes previously imposed on all paper except that used for printing bibles. The other is technological: the rise first of wood-pulp paper in the late nineteenth century and then of plastics in the twentieth. The chapter then looks at Henry Mayhew's London Labour and the London Poor (1861–62), the loose, baggy ethnography of the urban underclass that swelled out of a messy series of media. Mayhew's “cyclopaedia of the industry, the want, and the vice of the great Metropolis” so encyclopedically catalogs the uses to which used paper can be turned.
Fritz W. Sccharpf
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199257409
- eISBN:
- 9780191600951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925740X.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Illustrates why the present institutional framework of the EU is no longer able to face new policy challenges. Provides an overview of general modes of EU policy‐making and then addresses concrete ...
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Illustrates why the present institutional framework of the EU is no longer able to face new policy challenges. Provides an overview of general modes of EU policy‐making and then addresses concrete new policy challenges faced by the EU (common foreign and security policy, eastern enlargement, and monetary union) with regards to the strengths and limitations of these policy‐making procedures. Scharpf presents an argument for limitations in recent EU reform debates, from the White Paper on Governance to the European Convention, and argues for new modes of European governance that will allow effective ‘Europeanized’ responses to new policy challenges accommodating ‘legitimate diversity’ at the national level. Begins with a brief overview of the principal ‘modes’ of EU policy‐making—defined by participation rights and decision rules—for which the labels of ‘intergovernmental negotiations’, ‘joint decision making’, and ‘supranational centralization’ are used, and then the new policy challenges with regard to the strengths and limitations of these present modes of policy making are discussed. The seven sections of the chapter are: The Challenge of Present Constitutional Debates; The Plurality of European Governing Modes; New Policy Challenges; The European Dilemma: Consensus Plus Uniformity; Two Non‐Solutions: Subsidiarity and Majority Rule; European Action in the Face of Legitimate Diversity; and Conclusions.Less
Illustrates why the present institutional framework of the EU is no longer able to face new policy challenges. Provides an overview of general modes of EU policy‐making and then addresses concrete new policy challenges faced by the EU (common foreign and security policy, eastern enlargement, and monetary union) with regards to the strengths and limitations of these policy‐making procedures. Scharpf presents an argument for limitations in recent EU reform debates, from the White Paper on Governance to the European Convention, and argues for new modes of European governance that will allow effective ‘Europeanized’ responses to new policy challenges accommodating ‘legitimate diversity’ at the national level. Begins with a brief overview of the principal ‘modes’ of EU policy‐making—defined by participation rights and decision rules—for which the labels of ‘intergovernmental negotiations’, ‘joint decision making’, and ‘supranational centralization’ are used, and then the new policy challenges with regard to the strengths and limitations of these present modes of policy making are discussed. The seven sections of the chapter are: The Challenge of Present Constitutional Debates; The Plurality of European Governing Modes; New Policy Challenges; The European Dilemma: Consensus Plus Uniformity; Two Non‐Solutions: Subsidiarity and Majority Rule; European Action in the Face of Legitimate Diversity; and Conclusions.
James Steven Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199856220
- eISBN:
- 9780199919574
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199856220.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
When we make purchases [better word than ‘things?’], we need to use some system for making payment. Today we use checks, credit cards, debit cards, and various other electronic or semi-electronic ...
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When we make purchases [better word than ‘things?’], we need to use some system for making payment. Today we use checks, credit cards, debit cards, and various other electronic or semi-electronic payment systems. One would assume that the legal system has developed a sensible, coherent body of law to deal with payment system problems. One would be wrong. Modern American law of payment systems is, to be honest, a confused muddle. The basic problem is anachronism. The law of payment systems has not come to grips with the realities of the modern world. Rather, much of the law is still based on “negotiable instruments law”, a body of law that developed centuries ago when instruments issued by private parties circulated as a form of money. A great deal of the current law of checks and notes is the product of nothing more than an historical fluke, such as the odd details of the eighteenth century Stamp Acts. The law could be much simpler if it were written in light of the way that checks and notes are actually used today, rather than being based on concepts derived from the past. This book shows that there is no need for a statute governing promissory notes and that the law of checks would be far simpler if it treated checks simply as instructions to the financial system, akin to debit or credit cards. The book provides an indispensible guide for lawyers, judges, professors, and students who must find ways of dealing sensibly with this profoundly anachronistic body of law.Less
When we make purchases [better word than ‘things?’], we need to use some system for making payment. Today we use checks, credit cards, debit cards, and various other electronic or semi-electronic payment systems. One would assume that the legal system has developed a sensible, coherent body of law to deal with payment system problems. One would be wrong. Modern American law of payment systems is, to be honest, a confused muddle. The basic problem is anachronism. The law of payment systems has not come to grips with the realities of the modern world. Rather, much of the law is still based on “negotiable instruments law”, a body of law that developed centuries ago when instruments issued by private parties circulated as a form of money. A great deal of the current law of checks and notes is the product of nothing more than an historical fluke, such as the odd details of the eighteenth century Stamp Acts. The law could be much simpler if it were written in light of the way that checks and notes are actually used today, rather than being based on concepts derived from the past. This book shows that there is no need for a statute governing promissory notes and that the law of checks would be far simpler if it treated checks simply as instructions to the financial system, akin to debit or credit cards. The book provides an indispensible guide for lawyers, judges, professors, and students who must find ways of dealing sensibly with this profoundly anachronistic body of law.
Erik O. Eriksen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572519
- eISBN:
- 9780191722400
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572519.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, Democratization
This chapter addresses the prospects for democratizing transnational governance structures and asks whether democracy can be disassociated from government. Hierarchical government is increasingly ...
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This chapter addresses the prospects for democratizing transnational governance structures and asks whether democracy can be disassociated from government. Hierarchical government is increasingly supplanted by policy networks, epistemic communities and committees, and other arrangements for common problem‐solving. The exercise of authority is no longer exclusively governmental as the generation of norms takes place transnationally via practices of governance in spontaneous coordination processes, in committees and networks. The White Paper on European Governance suggests networking and partnership models of integration as a means to bring the EU closer to its citizens. These may help in rationalizing policymaking and implementation but, it is contended, do not contribute much to close the legitimacy gap. On the contrary, their effects on legitimacy may be perverse. The chapter examines the strengths and weaknesses of transnational governance and reconceptualizes government as opposed to both governance and state‐based perspectives on post‐national democracy.Less
This chapter addresses the prospects for democratizing transnational governance structures and asks whether democracy can be disassociated from government. Hierarchical government is increasingly supplanted by policy networks, epistemic communities and committees, and other arrangements for common problem‐solving. The exercise of authority is no longer exclusively governmental as the generation of norms takes place transnationally via practices of governance in spontaneous coordination processes, in committees and networks. The White Paper on European Governance suggests networking and partnership models of integration as a means to bring the EU closer to its citizens. These may help in rationalizing policymaking and implementation but, it is contended, do not contribute much to close the legitimacy gap. On the contrary, their effects on legitimacy may be perverse. The chapter examines the strengths and weaknesses of transnational governance and reconceptualizes government as opposed to both governance and state‐based perspectives on post‐national democracy.
Curtis L. Meinert
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199742967
- eISBN:
- 9780199897278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742967.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter discusses the stages of a clinical trial. The stage of a trial is different from phase of a trial. The stage is a period within the course of a trial. The phase is a facet of activities ...
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This chapter discusses the stages of a clinical trial. The stage of a trial is different from phase of a trial. The stage is a period within the course of a trial. The phase is a facet of activities in a sequence of activities related to developing and testing a treatment for possible use in human beings. The sojourn times by stage vary depending on the trial. They can be days, weeks, months, or years; months or years in the case of long-term trials. Stages can be seen as two-dimensional arrays with the following activities, overlaid on stages, since they run across stages: training and certification, data collection and processing, monitoring, data analysis, and paper writing.Less
This chapter discusses the stages of a clinical trial. The stage of a trial is different from phase of a trial. The stage is a period within the course of a trial. The phase is a facet of activities in a sequence of activities related to developing and testing a treatment for possible use in human beings. The sojourn times by stage vary depending on the trial. They can be days, weeks, months, or years; months or years in the case of long-term trials. Stages can be seen as two-dimensional arrays with the following activities, overlaid on stages, since they run across stages: training and certification, data collection and processing, monitoring, data analysis, and paper writing.
Curtis L. Meinert
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199742967
- eISBN:
- 9780199897278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742967.003.0014
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
Consumers of information from trials must be able to size up the critics and criticisms of trials. There is no perfect trial. Hence, every trial is subject to criticism, so the issue is not whether ...
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Consumers of information from trials must be able to size up the critics and criticisms of trials. There is no perfect trial. Hence, every trial is subject to criticism, so the issue is not whether or not there are criticisms, but rather what to make of them. The fundamental question always is whether the criticisms are sufficient to cause the reader to doubt or dismiss the results. This chapter begins with a brief description of the three general types of critics: clever critics, pontifical critics, and “Joe Friday” critics. It then presents a list of criticisms that researchers can ignore, being “universal criticisms,” that apply to any trial and, hence, should be viewed with a jaundiced eye unless supported by the facts.Less
Consumers of information from trials must be able to size up the critics and criticisms of trials. There is no perfect trial. Hence, every trial is subject to criticism, so the issue is not whether or not there are criticisms, but rather what to make of them. The fundamental question always is whether the criticisms are sufficient to cause the reader to doubt or dismiss the results. This chapter begins with a brief description of the three general types of critics: clever critics, pontifical critics, and “Joe Friday” critics. It then presents a list of criticisms that researchers can ignore, being “universal criticisms,” that apply to any trial and, hence, should be viewed with a jaundiced eye unless supported by the facts.
Martin Ceadel
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199571161
- eISBN:
- 9780191721762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571161.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
This chapter explains the senses in which Angell lived the great illusion. It provides an overview of Angell's long and varied life, emphasizing not only his idealism and charm but also his capacity ...
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This chapter explains the senses in which Angell lived the great illusion. It provides an overview of Angell's long and varied life, emphasizing not only his idealism and charm but also his capacity for muddle and misinformation. It notes how an ambiguity in The Great Illusion caused him to oscillate in a confused fashion between pro-defence and pacifist views before wiping the latter from his mind during the Second World War. It also establishes his true date of birth and baptismal name, shows how problems with his personal papers have defeated previous biographers, and surveys what has already been written about him.Less
This chapter explains the senses in which Angell lived the great illusion. It provides an overview of Angell's long and varied life, emphasizing not only his idealism and charm but also his capacity for muddle and misinformation. It notes how an ambiguity in The Great Illusion caused him to oscillate in a confused fashion between pro-defence and pacifist views before wiping the latter from his mind during the Second World War. It also establishes his true date of birth and baptismal name, shows how problems with his personal papers have defeated previous biographers, and surveys what has already been written about him.
Jennifer Mori
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719082726
- eISBN:
- 9781781702703
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719082726.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This is not a traditional international relations text that deals with war, trade or power politics. Instead, this book offers an analysis of the social, cultural and intellectual aspects of ...
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This is not a traditional international relations text that deals with war, trade or power politics. Instead, this book offers an analysis of the social, cultural and intellectual aspects of diplomatic life in the age of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. The book illustrates several modes of Britain's engagement with Europe, whether political, artistic, scientific, literary or cultural. The book consults a wide range of sources for the study including the private and official papers of fifty men and women in the British diplomatic service. Attention is given to topics rarely covered in diplomatic history such as the work and experiences of women and issues of national, regional and European identity.Less
This is not a traditional international relations text that deals with war, trade or power politics. Instead, this book offers an analysis of the social, cultural and intellectual aspects of diplomatic life in the age of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. The book illustrates several modes of Britain's engagement with Europe, whether political, artistic, scientific, literary or cultural. The book consults a wide range of sources for the study including the private and official papers of fifty men and women in the British diplomatic service. Attention is given to topics rarely covered in diplomatic history such as the work and experiences of women and issues of national, regional and European identity.
Phuong Pham
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199580361
- eISBN:
- 9780191722691
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580361.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Chapter 3 traces the period up to the publication of the Defence White Paper in February 1966. During this time, the Wilson Government continued to develop its plans to withdraw from Singapore to ...
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Chapter 3 traces the period up to the publication of the Defence White Paper in February 1966. During this time, the Wilson Government continued to develop its plans to withdraw from Singapore to Australia, hiding this work from the ANZUS allies. These allies were adamant that they would not accept a voluntary British withdrawal from a central strategic node of Southeast Asia. With no agreement in sight, the Wilson Government hastily revised its plans at the last moment, rephrasing its intentions to state that it would stay in Singapore ‘as long as conditions allowed’. While publishing this intent in the Defence White Paper, to the satisfaction of the allies, the Government secretly expected and hoped that conditions in Singapore would soon come to force it to withdraw.Less
Chapter 3 traces the period up to the publication of the Defence White Paper in February 1966. During this time, the Wilson Government continued to develop its plans to withdraw from Singapore to Australia, hiding this work from the ANZUS allies. These allies were adamant that they would not accept a voluntary British withdrawal from a central strategic node of Southeast Asia. With no agreement in sight, the Wilson Government hastily revised its plans at the last moment, rephrasing its intentions to state that it would stay in Singapore ‘as long as conditions allowed’. While publishing this intent in the Defence White Paper, to the satisfaction of the allies, the Government secretly expected and hoped that conditions in Singapore would soon come to force it to withdraw.
Phuong Pham
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199580361
- eISBN:
- 9780191722691
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580361.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Chapter 4 begins with the Wilson Government and the ANZUS allies fitfully trying to implement the policy of quadripartite co‐operation heralded in the 1966 Defence White Paper. With the countries ...
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Chapter 4 begins with the Wilson Government and the ANZUS allies fitfully trying to implement the policy of quadripartite co‐operation heralded in the 1966 Defence White Paper. With the countries still in deep disagreement over basic strategy, however, this exercise barely got off the ground. Meanwhile, Britain's financial position sharply deteriorated, with a mid‐year seamen's strike exacerbating the country's balance of payments problems. In the ensuing 1966 Sterling crisis, economic ministers pushed for an immediate, sharp cut in overseas defence expenditure. This demand was deflected by the Foreign Secretary into more measured cuts, which would not affect the basic thrust of foreign policy. In the aftermath, however, the Government initiated new Defence Expenditure Studies, aimed at reducing the annual defence budget to a target of £1850 million.Less
Chapter 4 begins with the Wilson Government and the ANZUS allies fitfully trying to implement the policy of quadripartite co‐operation heralded in the 1966 Defence White Paper. With the countries still in deep disagreement over basic strategy, however, this exercise barely got off the ground. Meanwhile, Britain's financial position sharply deteriorated, with a mid‐year seamen's strike exacerbating the country's balance of payments problems. In the ensuing 1966 Sterling crisis, economic ministers pushed for an immediate, sharp cut in overseas defence expenditure. This demand was deflected by the Foreign Secretary into more measured cuts, which would not affect the basic thrust of foreign policy. In the aftermath, however, the Government initiated new Defence Expenditure Studies, aimed at reducing the annual defence budget to a target of £1850 million.
Jacqueline Stedall
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198564843
- eISBN:
- 9780191713750
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198564843.003.0009
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This second part of the book presents the mathematical works of John Pell. Pell's published works were few: the Controversiae pars prima in 1647, An Introduction to Algebra in 1668, and the Table of ...
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This second part of the book presents the mathematical works of John Pell. Pell's published works were few: the Controversiae pars prima in 1647, An Introduction to Algebra in 1668, and the Table of 10000 square numbers in 1672. These books represent just a fraction of a lifetime of mathematical activity; the rest can be discovered from Pell's correspondence and his unpublished papers. The papers span the full fifty years of Pell's working life but are both thematically and chronologically in complete disarray.Less
This second part of the book presents the mathematical works of John Pell. Pell's published works were few: the Controversiae pars prima in 1647, An Introduction to Algebra in 1668, and the Table of 10000 square numbers in 1672. These books represent just a fraction of a lifetime of mathematical activity; the rest can be discovered from Pell's correspondence and his unpublished papers. The papers span the full fifty years of Pell's working life but are both thematically and chronologically in complete disarray.
Paul-André Rosental
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265314
- eISBN:
- 9780191760402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265314.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Civil status, and particularly birth certificates, rather than identity papers, are the legal basis of identification in France. Its nineteenth-century history presents a complex picture, which ...
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Civil status, and particularly birth certificates, rather than identity papers, are the legal basis of identification in France. Its nineteenth-century history presents a complex picture, which cannot be reduced to a process of increasing state control. Far from implementing ambitious registration projects, French liberal administration left information scattered and scarce as compared to European standards. It had to find a balance between the need to provide open information in order to minimize uncertainty in social and economic relationships, and the protection of personal and family honour and reputation. Citizens' agency and consent have been determinant in this process, whose traces are still visible in contemporary France.Less
Civil status, and particularly birth certificates, rather than identity papers, are the legal basis of identification in France. Its nineteenth-century history presents a complex picture, which cannot be reduced to a process of increasing state control. Far from implementing ambitious registration projects, French liberal administration left information scattered and scarce as compared to European standards. It had to find a balance between the need to provide open information in order to minimize uncertainty in social and economic relationships, and the protection of personal and family honour and reputation. Citizens' agency and consent have been determinant in this process, whose traces are still visible in contemporary France.
Alan K. Bowman and Roger S. O. Tomlin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197262962
- eISBN:
- 9780191734533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262962.003.0002
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
The imaging of ancient document papers presents several challenges, the nature of which is determined by the character of the text, the material on which it is written and the state of preservation. ...
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The imaging of ancient document papers presents several challenges, the nature of which is determined by the character of the text, the material on which it is written and the state of preservation. This chapter talks about the struggle to read and interpret Latin manuscripts from Roman Britain. These manuscripts come mainly in three forms: texts written in ink on thin wooden leaves, texts inscribed with metal stylus on wax-coated wooden stilus tablets, and texts incised on sheets of lead. This chapter focuses on the problems of imaging and signalling process of the texts found on the Vindolanda stilus tablets. These problems in interpreting ancient texts arise from the two identifiable sources of difficulty. The first one is the problem of seeing and identifying, in abraded and damaged documents what is aimed to be read. The second is the problem arising from the character of the text itself which determines the ability of the reader to decipher and interpret it.Less
The imaging of ancient document papers presents several challenges, the nature of which is determined by the character of the text, the material on which it is written and the state of preservation. This chapter talks about the struggle to read and interpret Latin manuscripts from Roman Britain. These manuscripts come mainly in three forms: texts written in ink on thin wooden leaves, texts inscribed with metal stylus on wax-coated wooden stilus tablets, and texts incised on sheets of lead. This chapter focuses on the problems of imaging and signalling process of the texts found on the Vindolanda stilus tablets. These problems in interpreting ancient texts arise from the two identifiable sources of difficulty. The first one is the problem of seeing and identifying, in abraded and damaged documents what is aimed to be read. The second is the problem arising from the character of the text itself which determines the ability of the reader to decipher and interpret it.
James Herbert
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264294
- eISBN:
- 9780191734335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264294.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education
This chapter discusses the existence of support for the AHRB during its struggle for recognition and acceptance. In January 22, 2003, the White Paper on the Future of Higher Education created uproar. ...
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This chapter discusses the existence of support for the AHRB during its struggle for recognition and acceptance. In January 22, 2003, the White Paper on the Future of Higher Education created uproar. This furore over the White Paper was due to concerns over the government's proposal to allow universities to raise fees and to provide deferred loans by which the students might meet those charges. The uproar was also heightened by the government's declared intention to concentrate on research funding. Amidst the din over the AHRB's establishment and the government's intention of giving research funds to research councils, the AHRB found immense support from various groups. Iain Gray, Scotland's Minister For Enterprise and Lifelong Learning, expressed support for the creation of the AHRB. The same warm response to the White Paper and to the prospect of the creation of the AHRB was also expressed by the RCUK Strategy Group which emphasized the importance of arts and humanities as equal to those of engineering, science, and technology. The same response was also accorded by the House of Commons. In addition to the positive responses to the proposal of creating a humanities research council, UK government and political officials were beginning to include the White Paper recommendations into their debates. By mid-summer, widespread support for the AHRB was garnered and on January 27 2004, a second reading of the Higher Education Bill approved the creation of the Arts and Humanities Research Council.Less
This chapter discusses the existence of support for the AHRB during its struggle for recognition and acceptance. In January 22, 2003, the White Paper on the Future of Higher Education created uproar. This furore over the White Paper was due to concerns over the government's proposal to allow universities to raise fees and to provide deferred loans by which the students might meet those charges. The uproar was also heightened by the government's declared intention to concentrate on research funding. Amidst the din over the AHRB's establishment and the government's intention of giving research funds to research councils, the AHRB found immense support from various groups. Iain Gray, Scotland's Minister For Enterprise and Lifelong Learning, expressed support for the creation of the AHRB. The same warm response to the White Paper and to the prospect of the creation of the AHRB was also expressed by the RCUK Strategy Group which emphasized the importance of arts and humanities as equal to those of engineering, science, and technology. The same response was also accorded by the House of Commons. In addition to the positive responses to the proposal of creating a humanities research council, UK government and political officials were beginning to include the White Paper recommendations into their debates. By mid-summer, widespread support for the AHRB was garnered and on January 27 2004, a second reading of the Higher Education Bill approved the creation of the Arts and Humanities Research Council.
Jane A. Bernstein
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195141085
- eISBN:
- 9780199871421
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195141085.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter focuses on the production of a music book. The organization of the workforce within the print shop, how a music book was produced, and what materials and supplies were required are ...
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This chapter focuses on the production of a music book. The organization of the workforce within the print shop, how a music book was produced, and what materials and supplies were required are explored. Details are provided concerning editorial practices, typographical materials, paper, formats, title pages, type fonts, decorative initials, and printers' marks used by Venetian presses, giving us a sense of the operation of a 16th-century music print shop.Less
This chapter focuses on the production of a music book. The organization of the workforce within the print shop, how a music book was produced, and what materials and supplies were required are explored. Details are provided concerning editorial practices, typographical materials, paper, formats, title pages, type fonts, decorative initials, and printers' marks used by Venetian presses, giving us a sense of the operation of a 16th-century music print shop.
Max Saunders
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579761
- eISBN:
- 9780191722882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579761.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This is the first of four chapters exploring the turn‐of‐the‐century disturbances in the relation between life‐writing and fiction. It argues that ‘autobiography’ begins to seem a problematic ...
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This is the first of four chapters exploring the turn‐of‐the‐century disturbances in the relation between life‐writing and fiction. It argues that ‘autobiography’ begins to seem a problematic category in the period, and gets displaced towards fiction. The chapter focuses on ‘Mark Rutherford’, not just for his autobiography, but for his later inclusion of the story ‘A Mysterious Portrait’. The concept of the heteronym is introduced, to be developed in Chapters 7 and Chapter 8. Other authors discussed here include George Gissing (The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft), H. G. Wells (Boon), Henry Adams, Samuel Butler (The Way of All Flesh), and Edmund Gosse (Father and Son). The various displacements of auto/biography are shown to complicate Lejeune's concept of the autobiographic contract guaranteeing the identity of author, narrator, and subject.Less
This is the first of four chapters exploring the turn‐of‐the‐century disturbances in the relation between life‐writing and fiction. It argues that ‘autobiography’ begins to seem a problematic category in the period, and gets displaced towards fiction. The chapter focuses on ‘Mark Rutherford’, not just for his autobiography, but for his later inclusion of the story ‘A Mysterious Portrait’. The concept of the heteronym is introduced, to be developed in Chapters 7 and Chapter 8. Other authors discussed here include George Gissing (The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft), H. G. Wells (Boon), Henry Adams, Samuel Butler (The Way of All Flesh), and Edmund Gosse (Father and Son). The various displacements of auto/biography are shown to complicate Lejeune's concept of the autobiographic contract guaranteeing the identity of author, narrator, and subject.
Rosemary Foot
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297765
- eISBN:
- 9780191599279
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297769.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The first 18 months after the Tiananmen bloodshed marked the height of global criticism of China's human rights record, but the years 1992–1995 quickly gave some indication of the difficulties that ...
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The first 18 months after the Tiananmen bloodshed marked the height of global criticism of China's human rights record, but the years 1992–1995 quickly gave some indication of the difficulties that would be faced by those who wished to move China beyond tactical concessions towards genuine acceptance of the validity of some of the core human rights norms. Major Western states, together with Japan, continued to reduce the bilateral pressure, for economic and strategic reasons, and China's recapturing of its high economic growth rates from 1992 enhanced its ability to pose policy dilemmas for those interested in competing in the Chinese market, as well as for far weaker countries that were poised to benefit from China's economic dealings with them. The Beijing leadership, which was plainly on the defensive with respect to its international interlocutors on human rights, decided to renew its efforts to regain the initiative. China's 1991 White Paper, which signalled limited engagement in the human rights discourse, was a major first stage in that strategy, providing China with an authoritative text upon which to draw in response to international criticisms. Beijing, however, went further and tried to link up with other governments in East Asia in the exploitation of a common dislike of Western triumphalism, and a common commitment to ‘Asian values’, questioning the universal application of democracy and human rights. The Chinese leadership began to launch more extensive, direct attacks on Western countries and on the major international NGOs. Nevertheless, the relative density of the human rights regime ensured that some constraints still operated on China's international diplomacy, and as the major states’ sanctions policies weakened, governments tended to make greater use of such multilateral institutions as the UN. The different sections of the chapter are: The Uses of the 1991 White Paper; Relativism versus Universalism —in democracy and human rights; The Economic Weight of China; The Rootedness of Human Rights Policy; The UN Commission on Human Rights; China and the Thematic Mechanisms — the work of the UN Special Rapporteurs and the new 1995 Chinese White Paper; and Conclusion.Less
The first 18 months after the Tiananmen bloodshed marked the height of global criticism of China's human rights record, but the years 1992–1995 quickly gave some indication of the difficulties that would be faced by those who wished to move China beyond tactical concessions towards genuine acceptance of the validity of some of the core human rights norms. Major Western states, together with Japan, continued to reduce the bilateral pressure, for economic and strategic reasons, and China's recapturing of its high economic growth rates from 1992 enhanced its ability to pose policy dilemmas for those interested in competing in the Chinese market, as well as for far weaker countries that were poised to benefit from China's economic dealings with them. The Beijing leadership, which was plainly on the defensive with respect to its international interlocutors on human rights, decided to renew its efforts to regain the initiative. China's 1991 White Paper, which signalled limited engagement in the human rights discourse, was a major first stage in that strategy, providing China with an authoritative text upon which to draw in response to international criticisms. Beijing, however, went further and tried to link up with other governments in East Asia in the exploitation of a common dislike of Western triumphalism, and a common commitment to ‘Asian values’, questioning the universal application of democracy and human rights. The Chinese leadership began to launch more extensive, direct attacks on Western countries and on the major international NGOs. Nevertheless, the relative density of the human rights regime ensured that some constraints still operated on China's international diplomacy, and as the major states’ sanctions policies weakened, governments tended to make greater use of such multilateral institutions as the UN. The different sections of the chapter are: The Uses of the 1991 White Paper; Relativism versus Universalism —in democracy and human rights; The Economic Weight of China; The Rootedness of Human Rights Policy; The UN Commission on Human Rights; China and the Thematic Mechanisms — the work of the UN Special Rapporteurs and the new 1995 Chinese White Paper; and Conclusion.
Warwick Lister
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195372403
- eISBN:
- 9780199870820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372403.003.0008
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter continues to draw upon the Chinnery Family Papers, especially the extensive correspondence between Viotti and members of the Chinnery family. Viotti's role as a founding member, ...
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This chapter continues to draw upon the Chinnery Family Papers, especially the extensive correspondence between Viotti and members of the Chinnery family. Viotti's role as a founding member, director, and performer in the Philharmonic Society in London in 1813–16, and his involvement in an abortive attempt to form a rival association, including the establishment of a Royal Academy of Music, are considered at length. Due consideration is given to his continued participation in private concerts in the Chinnery home and elsewhere in London, his yearly visits to the Continent, usually to Paris, with Margaret Chinnery in the years 1814–18, his involvement in the wine business, his dealings with music publishers, and his pupils, including Philippe Libon, Nicolas Mori, and André Robberechts.Less
This chapter continues to draw upon the Chinnery Family Papers, especially the extensive correspondence between Viotti and members of the Chinnery family. Viotti's role as a founding member, director, and performer in the Philharmonic Society in London in 1813–16, and his involvement in an abortive attempt to form a rival association, including the establishment of a Royal Academy of Music, are considered at length. Due consideration is given to his continued participation in private concerts in the Chinnery home and elsewhere in London, his yearly visits to the Continent, usually to Paris, with Margaret Chinnery in the years 1814–18, his involvement in the wine business, his dealings with music publishers, and his pupils, including Philippe Libon, Nicolas Mori, and André Robberechts.
Joseph McAleer
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203292
- eISBN:
- 9780191675843
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203292.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
D. C. Thomson and the Religious Tract Society had much in common. Both firms enjoyed immediate success as publishers of popular magazines. In the field of boys' papers they were rivals to some ...
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D. C. Thomson and the Religious Tract Society had much in common. Both firms enjoyed immediate success as publishers of popular magazines. In the field of boys' papers they were rivals to some extent; in fact, the Boy's Own Paper established the modern market for this schoolboy genre, just as the Girl's Own Paper did for the schoolgirl and, partly, for women in general. The decline of the once-mighty Religious Tract Society is the other side of the success of Mills & Boon and D. C. Thomson. An examination of its history provides an insight into the types of problems which beset all publishers of popular fiction during this period, but through the experience of one which, unlike Mills & Boon or D. C. Thomson, was not able to overcome them. It is also a witness to the ultimate failure of the lofty aims of one of the first Victorian reformers of the popular press.Less
D. C. Thomson and the Religious Tract Society had much in common. Both firms enjoyed immediate success as publishers of popular magazines. In the field of boys' papers they were rivals to some extent; in fact, the Boy's Own Paper established the modern market for this schoolboy genre, just as the Girl's Own Paper did for the schoolgirl and, partly, for women in general. The decline of the once-mighty Religious Tract Society is the other side of the success of Mills & Boon and D. C. Thomson. An examination of its history provides an insight into the types of problems which beset all publishers of popular fiction during this period, but through the experience of one which, unlike Mills & Boon or D. C. Thomson, was not able to overcome them. It is also a witness to the ultimate failure of the lofty aims of one of the first Victorian reformers of the popular press.
