Roger M. Barker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199576814
- eISBN:
- 9780191722509
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576814.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Corporate Governance and Accountability
The corporate governance systems of continental Europe have traditionally been quite different to those of the liberal market economies (e.g., the United States and the United Kingdom). Company ...
More
The corporate governance systems of continental Europe have traditionally been quite different to those of the liberal market economies (e.g., the United States and the United Kingdom). Company ownership has been dominated by incumbent blockholders, with a relatively minor role for minority shareholders and institutional investors. However, since the mid‐1990s, European corporations have adopted many of the characteristics of the Anglo‐American shareholder model. Furthermore, such an increased shareholder orientation has coincided with a significant role for the Left in European government. This presents a puzzle, as conventional wisdom does not conceive of the European Left as the natural ally of pro‐shareholder capitalism. This book provides an analysis of this paradox by arguing that the postwar support of the European Left for the prevailing blockholder‐dominated corporate system depended on the willingness of blockholders to share economic rents with employees, both through higher wages and greater employment stability. However, during the 1990s, product markets became more competitive in many European countries. The sharing of rents between social actors became increasingly difficult to sustain. In such an environment, the Left chose to relinquish its traditional social partnership with blockholders and embraced many aspects of the shareholder model. The hypothesis is initially explored through a panel data econometric analysis of fifteen non‐liberal market economies. Subsequent case study chapters examine the political economy of recent corporate governance change in Germany and Italy.Less
The corporate governance systems of continental Europe have traditionally been quite different to those of the liberal market economies (e.g., the United States and the United Kingdom). Company ownership has been dominated by incumbent blockholders, with a relatively minor role for minority shareholders and institutional investors. However, since the mid‐1990s, European corporations have adopted many of the characteristics of the Anglo‐American shareholder model. Furthermore, such an increased shareholder orientation has coincided with a significant role for the Left in European government. This presents a puzzle, as conventional wisdom does not conceive of the European Left as the natural ally of pro‐shareholder capitalism. This book provides an analysis of this paradox by arguing that the postwar support of the European Left for the prevailing blockholder‐dominated corporate system depended on the willingness of blockholders to share economic rents with employees, both through higher wages and greater employment stability. However, during the 1990s, product markets became more competitive in many European countries. The sharing of rents between social actors became increasingly difficult to sustain. In such an environment, the Left chose to relinquish its traditional social partnership with blockholders and embraced many aspects of the shareholder model. The hypothesis is initially explored through a panel data econometric analysis of fifteen non‐liberal market economies. Subsequent case study chapters examine the political economy of recent corporate governance change in Germany and Italy.
Aman Ullah
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198774471
- eISBN:
- 9780191601347
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198774478.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This book presents a comprehensive and unified treatment of finite sample theory, and its application to estimators and test statistics used in various econometric models. Time series, cross section, ...
More
This book presents a comprehensive and unified treatment of finite sample theory, and its application to estimators and test statistics used in various econometric models. Time series, cross section, and panel data models are considered. The results are explored for linear and nonlinear models, as well as models with normal and nonnormal errors. The book contains seven chapters. Chapter 1 presents an introduction to finite sample econometrics. Chapter 2 gives methods of obtaining the moments of econometric statistics. Chapter 3 provides methods for analysing distributions. Finite sample results for various econometric models are discussed in Chapters 4-7.Less
This book presents a comprehensive and unified treatment of finite sample theory, and its application to estimators and test statistics used in various econometric models. Time series, cross section, and panel data models are considered. The results are explored for linear and nonlinear models, as well as models with normal and nonnormal errors. The book contains seven chapters. Chapter 1 presents an introduction to finite sample econometrics. Chapter 2 gives methods of obtaining the moments of econometric statistics. Chapter 3 provides methods for analysing distributions. Finite sample results for various econometric models are discussed in Chapters 4-7.
Manuel Arellano
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199245284
- eISBN:
- 9780191602481
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199245282.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This book reviews some of the main topics in panel data econometrics. It analyses econometric models with non-exogenous explanatory variables, and the problem of distinguishing between dynamic ...
More
This book reviews some of the main topics in panel data econometrics. It analyses econometric models with non-exogenous explanatory variables, and the problem of distinguishing between dynamic responses and unobserved heterogeneity in panel data models. The book is divided into three parts. Part I deals with static models. Part II discusses pure time series models. Part III considers dynamic conditional models.Less
This book reviews some of the main topics in panel data econometrics. It analyses econometric models with non-exogenous explanatory variables, and the problem of distinguishing between dynamic responses and unobserved heterogeneity in panel data models. The book is divided into three parts. Part I deals with static models. Part II discusses pure time series models. Part III considers dynamic conditional models.
Manuel Arellano
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199245284
- eISBN:
- 9780191602481
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199245282.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion on how the term ‘panel data’ is applied to a wide range of situations in econometrics. It describes the two main objectives of this volume: ...
More
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion on how the term ‘panel data’ is applied to a wide range of situations in econometrics. It describes the two main objectives of this volume: the analysis of econometric models with non-exogenous explanatory variables, and the problem of distinguishing empirically between dynamic responses and unobserved heterogeneity in panel data models. An overview of the three parts of this volume is presented.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion on how the term ‘panel data’ is applied to a wide range of situations in econometrics. It describes the two main objectives of this volume: the analysis of econometric models with non-exogenous explanatory variables, and the problem of distinguishing empirically between dynamic responses and unobserved heterogeneity in panel data models. An overview of the three parts of this volume is presented.
Jonathan Charkham and Anne Simpson
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292142
- eISBN:
- 9780191684876
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292142.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability, Business History
This chapter discusses the role of regulation in corporate governance. The UK system has generally depended on a mixture of primary and secondary legislation with rules made by various non-statutory ...
More
This chapter discusses the role of regulation in corporate governance. The UK system has generally depended on a mixture of primary and secondary legislation with rules made by various non-statutory bodies, some of which may, like the Stock Exchange, work under the umbrella of some legislation, and some, like the Cadbury Committee, with no umbrella at all. The creation of the Financial Services Authority is surely helpful. The work of the takeover panel is makes for interesting analysis. It can change its rules without reference to any other authority and has no means of enforcing its rules beyond what supporters are willing to do. Yet UK shareholders have good cause to be grateful to it, because it has succeeded in ensuring relatively equal treatment between them. It has established the rules of conduct about the purchase of shares in the market and governs the timetable and what must and must not be said.Less
This chapter discusses the role of regulation in corporate governance. The UK system has generally depended on a mixture of primary and secondary legislation with rules made by various non-statutory bodies, some of which may, like the Stock Exchange, work under the umbrella of some legislation, and some, like the Cadbury Committee, with no umbrella at all. The creation of the Financial Services Authority is surely helpful. The work of the takeover panel is makes for interesting analysis. It can change its rules without reference to any other authority and has no means of enforcing its rules beyond what supporters are willing to do. Yet UK shareholders have good cause to be grateful to it, because it has succeeded in ensuring relatively equal treatment between them. It has established the rules of conduct about the purchase of shares in the market and governs the timetable and what must and must not be said.
Roger M. Barker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199576814
- eISBN:
- 9780191722509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576814.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Corporate Governance and Accountability
A panel data econometric analysis of corporate governance change is undertaken utilizing a data set of fifteen nonliberal market economies covering the period 1975–2003. The results of this analysis ...
More
A panel data econometric analysis of corporate governance change is undertaken utilizing a data set of fifteen nonliberal market economies covering the period 1975–2003. The results of this analysis suggested that the interaction of partisanship and competition is a highly significant determinant of corporate governance change. In particular, significant shifts in a pro‐shareholder direction are associated with Left government – but not conservative government – in the context of high levels of competition. In contrast, neither Left nor conservative government is associated with corporate governance change in a low‐competition environment.Less
A panel data econometric analysis of corporate governance change is undertaken utilizing a data set of fifteen nonliberal market economies covering the period 1975–2003. The results of this analysis suggested that the interaction of partisanship and competition is a highly significant determinant of corporate governance change. In particular, significant shifts in a pro‐shareholder direction are associated with Left government – but not conservative government – in the context of high levels of competition. In contrast, neither Left nor conservative government is associated with corporate governance change in a low‐competition environment.
Roger M. Barker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199576814
- eISBN:
- 9780191722509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576814.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Corporate Governance and Accountability
A variety of statistical robustness tests confirm that the conclusions of Chapter 6 are not sensitive to the inclusion of particular countries or observations in the data set, or the choice of ...
More
A variety of statistical robustness tests confirm that the conclusions of Chapter 6 are not sensitive to the inclusion of particular countries or observations in the data set, or the choice of individual control variables. The reestimation of the model in terms of first‐differences (i.e., a dynamic model specification) also gives rise to consistent results.Less
A variety of statistical robustness tests confirm that the conclusions of Chapter 6 are not sensitive to the inclusion of particular countries or observations in the data set, or the choice of individual control variables. The reestimation of the model in terms of first‐differences (i.e., a dynamic model specification) also gives rise to consistent results.
Michelle T Grando
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572649
- eISBN:
- 9780191722103
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572649.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter examines how the facts of a case are established, particularly how the record of the proceedings is formed and what the role of the panel and the parties is in that process. The chapter ...
More
This chapter examines how the facts of a case are established, particularly how the record of the proceedings is formed and what the role of the panel and the parties is in that process. The chapter is divided into two main parts. Section I discusses the role of the panel as a reviewer; it explains the limitations that are associated with this role in the context of challenges to domestic trade remedy investigations. It argues that, notwithstanding the views of some commentators, the same restrictions do not apply in cases brought before a panel under the sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) and technical barriers to trade (TBT) agreements, where the panel acts as the original-trier-of-facts. Section II focuses on the role of the panel as the original-trier-of-facts. It examines how the factual record on which the panel bases its rulings is developed.Less
This chapter examines how the facts of a case are established, particularly how the record of the proceedings is formed and what the role of the panel and the parties is in that process. The chapter is divided into two main parts. Section I discusses the role of the panel as a reviewer; it explains the limitations that are associated with this role in the context of challenges to domestic trade remedy investigations. It argues that, notwithstanding the views of some commentators, the same restrictions do not apply in cases brought before a panel under the sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) and technical barriers to trade (TBT) agreements, where the panel acts as the original-trier-of-facts. Section II focuses on the role of the panel as the original-trier-of-facts. It examines how the factual record on which the panel bases its rulings is developed.
Richard Caplan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199263455
- eISBN:
- 9780191602726
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199263450.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Although international administrators wield enormous power, they are not directly accountable to the populations over which they rule. Strictly speaking, a transitional administrator is accountable ...
More
Although international administrators wield enormous power, they are not directly accountable to the populations over which they rule. Strictly speaking, a transitional administrator is accountable to the international body that appoints him or her. The lack of transparency is one way in which the issue of accountability manifests itself: key decisions may be taken by international authorities without sufficient public explanation offered for the reasoning behind them, creating the impression of arbitrary rule. Limited accountability does not, however, mean the total absence of mechanisms for local scrutiny. Discusses what mechanisms exist to help ensure that international authority is exercised on behalf of, and for the benefit of, the local population. Are these mechanisms adequate and, if not, how can accountability be strengthened?Less
Although international administrators wield enormous power, they are not directly accountable to the populations over which they rule. Strictly speaking, a transitional administrator is accountable to the international body that appoints him or her. The lack of transparency is one way in which the issue of accountability manifests itself: key decisions may be taken by international authorities without sufficient public explanation offered for the reasoning behind them, creating the impression of arbitrary rule. Limited accountability does not, however, mean the total absence of mechanisms for local scrutiny. Discusses what mechanisms exist to help ensure that international authority is exercised on behalf of, and for the benefit of, the local population. Are these mechanisms adequate and, if not, how can accountability be strengthened?
Jeffrey B. Nugent and Shailender Swaminathan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199204762
- eISBN:
- 9780191603860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199204764.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Indonesia’s posyandus are an excellent example of important local quasi-public goods (health care) produced largely by volunteers, but with crucial inputs from government and other formal sector ...
More
Indonesia’s posyandus are an excellent example of important local quasi-public goods (health care) produced largely by volunteers, but with crucial inputs from government and other formal sector providers. This paper identifies the circumstances under which the formal sector’s inputs are especially successful in inducing voluntary activities that contribute to both the quantity and quality of the care provided. Data from three rounds of Indonesia’s Family Life Survey (IFLS) are used to estimate the causal effect of formal sector interventions on the quantity and quality of the healthcare provided by the informal sector. The model includes posyandu and community level fixed effects so that the effect of the intervention is identified using only longitudinal variation in the extent of interventions.Less
Indonesia’s posyandus are an excellent example of important local quasi-public goods (health care) produced largely by volunteers, but with crucial inputs from government and other formal sector providers. This paper identifies the circumstances under which the formal sector’s inputs are especially successful in inducing voluntary activities that contribute to both the quantity and quality of the care provided. Data from three rounds of Indonesia’s Family Life Survey (IFLS) are used to estimate the causal effect of formal sector interventions on the quantity and quality of the healthcare provided by the informal sector. The model includes posyandu and community level fixed effects so that the effect of the intervention is identified using only longitudinal variation in the extent of interventions.
Lainie Friedman Ross
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199273287
- eISBN:
- 9780191603655
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199273286.003.0016
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Fourteen 407 panels have been convened in the more than two decades since passage of Subpart D. The first two were in the early 1990s, and the remainder since 2001. This chapter provides a brief ...
More
Fourteen 407 panels have been convened in the more than two decades since passage of Subpart D. The first two were in the early 1990s, and the remainder since 2001. This chapter provides a brief history of the first ten 407 panels, and then examines three of the last four panels. It concludes with several observations that can be gleaned from an historical and ethical analysis of the 407 process: observations that may be instructive for future 407 panels and for the protection of pediatric research subjects.Less
Fourteen 407 panels have been convened in the more than two decades since passage of Subpart D. The first two were in the early 1990s, and the remainder since 2001. This chapter provides a brief history of the first ten 407 panels, and then examines three of the last four panels. It concludes with several observations that can be gleaned from an historical and ethical analysis of the 407 process: observations that may be instructive for future 407 panels and for the protection of pediatric research subjects.
Michelle T Grando
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572649
- eISBN:
- 9780191722103
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572649.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The previous chapter introduced some basic concepts related to the process of fact-finding and briefly outlined how those concepts are applied in international dispute settlement proceedings, ...
More
The previous chapter introduced some basic concepts related to the process of fact-finding and briefly outlined how those concepts are applied in international dispute settlement proceedings, including WTO dispute settlement. This chapter examines in more detail how panels and the Appellate Body manage the concept of the burden of proof and determine when the burden of proof has been discharged. In other words, the main issue discussed regards the functioning of the burden of proof in WTO dispute settlement. The chapter also discusses the related question of the degree of persuasion that panels must reach in order to determine that the burden of proof has been discharged: that is, it addresses the question of the standard of proof.Less
The previous chapter introduced some basic concepts related to the process of fact-finding and briefly outlined how those concepts are applied in international dispute settlement proceedings, including WTO dispute settlement. This chapter examines in more detail how panels and the Appellate Body manage the concept of the burden of proof and determine when the burden of proof has been discharged. In other words, the main issue discussed regards the functioning of the burden of proof in WTO dispute settlement. The chapter also discusses the related question of the degree of persuasion that panels must reach in order to determine that the burden of proof has been discharged: that is, it addresses the question of the standard of proof.
Bernard Van Praag
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199226146
- eISBN:
- 9780191718595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226146.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter applies the methodology introduced for analysing financial satisfaction to various other domains of life such as health, employment, housing, and marriage. The analysis is based on data ...
More
This chapter applies the methodology introduced for analysing financial satisfaction to various other domains of life such as health, employment, housing, and marriage. The analysis is based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Survey and the British Household Panel Survey.Less
This chapter applies the methodology introduced for analysing financial satisfaction to various other domains of life such as health, employment, housing, and marriage. The analysis is based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Survey and the British Household Panel Survey.
Frederick Grinnell
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195064575
- eISBN:
- 9780199869442
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195064575.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Chapter 4 analyzes everyday practice of science in the context of surrounding sociocultural, political, and economic factors. Science policy determines what work will be done, who will do it, and how ...
More
Chapter 4 analyzes everyday practice of science in the context of surrounding sociocultural, political, and economic factors. Science policy determines what work will be done, who will do it, and how it will be financed. Ambiguity inherent in everyday practice, subjectivity of review panels, and differences of opinion regarding what counts as a desirable outcome all complicate the linkage between research agendas and national goals. Normal functioning of the research environment requires a high degree of trust. Financial conflict of interest can interfere with every aspect of practice, including analysis and publication of research findings, sharing of research knowledge and tools, and decision making by public advisory committees. Disclosure may be unable to deal adequately with conflict of interest; recusal may be necessary. The potential change in the research environment from “publish or perish” to “patent and prosper” threatens the health of biomedical research.Less
Chapter 4 analyzes everyday practice of science in the context of surrounding sociocultural, political, and economic factors. Science policy determines what work will be done, who will do it, and how it will be financed. Ambiguity inherent in everyday practice, subjectivity of review panels, and differences of opinion regarding what counts as a desirable outcome all complicate the linkage between research agendas and national goals. Normal functioning of the research environment requires a high degree of trust. Financial conflict of interest can interfere with every aspect of practice, including analysis and publication of research findings, sharing of research knowledge and tools, and decision making by public advisory committees. Disclosure may be unable to deal adequately with conflict of interest; recusal may be necessary. The potential change in the research environment from “publish or perish” to “patent and prosper” threatens the health of biomedical research.
Manuel Arellano
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199245284
- eISBN:
- 9780191602481
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199245282.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter discusses the specification and estimation of autoregressive models with individual specific intercepts. It focuses on first order processes, since the main insights generalise in a ...
More
This chapter discusses the specification and estimation of autoregressive models with individual specific intercepts. It focuses on first order processes, since the main insights generalise in a straightforward way to high-order and multivariate cases. It discusses the role in short panels of assumptions about initial conditions, homoskedasticity, and whether the parameter space includes the possibility of unit roots; alternative representations of restrictions that can be obtained by transformation; and the various aspects of inference with VAR panel data models.Less
This chapter discusses the specification and estimation of autoregressive models with individual specific intercepts. It focuses on first order processes, since the main insights generalise in a straightforward way to high-order and multivariate cases. It discusses the role in short panels of assumptions about initial conditions, homoskedasticity, and whether the parameter space includes the possibility of unit roots; alternative representations of restrictions that can be obtained by transformation; and the various aspects of inference with VAR panel data models.
Alberto E. Isgut
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199271405
- eISBN:
- 9780191601200
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271402.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
With two balanced panels of up to 124 goods and services prices and up to 116 international cities, this chapter studies the determinants of price dispersion across pairs of cities in 2001. It finds ...
More
With two balanced panels of up to 124 goods and services prices and up to 116 international cities, this chapter studies the determinants of price dispersion across pairs of cities in 2001. It finds that price dispersion increases with distance, nominal bilateral exchange-rate volatility, and differences in economic development. Price dispersion is significantly lower across cities located in the euro area. These findings are obtained after controlling for whether cities are located in the same country and regional trading and common language areas or have other historical links.Less
With two balanced panels of up to 124 goods and services prices and up to 116 international cities, this chapter studies the determinants of price dispersion across pairs of cities in 2001. It finds that price dispersion increases with distance, nominal bilateral exchange-rate volatility, and differences in economic development. Price dispersion is significantly lower across cities located in the euro area. These findings are obtained after controlling for whether cities are located in the same country and regional trading and common language areas or have other historical links.
Kathryn C. Lavelle
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199765348
- eISBN:
- 9780199918959
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765348.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter investigates the debt stage in the relationship between Congress and the IMF and World Bank that was triggered by the external shocks of the 1982 Mexican default, subsequent Latin ...
More
This chapter investigates the debt stage in the relationship between Congress and the IMF and World Bank that was triggered by the external shocks of the 1982 Mexican default, subsequent Latin American debt crisis, and the end of the Cold War. The chief endogenous change was the increasing use of omnibus legislation in the period of divided government that followed the election of Ronald Reagan. The chapter argues that omnibus bills were effective vehicles for issues related to the IMF and World Bank. Through them, party leaders could secure funding for the IMF and World Bank, yet prevent individual members from having to take a public stand on an individual measure. However, by the end of the stage, the same external changes altered domestic constituencies of support. As the banking industry recovered from the debt crisis and other forms of credit appeared, the money-center banks directed a smaller percentage of transnational capital flows. Congressional advocacy efforts on behalf of environmental activists were directed at the World Bank’s activities. Use of legislative procedure allowed members of Congress to advocate for policy change on issues such as African development, the “Pelosi Amendment,” and the World Bank inspection panel.Less
This chapter investigates the debt stage in the relationship between Congress and the IMF and World Bank that was triggered by the external shocks of the 1982 Mexican default, subsequent Latin American debt crisis, and the end of the Cold War. The chief endogenous change was the increasing use of omnibus legislation in the period of divided government that followed the election of Ronald Reagan. The chapter argues that omnibus bills were effective vehicles for issues related to the IMF and World Bank. Through them, party leaders could secure funding for the IMF and World Bank, yet prevent individual members from having to take a public stand on an individual measure. However, by the end of the stage, the same external changes altered domestic constituencies of support. As the banking industry recovered from the debt crisis and other forms of credit appeared, the money-center banks directed a smaller percentage of transnational capital flows. Congressional advocacy efforts on behalf of environmental activists were directed at the World Bank’s activities. Use of legislative procedure allowed members of Congress to advocate for policy change on issues such as African development, the “Pelosi Amendment,” and the World Bank inspection panel.
Luis Correia Da Silva, Marc Goergen, and Luc Renneboog
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199259304
- eISBN:
- 9780191600852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199259305.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Benefiting from recent advances in panel data estimation, the chapter estimates the Lintner model for German firms. The Lintner model is estimated using both cash flow data and published earnings ...
More
Benefiting from recent advances in panel data estimation, the chapter estimates the Lintner model for German firms. The Lintner model is estimated using both cash flow data and published earnings data. When the former are used, the implicit target payout ratio is much closer to the observed target payout ratio than when the latter is used. We conclude that target payout ratios of German firms are based on cash flow figures rather than published earnings figures.Less
Benefiting from recent advances in panel data estimation, the chapter estimates the Lintner model for German firms. The Lintner model is estimated using both cash flow data and published earnings data. When the former are used, the implicit target payout ratio is much closer to the observed target payout ratio than when the latter is used. We conclude that target payout ratios of German firms are based on cash flow figures rather than published earnings figures.
David B. Resnik
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195375893
- eISBN:
- 9780199866632
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195375893.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter reflects on the importance of expert, scientific opinion in government decision‐making and describes an ideal model of the role of expertise in government. It discusses some problems ...
More
This chapter reflects on the importance of expert, scientific opinion in government decision‐making and describes an ideal model of the role of expertise in government. It discusses some problems that can occur with government science advice, including stacking of government committees/panels, ignoring expert opinion, misinterpreting expert opinion, censoring expert opinion, and funding problems. To avoid these problems, the government must take steps to secure independent, open, and adequately funded scientific advice; one way to do so may be to increase its utilization of nonpartisan organizations, such as the National Academy of Science. When the government relies on advice from special panels/committees, it must ensure that appointments are based on scientific qualifications, not on politics or ideology, and an effort should be made to ensure that committees/panels have bipartisan, diverse representation. Deliberations should be open to the public so that people can understand their arguments, deliberations and assumptions. Politicians and government officials should not ignore, misinterpret, or censor scientific advice. To ensure that these recommendations are followed, it may be necessary to develop strategies, such as congressional oversight, for government decisions involving expert, scientific advice.Less
This chapter reflects on the importance of expert, scientific opinion in government decision‐making and describes an ideal model of the role of expertise in government. It discusses some problems that can occur with government science advice, including stacking of government committees/panels, ignoring expert opinion, misinterpreting expert opinion, censoring expert opinion, and funding problems. To avoid these problems, the government must take steps to secure independent, open, and adequately funded scientific advice; one way to do so may be to increase its utilization of nonpartisan organizations, such as the National Academy of Science. When the government relies on advice from special panels/committees, it must ensure that appointments are based on scientific qualifications, not on politics or ideology, and an effort should be made to ensure that committees/panels have bipartisan, diverse representation. Deliberations should be open to the public so that people can understand their arguments, deliberations and assumptions. Politicians and government officials should not ignore, misinterpret, or censor scientific advice. To ensure that these recommendations are followed, it may be necessary to develop strategies, such as congressional oversight, for government decisions involving expert, scientific advice.
Fabian Model, Jörn Lewin, Catherine Lofton-Day, and Gunter Weiss
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199532872
- eISBN:
- 9780191714467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199532872.003.0005
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics, Biostatistics
This chapter gives an overview of algorithms and statistical methods used for measuring and analyzing DNA methylation in cancer research. It starts with a short introduction into the biology of DNA ...
More
This chapter gives an overview of algorithms and statistical methods used for measuring and analyzing DNA methylation in cancer research. It starts with a short introduction into the biology of DNA methylation and its role in cancer. This is followed by an overview of measurement technologies and a detailed description of data pre-processing algorithms for normalization and calibration of direct bisulphite DNA sequencing and DNA methylation microarray measurements. The second part of the chapter explores some typical examples of DNA methylation data analysis in cancer research and diagnostics: the classification of tumour tissue samples, the detection of cancer in plasma samples, and the tissue based prediction of tumour recurrence.Less
This chapter gives an overview of algorithms and statistical methods used for measuring and analyzing DNA methylation in cancer research. It starts with a short introduction into the biology of DNA methylation and its role in cancer. This is followed by an overview of measurement technologies and a detailed description of data pre-processing algorithms for normalization and calibration of direct bisulphite DNA sequencing and DNA methylation microarray measurements. The second part of the chapter explores some typical examples of DNA methylation data analysis in cancer research and diagnostics: the classification of tumour tissue samples, the detection of cancer in plasma samples, and the tissue based prediction of tumour recurrence.
