Leslie P Francis, Margaret P Battin, Jay A Jacobson, and Charles B Smith
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199545520
- eISBN:
- 9780191721113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso:acprof/9780199545520.003.0023
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
This chapter explores the issue of justice in resource allocation in pandemic planning. Topics discussed include the allocation of vaccines and antivirals, the allocation of treatment for the ...
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This chapter explores the issue of justice in resource allocation in pandemic planning. Topics discussed include the allocation of vaccines and antivirals, the allocation of treatment for the seriously ill, and global health security.Less
This chapter explores the issue of justice in resource allocation in pandemic planning. Topics discussed include the allocation of vaccines and antivirals, the allocation of treatment for the seriously ill, and global health security.
Margaret P. Battin, Leslie P. Francis, Jay A. Jacobson, and Charles B. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195335842
- eISBN:
- 9780199868926
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335842.003.0017
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
With the pressing risk of avian flu, jurisdictions across the world have devoted considerable attention to pandemic planning. This chapter employs the PVV view about the justifiability of constraints ...
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With the pressing risk of avian flu, jurisdictions across the world have devoted considerable attention to pandemic planning. This chapter employs the PVV view about the justifiability of constraints to explore several aspects of pandemic planning that have been less discussed to date. It argues that the use of models must be sensitive to both the risks of too much constraint and to the possibility that there is a mismatch between what models predict and what may actually occur. Too few plans have built in careful mechanisms for reconsideration as pandemic conditions develop. Plans should devote more attention to social distancing—which considers people as vectors—but in so doing should also attend to their plight as victims. It is argued that too few plans have devoted sufficient attention to such matters as the delivery of food, essential medical supplies, or palliative care for those who may become isolated under stay-at-home and home quarantine strategies for pandemic management.Less
With the pressing risk of avian flu, jurisdictions across the world have devoted considerable attention to pandemic planning. This chapter employs the PVV view about the justifiability of constraints to explore several aspects of pandemic planning that have been less discussed to date. It argues that the use of models must be sensitive to both the risks of too much constraint and to the possibility that there is a mismatch between what models predict and what may actually occur. Too few plans have built in careful mechanisms for reconsideration as pandemic conditions develop. Plans should devote more attention to social distancing—which considers people as vectors—but in so doing should also attend to their plight as victims. It is argued that too few plans have devoted sufficient attention to such matters as the delivery of food, essential medical supplies, or palliative care for those who may become isolated under stay-at-home and home quarantine strategies for pandemic management.
Margaret P. Battin, Leslie P. Francis, Jay A. Jacobson, and Charles B. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195335842
- eISBN:
- 9780199868926
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335842.003.0018
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
When pandemic constraints are imposed, some people will suffer losses, people who might not otherwise have done so. The economic losses of facilities that are used in pandemic emergencies have been ...
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When pandemic constraints are imposed, some people will suffer losses, people who might not otherwise have done so. The economic losses of facilities that are used in pandemic emergencies have been addressed by other chapters; this chapter considers losses faced by individuals who are required to stay at home to avoid disease transmission. It argues that the costs they bear result from social choices that are aimed to benefit everyone by reducing the risks of disease transmission. In such cases, reciprocity requires compensation to the extent possible, for losses such as wages, exacerbation of disease conditions, or exposure to the risks of disease from activities such as home care for ill family members who cannot be accommodated in overwhelmed health care facilities.Less
When pandemic constraints are imposed, some people will suffer losses, people who might not otherwise have done so. The economic losses of facilities that are used in pandemic emergencies have been addressed by other chapters; this chapter considers losses faced by individuals who are required to stay at home to avoid disease transmission. It argues that the costs they bear result from social choices that are aimed to benefit everyone by reducing the risks of disease transmission. In such cases, reciprocity requires compensation to the extent possible, for losses such as wages, exacerbation of disease conditions, or exposure to the risks of disease from activities such as home care for ill family members who cannot be accommodated in overwhelmed health care facilities.
Margaret P. Battin, Leslie P. Francis, Jay A. Jacobson, and Charles B. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195335842
- eISBN:
- 9780199868926
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335842.003.0019
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
In pandemic planning, much attention has been paid to justice in the distribution of scarce health care resources: vaccines, anti-virals, and access to advanced modes of treatment such as ventilator ...
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In pandemic planning, much attention has been paid to justice in the distribution of scarce health care resources: vaccines, anti-virals, and access to advanced modes of treatment such as ventilator support. This chapter examines critically the extent to which some proposals fail to take existing injustice into account. It considers the justice of pandemic planning, arguing that in order to be just, pandemic planning requires attention to basic health care infrastructure for everyone. Without, for example, access to basic primary care, people will be less likely to present for treatment and pandemic disease may not be identified at a time when spread is more readily preventable.Less
In pandemic planning, much attention has been paid to justice in the distribution of scarce health care resources: vaccines, anti-virals, and access to advanced modes of treatment such as ventilator support. This chapter examines critically the extent to which some proposals fail to take existing injustice into account. It considers the justice of pandemic planning, arguing that in order to be just, pandemic planning requires attention to basic health care infrastructure for everyone. Without, for example, access to basic primary care, people will be less likely to present for treatment and pandemic disease may not be identified at a time when spread is more readily preventable.
Angela R. McLean, Robert M. May, John Pattison, and Robin A. Weiss
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568193
- eISBN:
- 9780191718175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568193.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
This introductory chapter discusses the rationale behind this book on how to deal with emerging infections. It considers why such a study is necessary. It details how the topics were chosen and why ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the rationale behind this book on how to deal with emerging infections. It considers why such a study is necessary. It details how the topics were chosen and why SARS is used as the example for the study.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the rationale behind this book on how to deal with emerging infections. It considers why such a study is necessary. It details how the topics were chosen and why SARS is used as the example for the study.
Scott Barrett
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199211890
- eISBN:
- 9780191695827
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211890.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Climate change, nuclear proliferation, and the threat of a global pandemic have the potential to impact each of our lives. Preventing these threats poses a serious global challenge, but ignoring them ...
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Climate change, nuclear proliferation, and the threat of a global pandemic have the potential to impact each of our lives. Preventing these threats poses a serious global challenge, but ignoring them could have disastrous consequences. How do we engineer institutions to change incentives so that these global public goods are provided? This book provides an introduction to the issues surrounding the provision of global public goods. Using a variety of examples to illustrate past successes and failures, the book shows how international cooperation, institutional design, and the clever use of incentives can work together to ensure the effective delivery of global public goods.Less
Climate change, nuclear proliferation, and the threat of a global pandemic have the potential to impact each of our lives. Preventing these threats poses a serious global challenge, but ignoring them could have disastrous consequences. How do we engineer institutions to change incentives so that these global public goods are provided? This book provides an introduction to the issues surrounding the provision of global public goods. Using a variety of examples to illustrate past successes and failures, the book shows how international cooperation, institutional design, and the clever use of incentives can work together to ensure the effective delivery of global public goods.
Michael Freeman (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199545520
- eISBN:
- 9780191721113
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545520.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
This book is the latest volume in the Current Legal Issues series, which is based upon an annual colloquium held at University College London. Each year, leading scholars from around the world gather ...
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This book is the latest volume in the Current Legal Issues series, which is based upon an annual colloquium held at University College London. Each year, leading scholars from around the world gather to discuss the relationship between law and another discipline of thought. Each colloqium examines how the external discipline is conceived in legal thought and argument, how the law is pictured in that discipline, and analyses points of controversy in the use, and abuse, of extra-legal arguments within legal theory and practice. Law and Bioethics contains a broad range of essays by scholars of law, medicine, biosciences, and philosophy interested in the interactions between law and bioethics. It includes topical studies examining the regulation of stem cell research, human rights and bioethics, the regulation of reproductive technologies, and distributive justice in healthcare and pandemic planning. This book will be of interest to scholars and advanced students of legal theory, moral philosophy, medical law, bioethics, and medical ethics.Less
This book is the latest volume in the Current Legal Issues series, which is based upon an annual colloquium held at University College London. Each year, leading scholars from around the world gather to discuss the relationship between law and another discipline of thought. Each colloqium examines how the external discipline is conceived in legal thought and argument, how the law is pictured in that discipline, and analyses points of controversy in the use, and abuse, of extra-legal arguments within legal theory and practice. Law and Bioethics contains a broad range of essays by scholars of law, medicine, biosciences, and philosophy interested in the interactions between law and bioethics. It includes topical studies examining the regulation of stem cell research, human rights and bioethics, the regulation of reproductive technologies, and distributive justice in healthcare and pandemic planning. This book will be of interest to scholars and advanced students of legal theory, moral philosophy, medical law, bioethics, and medical ethics.
Margaret P. Battin, Leslie P. Francis, Jay A. Jacobson, and Charles B. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195335842
- eISBN:
- 9780199868926
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335842.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Bioethics emerged at a time when infectious disease was not a major concern, and thus never developed a normative framework sensitive to disease transmission. This book develops the “patient as ...
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Bioethics emerged at a time when infectious disease was not a major concern, and thus never developed a normative framework sensitive to disease transmission. This book develops the “patient as victim and vector” view to explore issues in clinical medicine, research, public health, and health policy. The central idea of this book is that a patient with a communicable infectious disease should be understood both as a victim of that disease and also as a potential vector—both a person who is ill and may die but who also may transmit an illness that could sicken or kill others. Bioethics has in general failed to see one part of this duality, and public health the other: that the patient is both victim and vector at one and the same time. Part I of the book shows why patient-centered concepts like autonomy and informed consent need to change in the context of communicable infectious diseases; Part II develops a normative theory for doing so. Part III examines traditional and new issues: the ethics of quarantine and isolation, research, disease screening, rapid testing, antibiotic use, and immunization, in contexts like multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, syphilis, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, and HPV. Part IV begins with a controversial thought experiment to consider constraints in the control of infectious disease, including pandemics, and Part V “thinks big” about global efforts to prevent, treat, or eradicate infectious disease.Less
Bioethics emerged at a time when infectious disease was not a major concern, and thus never developed a normative framework sensitive to disease transmission. This book develops the “patient as victim and vector” view to explore issues in clinical medicine, research, public health, and health policy. The central idea of this book is that a patient with a communicable infectious disease should be understood both as a victim of that disease and also as a potential vector—both a person who is ill and may die but who also may transmit an illness that could sicken or kill others. Bioethics has in general failed to see one part of this duality, and public health the other: that the patient is both victim and vector at one and the same time. Part I of the book shows why patient-centered concepts like autonomy and informed consent need to change in the context of communicable infectious diseases; Part II develops a normative theory for doing so. Part III examines traditional and new issues: the ethics of quarantine and isolation, research, disease screening, rapid testing, antibiotic use, and immunization, in contexts like multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, syphilis, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, and HPV. Part IV begins with a controversial thought experiment to consider constraints in the control of infectious disease, including pandemics, and Part V “thinks big” about global efforts to prevent, treat, or eradicate infectious disease.
Robert Wuthnow
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199730872
- eISBN:
- 9780199777389
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730872.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Be Very Afraid examines the human response to existential threats; once a matter for theology, but now looming before us in multiple forms. Nuclear weapons, pandemics, global warming; ...
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Be Very Afraid examines the human response to existential threats; once a matter for theology, but now looming before us in multiple forms. Nuclear weapons, pandemics, global warming; each threatens to destroy the planet, or at least to annihilate our species. Freud, the author notes, famously taught that the standard psychological response to an overwhelming danger is denial. In fact, the author writes, the opposite is true: we seek ways of positively meeting the threat, of doing something — anything — even if it is wasteful and time-consuming. The atomic era that began with the bombing of Hiroshima sparked a flurry of activity, ranging from duck-and-cover drills, basement bomb shelters, and marches for a nuclear freeze. All were arguably ineffectual, yet each sprang from an innate desire to take action. It would be one thing if our responses were merely pointless, the book observes, but they can actually be harmful. Both the public and policymakers tend to model reactions to grave threats on how we met previous ones. The response to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, for example, echoed the Cold War: citizens went out to buy duct tape, mimicking 1950s-era civil defense measures, and the administration launched two costly conflicts overseas.Less
Be Very Afraid examines the human response to existential threats; once a matter for theology, but now looming before us in multiple forms. Nuclear weapons, pandemics, global warming; each threatens to destroy the planet, or at least to annihilate our species. Freud, the author notes, famously taught that the standard psychological response to an overwhelming danger is denial. In fact, the author writes, the opposite is true: we seek ways of positively meeting the threat, of doing something — anything — even if it is wasteful and time-consuming. The atomic era that began with the bombing of Hiroshima sparked a flurry of activity, ranging from duck-and-cover drills, basement bomb shelters, and marches for a nuclear freeze. All were arguably ineffectual, yet each sprang from an innate desire to take action. It would be one thing if our responses were merely pointless, the book observes, but they can actually be harmful. Both the public and policymakers tend to model reactions to grave threats on how we met previous ones. The response to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, for example, echoed the Cold War: citizens went out to buy duct tape, mimicking 1950s-era civil defense measures, and the administration launched two costly conflicts overseas.
William R. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195336214
- eISBN:
- 9780199868537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336214.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
The greatest threat we face from biological agents of death today is not from humans – it is from nature itself. A bioterrorist attack that could kill hundreds, possibly thousands, of Americans is a ...
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The greatest threat we face from biological agents of death today is not from humans – it is from nature itself. A bioterrorist attack that could kill hundreds, possibly thousands, of Americans is a possibility, but one with low probability. A pandemic caused by a naturally occurring biological pathogen that could kill tens of thousands, possibly millions, of Americans is an absolute certainty. Natural pandemics are a regularly occurring phenomenon throughout history. The tens of billions spent on bioterrorism defense have modestly improved our ability to resist a natural pandemic, but only modestly. This chapter examines the history of natural pandemics in America, and decribes what must be done if we are to avoid the tragedy of the 1918 flu pandemic.Less
The greatest threat we face from biological agents of death today is not from humans – it is from nature itself. A bioterrorist attack that could kill hundreds, possibly thousands, of Americans is a possibility, but one with low probability. A pandemic caused by a naturally occurring biological pathogen that could kill tens of thousands, possibly millions, of Americans is an absolute certainty. Natural pandemics are a regularly occurring phenomenon throughout history. The tens of billions spent on bioterrorism defense have modestly improved our ability to resist a natural pandemic, but only modestly. This chapter examines the history of natural pandemics in America, and decribes what must be done if we are to avoid the tragedy of the 1918 flu pandemic.
Robert Wuthnow
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199730872
- eISBN:
- 9780199777389
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730872.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter explores the place of panic in current thinking about peril. Although the actual occurrence of panics is rare, discussions about the possibility of panics are thus rich with cultural ...
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This chapter explores the place of panic in current thinking about peril. Although the actual occurrence of panics is rare, discussions about the possibility of panics are thus rich with cultural significance. Hardly a year passes without some major threat arising that could potentially be the source of mass death, widespread panic, and ensuing chaos. One year it is the threat of a massive collapse of computers and electrical systems. Another year brings fear that millions will die from an unstoppable illness carried by pigs or birds or insects, or fears of an economic meltdown followed by a contagion of joblessness and widespread poverty. As concern mounts, public officials caution against undue alarm but at the same time promote it by publicizing worst-case scenarios and recalling times of devastation in the past. It is difficult for reasonable people to ignore their warnings. The officials, after all, are trained experts; professionals paid to anticipate danger and guard against it. There is in fact danger, they say. “Better safe than sorry,” the adage goes. At some level, it becomes impossible not to think about the impending peril.Less
This chapter explores the place of panic in current thinking about peril. Although the actual occurrence of panics is rare, discussions about the possibility of panics are thus rich with cultural significance. Hardly a year passes without some major threat arising that could potentially be the source of mass death, widespread panic, and ensuing chaos. One year it is the threat of a massive collapse of computers and electrical systems. Another year brings fear that millions will die from an unstoppable illness carried by pigs or birds or insects, or fears of an economic meltdown followed by a contagion of joblessness and widespread poverty. As concern mounts, public officials caution against undue alarm but at the same time promote it by publicizing worst-case scenarios and recalling times of devastation in the past. It is difficult for reasonable people to ignore their warnings. The officials, after all, are trained experts; professionals paid to anticipate danger and guard against it. There is in fact danger, they say. “Better safe than sorry,” the adage goes. At some level, it becomes impossible not to think about the impending peril.
Angela McLean, Robert May, John Pattison, and Robin Weiss (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568193
- eISBN:
- 9780191718175
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568193.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
The sudden appearance and rapid spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003 alerted the world to the fact that emerging infections are a global problem. Living in affluent societies ...
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The sudden appearance and rapid spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003 alerted the world to the fact that emerging infections are a global problem. Living in affluent societies with well-developed healthcare systems does not necessarily protect people from the dangers posed by life-threatening infections. The SARS epidemic tested global preparedness for dealing with a new infectious agent and raised important questions: How did we do, and what did we learn? This book uses the SARS outbreak as a case study to enumerate the generic issues that must be considered when planning the control of emerging infections. Emerging infections are more than just a current biological fashion: the bitter ongoing experience of AIDS and the looming threat of pandemic influenza teach us that the control of infectious disease is a problem that has not been solved. Scientists from a broad range of disciplines — biologists, veterinarians, physicians, and policy makers — all need to prepare. But prepare for what? The book provides an overview of the tasks that must be addressed by a community that wishes to confront emerging infections. While focusing on SARS, the book addresses a whole range of considerations and issues, from the use of new mathematical models to account for the spread of infection across global airline networks, to a discussion of the ethics of quarantining individuals in order to protect communities.Less
The sudden appearance and rapid spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003 alerted the world to the fact that emerging infections are a global problem. Living in affluent societies with well-developed healthcare systems does not necessarily protect people from the dangers posed by life-threatening infections. The SARS epidemic tested global preparedness for dealing with a new infectious agent and raised important questions: How did we do, and what did we learn? This book uses the SARS outbreak as a case study to enumerate the generic issues that must be considered when planning the control of emerging infections. Emerging infections are more than just a current biological fashion: the bitter ongoing experience of AIDS and the looming threat of pandemic influenza teach us that the control of infectious disease is a problem that has not been solved. Scientists from a broad range of disciplines — biologists, veterinarians, physicians, and policy makers — all need to prepare. But prepare for what? The book provides an overview of the tasks that must be addressed by a community that wishes to confront emerging infections. While focusing on SARS, the book addresses a whole range of considerations and issues, from the use of new mathematical models to account for the spread of infection across global airline networks, to a discussion of the ethics of quarantining individuals in order to protect communities.
Nicholas P. Money
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189711
- eISBN:
- 9780199790265
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189711.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Microbiology
This chapter describes the global pandemic of Dutch elm disease caused by the fungus, Ophiostoma ulmi. Dutch elm disease was the worst epidemic of urban trees in history. Besides the fascinating ...
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This chapter describes the global pandemic of Dutch elm disease caused by the fungus, Ophiostoma ulmi. Dutch elm disease was the worst epidemic of urban trees in history. Besides the fascinating biology of the interaction between elm trees and this fungus, the chapter also tells compelling stories about the women scientists, led by Johanna Westerdijk, who first identified the cause of the epidemic.Less
This chapter describes the global pandemic of Dutch elm disease caused by the fungus, Ophiostoma ulmi. Dutch elm disease was the worst epidemic of urban trees in history. Besides the fascinating biology of the interaction between elm trees and this fungus, the chapter also tells compelling stories about the women scientists, led by Johanna Westerdijk, who first identified the cause of the epidemic.
Natalie Porter
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226648804
- eISBN:
- 9780226649139
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226649139.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This book narrates the story of H5N1 avian influenza in Vietnam. At this epicenter of bird flu infection, “One Health” regimes are bringing nonhuman animals squarely into the fold of global health ...
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This book narrates the story of H5N1 avian influenza in Vietnam. At this epicenter of bird flu infection, “One Health” regimes are bringing nonhuman animals squarely into the fold of global health policy and practice. Following the pathways of transnational scientists, NGO workers, livestock developers, state veterinarians, and poultry farmers as they move through new and unconventional sites of health intervention, the account reveals how pandemic threats like bird flu are engendering a new arena of global health, one that is increasingly structured by the patterns of global livestock economies. In this emergent arena of global health policy and practice, the standardization of life forms and the circumscription of human-animal relations, which create conditions for market uniformity and commodity mobility, are now being implemented in health interventions as a means to safeguard human and nonhuman animals. Yet, however global in scope, flu interventions are constituted in particular economic, cultural, and political contexts. This book therefore argues that as global health programs expand their purview to include life and livestock, they must weigh the interests of public health against those of commercial agriculture, rural tradition, and scientific innovation in a late-socialist nation witnessing neoliberal reforms and new regimes of governance. The outcomes of One Health interventions are thus as unpredictable as the bird flu virus itself, and Vietnam comes into view as a site of global health experimentation, a place where the agents and subjects of disease control are redefining how to live with lively and deadly creature-commodities.Less
This book narrates the story of H5N1 avian influenza in Vietnam. At this epicenter of bird flu infection, “One Health” regimes are bringing nonhuman animals squarely into the fold of global health policy and practice. Following the pathways of transnational scientists, NGO workers, livestock developers, state veterinarians, and poultry farmers as they move through new and unconventional sites of health intervention, the account reveals how pandemic threats like bird flu are engendering a new arena of global health, one that is increasingly structured by the patterns of global livestock economies. In this emergent arena of global health policy and practice, the standardization of life forms and the circumscription of human-animal relations, which create conditions for market uniformity and commodity mobility, are now being implemented in health interventions as a means to safeguard human and nonhuman animals. Yet, however global in scope, flu interventions are constituted in particular economic, cultural, and political contexts. This book therefore argues that as global health programs expand their purview to include life and livestock, they must weigh the interests of public health against those of commercial agriculture, rural tradition, and scientific innovation in a late-socialist nation witnessing neoliberal reforms and new regimes of governance. The outcomes of One Health interventions are thus as unpredictable as the bird flu virus itself, and Vietnam comes into view as a site of global health experimentation, a place where the agents and subjects of disease control are redefining how to live with lively and deadly creature-commodities.
Stewart Patrick
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199751501
- eISBN:
- 9780199895366
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751501.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Conventional wisdom among policymakers in both the US and Europe holds that weak and failing states are the source of the world's most pressing security threats today. The international community's ...
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Conventional wisdom among policymakers in both the US and Europe holds that weak and failing states are the source of the world's most pressing security threats today. The international community's leadership sees such states as an existential threat as well, evidenced in Kofi Annan's 2004 claim that “our defenses are only as strong as their weakest links.” This is not surprising. The most destructive attack on the US in its history originated in one of the world's poorest countries. Deadly communicable diseases seem to constantly emerge from the world's poorest regions, and transnational crime appears to flourish in weakly governed states. However, as this book shows, our assumptions about the threats posed by failed and failing states are based on anecdotal arguments, not on a systematic empirical analysis that traces the connections between state failure and transnational security threats. This book uses an Index of State Weakness as a basis for its findings. The book provides coverage of five key security threats: terrorism, transnational crime, WMDs, pandemic diseases, and energy insecurity. The basic conclusions may seem surprising. While many threats do emerge in failed states, more often than not those states' manifold weaknesses create misery for only their own citizenry. In other words, the problems that flow from Liberia's failures are more typical than those that spread from Afghanistan. Moreover, many of threats originate farther up the chain, in wealthier and more stable countries like Russia, China, and Venezuela. And generic state weakness is not a good threat predictor. Cultural and regional particularities as well as the degree of global integration all influence the threat level. Just as importantly, our tendency to extrapolate an all-encompassing theory connecting weak states and international security threats from turmoil in the Middle East and Southwest Asia is insufficient. The book argues for complexity and nuance, and will force policymakers to rethink what they assume about state failure and transnational insecurity.Less
Conventional wisdom among policymakers in both the US and Europe holds that weak and failing states are the source of the world's most pressing security threats today. The international community's leadership sees such states as an existential threat as well, evidenced in Kofi Annan's 2004 claim that “our defenses are only as strong as their weakest links.” This is not surprising. The most destructive attack on the US in its history originated in one of the world's poorest countries. Deadly communicable diseases seem to constantly emerge from the world's poorest regions, and transnational crime appears to flourish in weakly governed states. However, as this book shows, our assumptions about the threats posed by failed and failing states are based on anecdotal arguments, not on a systematic empirical analysis that traces the connections between state failure and transnational security threats. This book uses an Index of State Weakness as a basis for its findings. The book provides coverage of five key security threats: terrorism, transnational crime, WMDs, pandemic diseases, and energy insecurity. The basic conclusions may seem surprising. While many threats do emerge in failed states, more often than not those states' manifold weaknesses create misery for only their own citizenry. In other words, the problems that flow from Liberia's failures are more typical than those that spread from Afghanistan. Moreover, many of threats originate farther up the chain, in wealthier and more stable countries like Russia, China, and Venezuela. And generic state weakness is not a good threat predictor. Cultural and regional particularities as well as the degree of global integration all influence the threat level. Just as importantly, our tendency to extrapolate an all-encompassing theory connecting weak states and international security threats from turmoil in the Middle East and Southwest Asia is insufficient. The book argues for complexity and nuance, and will force policymakers to rethink what they assume about state failure and transnational insecurity.
Jody Heymann
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195156591
- eISBN:
- 9780199943333
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156591.003.0058
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
This chapter steps back and asks the question of whether the dilemmas that families face, as great as they are, continue to be relevant in the context of other crises from epidemics to natural ...
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This chapter steps back and asks the question of whether the dilemmas that families face, as great as they are, continue to be relevant in the context of other crises from epidemics to natural disasters to the long-term aftermath of wars. It examines what matters and what does not in times of crisis and afterward, beginning with families in Botswana, where the AIDS pandemic has led to a reduction in life expectancy. The chapter next examines the lives of families in Honduras, after massive mudslides displaced more than a million people. It also describes families in Vietnam a quarter-century after a war that led to several million deaths. Even in the midst of these tragedies and their aftermaths, there are glimpses of hope—programs that are truly making a difference in the lives of children. The chapter ends by describing these programs and the chance they provide for profound change.Less
This chapter steps back and asks the question of whether the dilemmas that families face, as great as they are, continue to be relevant in the context of other crises from epidemics to natural disasters to the long-term aftermath of wars. It examines what matters and what does not in times of crisis and afterward, beginning with families in Botswana, where the AIDS pandemic has led to a reduction in life expectancy. The chapter next examines the lives of families in Honduras, after massive mudslides displaced more than a million people. It also describes families in Vietnam a quarter-century after a war that led to several million deaths. Even in the midst of these tragedies and their aftermaths, there are glimpses of hope—programs that are truly making a difference in the lives of children. The chapter ends by describing these programs and the chance they provide for profound change.
Alok Bhargava
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199269143
- eISBN:
- 9780191710117
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269143.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter is concerned with issues of individual behaviour, diet, and obesity, especially in developed countries such as the US. Section 7.1 begins with nutritional issues and discusses the ...
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This chapter is concerned with issues of individual behaviour, diet, and obesity, especially in developed countries such as the US. Section 7.1 begins with nutritional issues and discusses the importance of hypotheses, such as excessive fat intakes leading to weight gain, and summarizes some relevant studies. Section 7.2 describes salient aspects of the psychological literature and their relevance for designing interventions that can facilitate behavioural changes for promoting weight loss. Section 7.3 briefly discusses the economics literature. Section 7.4 highlights ways in which biomedical and social science research can be integrated to develop strategies for stemming the obesity pandemic.Less
This chapter is concerned with issues of individual behaviour, diet, and obesity, especially in developed countries such as the US. Section 7.1 begins with nutritional issues and discusses the importance of hypotheses, such as excessive fat intakes leading to weight gain, and summarizes some relevant studies. Section 7.2 describes salient aspects of the psychological literature and their relevance for designing interventions that can facilitate behavioural changes for promoting weight loss. Section 7.3 briefly discusses the economics literature. Section 7.4 highlights ways in which biomedical and social science research can be integrated to develop strategies for stemming the obesity pandemic.
James C. Mohr
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195162318
- eISBN:
- 9780199788910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162318.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The bubonic plague pandemic of the 1890s originated in south-central China and spread through the rest of Asia and around the world along accelerated trade routes. Using the new science of ...
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The bubonic plague pandemic of the 1890s originated in south-central China and spread through the rest of Asia and around the world along accelerated trade routes. Using the new science of bacteriology, Kitasato and Yersin identified the pestis bacillus in Hong Kong. In Honolulu, a rapidly growing center of world trade, public health officials implemented policies designed to prevent the entry of plague.Less
The bubonic plague pandemic of the 1890s originated in south-central China and spread through the rest of Asia and around the world along accelerated trade routes. Using the new science of bacteriology, Kitasato and Yersin identified the pestis bacillus in Hong Kong. In Honolulu, a rapidly growing center of world trade, public health officials implemented policies designed to prevent the entry of plague.
Patrick Stewart
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199751501
- eISBN:
- 9780199895366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751501.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
There is growing concern that weak and failing states breed new pandemics, thereby endangering global health. Public health has become a fundamental responsibility of the state and a precondition for ...
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There is growing concern that weak and failing states breed new pandemics, thereby endangering global health. Public health has become a fundamental responsibility of the state and a precondition for national security. When fragile states fail to invest in the well-being of their population or to respond to the outbreak of infectious disease, they can become vectors for the spread of disease beyond their borders. This chapter shows that a pandemic disease with global ramifications could occur almost anywhere—but there is no reason to presume that it will originate in the world's weakest states, rather than in another part of the developing world. To the extent that the most direct threat to US security comes from truly global, rapid-onset pandemics, the risks may actually be concentrated in relatively developed countries. Of course, this should not preclude efforts to combat endemic diseases in poor states, given their disastrous economic and human consequences.Less
There is growing concern that weak and failing states breed new pandemics, thereby endangering global health. Public health has become a fundamental responsibility of the state and a precondition for national security. When fragile states fail to invest in the well-being of their population or to respond to the outbreak of infectious disease, they can become vectors for the spread of disease beyond their borders. This chapter shows that a pandemic disease with global ramifications could occur almost anywhere—but there is no reason to presume that it will originate in the world's weakest states, rather than in another part of the developing world. To the extent that the most direct threat to US security comes from truly global, rapid-onset pandemics, the risks may actually be concentrated in relatively developed countries. Of course, this should not preclude efforts to combat endemic diseases in poor states, given their disastrous economic and human consequences.
Bertram J. Cohler
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195326789
- eISBN:
- 9780199870356
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326789.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter discusses the impact of the American “boy code” from the boy books of the 19th century to the present time on the current representations of boyhood in the accounts of men ...
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This chapter discusses the impact of the American “boy code” from the boy books of the 19th century to the present time on the current representations of boyhood in the accounts of men self-identifying as gay. These men represent four postwar generation-cohorts: (1) men who came of age in the 1960s, a time of nascent activism; (2) men who came of age in the 1970s with the emergence of the gay rights movement; (3) men who came of age in the 1980s with the appearance of the AIDS pandemic; and (4) men who came of age in the 1990s, when same-sex desire had become a recognized lifeway among urban men.Less
This chapter discusses the impact of the American “boy code” from the boy books of the 19th century to the present time on the current representations of boyhood in the accounts of men self-identifying as gay. These men represent four postwar generation-cohorts: (1) men who came of age in the 1960s, a time of nascent activism; (2) men who came of age in the 1970s with the emergence of the gay rights movement; (3) men who came of age in the 1980s with the appearance of the AIDS pandemic; and (4) men who came of age in the 1990s, when same-sex desire had become a recognized lifeway among urban men.
