Robert Kirk
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199285488
- eISBN:
- 9780191603150
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199285489.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
By definition, zombies would be behaviourally and physically just like us, but not conscious. If a zombie world is possible, then physicalism is false. Just as importantly, the seductive conception ...
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By definition, zombies would be behaviourally and physically just like us, but not conscious. If a zombie world is possible, then physicalism is false. Just as importantly, the seductive conception of phenomenal consciousness embodied by the zombie idea is fundamentally misconceived. One of this book’s two main aims is to bring out the incoherence of the zombie idea with the help of an intuitively appealing argument (the ‘sole-pictures argument’). The other is to develop a fresh approach to understanding phenomenal consciousness by exploiting two key notions: that of a ‘basic package’ of capacities which is necessary and sufficient for perception in the full sense; and that of ‘direct activity’, which, when combined with the basic package, is necessary and sufficient for perceptual consciousness. These definitions may apply to quite humble creatures, and even to suitably constructed artefacts.Less
By definition, zombies would be behaviourally and physically just like us, but not conscious. If a zombie world is possible, then physicalism is false. Just as importantly, the seductive conception of phenomenal consciousness embodied by the zombie idea is fundamentally misconceived. One of this book’s two main aims is to bring out the incoherence of the zombie idea with the help of an intuitively appealing argument (the ‘sole-pictures argument’). The other is to develop a fresh approach to understanding phenomenal consciousness by exploiting two key notions: that of a ‘basic package’ of capacities which is necessary and sufficient for perception in the full sense; and that of ‘direct activity’, which, when combined with the basic package, is necessary and sufficient for perceptual consciousness. These definitions may apply to quite humble creatures, and even to suitably constructed artefacts.
Melanie M. Morey and John J. Piderit
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305517
- eISBN:
- 9780199784813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305515.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter presents policy packages that draw together various recommendations included in the previous theme chapters. These packages include a variety of practical approaches, as well as ...
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This chapter presents policy packages that draw together various recommendations included in the previous theme chapters. These packages include a variety of practical approaches, as well as situation specific plans. For each type of university, two scenarios are considered: one in which minimum standards for Catholic identity are achieved; and a second scenario in which these standards are far from being met. Catholic universities can adopt and adapt these plans in developing their own coordinated strategies to strengthen their institutional Catholic culture. The recommendations and approaches outlined in this chapter address the components of culture, the leadership style of the president and, where appropriate, are articulated according to each of the four models of being a Catholic university. The chapter concludes with the estimated cost of training an adequate number of faculty in the Catholic intellectual tradition.Less
This chapter presents policy packages that draw together various recommendations included in the previous theme chapters. These packages include a variety of practical approaches, as well as situation specific plans. For each type of university, two scenarios are considered: one in which minimum standards for Catholic identity are achieved; and a second scenario in which these standards are far from being met. Catholic universities can adopt and adapt these plans in developing their own coordinated strategies to strengthen their institutional Catholic culture. The recommendations and approaches outlined in this chapter address the components of culture, the leadership style of the president and, where appropriate, are articulated according to each of the four models of being a Catholic university. The chapter concludes with the estimated cost of training an adequate number of faculty in the Catholic intellectual tradition.
Lane Kenworthy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199550593
- eISBN:
- 9780191720727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550593.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Economy
This chapter begins by examining the relationship between government benefits and inequality and between benefits and employment. It uses a new approach to measuring comparative benefit generosity, ...
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This chapter begins by examining the relationship between government benefits and inequality and between benefits and employment. It uses a new approach to measuring comparative benefit generosity, the outlines a policy package that can potentially provide generous benefits to working-age individuals and households who need them without creating excessive employment disincentives. The package features generous transfers to those unable to work due to involuntary job loss, sickness, disability, or family responsibilities. However, benefits provided on a temporary basis should be of relatively short duration, and eligibility criteria for those provided on a permanent basis should be fairly strict. In exchange for this strictness, extensive support should be provided for those entering or returning to the work force, in the form of training, job placement, public employment, and childcare. A key component of the benefit package is an employment-conditional earnings subsidy.Less
This chapter begins by examining the relationship between government benefits and inequality and between benefits and employment. It uses a new approach to measuring comparative benefit generosity, the outlines a policy package that can potentially provide generous benefits to working-age individuals and households who need them without creating excessive employment disincentives. The package features generous transfers to those unable to work due to involuntary job loss, sickness, disability, or family responsibilities. However, benefits provided on a temporary basis should be of relatively short duration, and eligibility criteria for those provided on a permanent basis should be fairly strict. In exchange for this strictness, extensive support should be provided for those entering or returning to the work force, in the form of training, job placement, public employment, and childcare. A key component of the benefit package is an employment-conditional earnings subsidy.
Gary Anderson
Olivia S. Mitchell (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199573349
- eISBN:
- 9780191721946
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573349.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Pensions and Pension Management
People covered by public pensions are often the subject of ‘pension envy’, that is, their benefits might seem more generous and their contributions lower than those offered by the private sector. Yet ...
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People covered by public pensions are often the subject of ‘pension envy’, that is, their benefits might seem more generous and their contributions lower than those offered by the private sector. Yet this book points out that such judgments are often inaccurate, since civil servants hold jobs with few counterparts in private industry, such as firefighters, police, judges, and teachers. Often these are riskier, dirtier, and demand more loyalty and discretion than would be required of a more mobile labour force in the private sector. The debate challenges traditional ideas about how the public employee labour contract is structured and raises questions about how such employees are attracted to the public sector, retained and motivated on the job, and retired, via an entire compensation package of wages and benefits. This book explores aspects of these schemes, addressing the cost and valuation debate, along with the political economy of how public pension asset pools are perceived and managed. The discussion also explores ways that public pensions can be strengthened in the US, Japan, Canada, and Germany.Less
People covered by public pensions are often the subject of ‘pension envy’, that is, their benefits might seem more generous and their contributions lower than those offered by the private sector. Yet this book points out that such judgments are often inaccurate, since civil servants hold jobs with few counterparts in private industry, such as firefighters, police, judges, and teachers. Often these are riskier, dirtier, and demand more loyalty and discretion than would be required of a more mobile labour force in the private sector. The debate challenges traditional ideas about how the public employee labour contract is structured and raises questions about how such employees are attracted to the public sector, retained and motivated on the job, and retired, via an entire compensation package of wages and benefits. This book explores aspects of these schemes, addressing the cost and valuation debate, along with the political economy of how public pension asset pools are perceived and managed. The discussion also explores ways that public pensions can be strengthened in the US, Japan, Canada, and Germany.
Robert E. Cole
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297320
- eISBN:
- 9780191711237
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297320.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter examines another key ICT industry — packaged software — of which Japan is a huge net importer. In what goes to the heart of the modularization issue, it is shown that the large ...
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This chapter examines another key ICT industry — packaged software — of which Japan is a huge net importer. In what goes to the heart of the modularization issue, it is shown that the large electronics firms were reluctant to unbundle hardware and software, and insisted on maintaining proprietary systems; indeed, free software was (is) frequently used to boost hardware sales. Spinning out software divisions into group companies led to the maintenance of this orientation, rather than the creation of independent software firms focused on innovation. In a so-called ‘curse of genba shugi’, it is argued that the shopfloor focus of Japanese manufacturing firms, despite its many positive contributions to productivity and quality, creates enormous pressures for customization, which adds heavy costs and forecloses benefits of standardization and corporate wide optimization that would come from the use of packaged software.Less
This chapter examines another key ICT industry — packaged software — of which Japan is a huge net importer. In what goes to the heart of the modularization issue, it is shown that the large electronics firms were reluctant to unbundle hardware and software, and insisted on maintaining proprietary systems; indeed, free software was (is) frequently used to boost hardware sales. Spinning out software divisions into group companies led to the maintenance of this orientation, rather than the creation of independent software firms focused on innovation. In a so-called ‘curse of genba shugi’, it is argued that the shopfloor focus of Japanese manufacturing firms, despite its many positive contributions to productivity and quality, creates enormous pressures for customization, which adds heavy costs and forecloses benefits of standardization and corporate wide optimization that would come from the use of packaged software.
Mandy J. Maguire and Guy O. Dove
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195188370
- eISBN:
- 9780199870462
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188370.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter examines the difficulty facing children attempting to learn novel event labels. Children must overcome what has become known as the “packaging problem”: they must figure out which event ...
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This chapter examines the difficulty facing children attempting to learn novel event labels. Children must overcome what has become known as the “packaging problem”: they must figure out which event components among the many that co-occur are bundled, or “packaged”, together within the meaning of an event word. It argues that children initially use two main sources of information to help them learn event words. The first is prelinguistic universal concepts, which give them a toehold into abstracting and labeling important event features. The second is the use of perceptual similarity across same-labeled exemplars, which initially makes verb meanings quite conservative and situation-specific.Less
This chapter examines the difficulty facing children attempting to learn novel event labels. Children must overcome what has become known as the “packaging problem”: they must figure out which event components among the many that co-occur are bundled, or “packaged”, together within the meaning of an event word. It argues that children initially use two main sources of information to help them learn event words. The first is prelinguistic universal concepts, which give them a toehold into abstracting and labeling important event features. The second is the use of perceptual similarity across same-labeled exemplars, which initially makes verb meanings quite conservative and situation-specific.
William R. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195336214
- eISBN:
- 9780199868537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336214.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
In 1989, partly as a result of America's participation in the 1972 International Biological Weapons Convention, but also in response to growing concerns about terrorist use of biological weapons, ...
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In 1989, partly as a result of America's participation in the 1972 International Biological Weapons Convention, but also in response to growing concerns about terrorist use of biological weapons, Congress passed the first of a series of bioterrorism acts, this one entitled The Antiterrorism Act of 1989. The next significant piece of legislation to appear had the grim title, The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996. A large-scale, bipartisan effort initiated in 1999 resulted in the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Act of 2002. In March of 2003, a Strategic National Stockpile (SNS)was created to ensure the rapid availability of anti-bioterror medicines and vaccines. Finally, in 2006, Congress produced a National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza. In this chapter, these various plans and strategies are evaluated for their ability to protect America during catastrophic biological emergencies.Less
In 1989, partly as a result of America's participation in the 1972 International Biological Weapons Convention, but also in response to growing concerns about terrorist use of biological weapons, Congress passed the first of a series of bioterrorism acts, this one entitled The Antiterrorism Act of 1989. The next significant piece of legislation to appear had the grim title, The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996. A large-scale, bipartisan effort initiated in 1999 resulted in the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Act of 2002. In March of 2003, a Strategic National Stockpile (SNS)was created to ensure the rapid availability of anti-bioterror medicines and vaccines. Finally, in 2006, Congress produced a National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza. In this chapter, these various plans and strategies are evaluated for their ability to protect America during catastrophic biological emergencies.
Pat Willmer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128610
- eISBN:
- 9781400838943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128610.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter examines the biology of pollen, the primary reward for flowers in an evolutionary sense and probably the resource for which animals first went to flowers. The inherent characteristics of ...
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This chapter examines the biology of pollen, the primary reward for flowers in an evolutionary sense and probably the resource for which animals first went to flowers. The inherent characteristics of pollen make it a useful resource to exploit as food, potentially collectable by almost any animal. It remains a crucial reward for pollen-eating and pollen-gathering visitors, such as some flies, some beetles, and virtually all bees. Pollen’s function as a reward of visitors is mutually incompatible with its function in reproduction. The chapter first describes the characteristics of pollen grains before discussing the storage and delivery of pollen in the plant. It then considers pollen packaging, pollen gathering by animals, pollen as food, and pollen preferences. It also explores the longevity and viability of pollen, pollen-only flowers, and pollen competition. Finally, it reflects on the question of how much pollen a plant “should” produce.Less
This chapter examines the biology of pollen, the primary reward for flowers in an evolutionary sense and probably the resource for which animals first went to flowers. The inherent characteristics of pollen make it a useful resource to exploit as food, potentially collectable by almost any animal. It remains a crucial reward for pollen-eating and pollen-gathering visitors, such as some flies, some beetles, and virtually all bees. Pollen’s function as a reward of visitors is mutually incompatible with its function in reproduction. The chapter first describes the characteristics of pollen grains before discussing the storage and delivery of pollen in the plant. It then considers pollen packaging, pollen gathering by animals, pollen as food, and pollen preferences. It also explores the longevity and viability of pollen, pollen-only flowers, and pollen competition. Finally, it reflects on the question of how much pollen a plant “should” produce.
Albert Weale, Geoffrey Pridham, Michelle Cini, Dimitrios Konstadakopulos, Martin Porter, and Brendan Flynn
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199257478
- eISBN:
- 9780191698460
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257478.003.0016
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, Environmental Politics
This chapter explores the issue dynamic associated with the 1994 packaging and packaging waste directive in the European Union. It offers a case study that focuses primarily on the processes of rule ...
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This chapter explores the issue dynamic associated with the 1994 packaging and packaging waste directive in the European Union. It offers a case study that focuses primarily on the processes of rule enactment rather than on the concern with implementation and impact in the case of water or the co-evolution of primary and secondary rules in the case of vehicle emissions. It seeks to provide answers to the two central questions: to what extent does the case show that there are routine and well-developed ways for dealing with environmental problems that rest upon participation of a set of actors at EU level; and how do such processes relate to the national level of decision-making? The consideration of the packaging and packaging waste directive allows exploration of one of the most contested areas in the single market or environmental policy issue dynamic, namely, waste management.Less
This chapter explores the issue dynamic associated with the 1994 packaging and packaging waste directive in the European Union. It offers a case study that focuses primarily on the processes of rule enactment rather than on the concern with implementation and impact in the case of water or the co-evolution of primary and secondary rules in the case of vehicle emissions. It seeks to provide answers to the two central questions: to what extent does the case show that there are routine and well-developed ways for dealing with environmental problems that rest upon participation of a set of actors at EU level; and how do such processes relate to the national level of decision-making? The consideration of the packaging and packaging waste directive allows exploration of one of the most contested areas in the single market or environmental policy issue dynamic, namely, waste management.
Yuriko Saito
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199278350
- eISBN:
- 9780191707001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278350.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
Our aesthetic judgments in everyday life are often intertwined with moral judgments, such as personal appearance, condition of one's possessions, and environmental eyesores. We also make ...
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Our aesthetic judgments in everyday life are often intertwined with moral judgments, such as personal appearance, condition of one's possessions, and environmental eyesores. We also make moral-aesthetic judgments on artifacts by considering how user-friendly artifacts and environments respond to the specific needs of the intended users with care, respect, and consideration through their sensuous surface and design features. Less obvious are the designed objects and environments that enrich the content of the users' experiences through sensitivity to their bodily engagement and the temporal dimension of the experience, typically embodied in green buildings, as well as gardens, the tea ceremony, food serving, and packaging in the Japanese tradition. These aesthetic manifestations of moral values indicate the significance of the aesthetic in everyday life in promoting a good life, and how sensitively and caringly designed environments and artifacts must be an essential ingredient of a good society.Less
Our aesthetic judgments in everyday life are often intertwined with moral judgments, such as personal appearance, condition of one's possessions, and environmental eyesores. We also make moral-aesthetic judgments on artifacts by considering how user-friendly artifacts and environments respond to the specific needs of the intended users with care, respect, and consideration through their sensuous surface and design features. Less obvious are the designed objects and environments that enrich the content of the users' experiences through sensitivity to their bodily engagement and the temporal dimension of the experience, typically embodied in green buildings, as well as gardens, the tea ceremony, food serving, and packaging in the Japanese tradition. These aesthetic manifestations of moral values indicate the significance of the aesthetic in everyday life in promoting a good life, and how sensitively and caringly designed environments and artifacts must be an essential ingredient of a good society.
Karen W. Tice
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199842780
- eISBN:
- 9780199933440
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199842780.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
In this chapter, three case studies explore the micro-politics of class in campus beauty pageants and training of campus queens. It analyzes how class is reduced to a matter of self-production, not ...
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In this chapter, three case studies explore the micro-politics of class in campus beauty pageants and training of campus queens. It analyzes how class is reduced to a matter of self-production, not social location, and inequality is seen as a result of improper subjectivities. It dissects the class-coded meanings and performances of poise, image, etiquette, social savvy, and body regulation within pageants. It also considers the diffusion of neo-liberal makeover technologies. Discourses of self-improvement, makeover, and class mobility in popular culture, especially the diffusion of reality TV to campuses, are emphasized. One case study analyzes the instruction in etiquette, style, and personal packaging designed to erase stigmatizing markers of class disadvantage that is championed at an annual national training conference for black college queens. Two other case studies analyze the performance of class proficiencies at two state-wide, predominantly white collegiate pageants, the Kentucky Derby Princess Festival and the Kentucky Mountain Laurel Festival.Less
In this chapter, three case studies explore the micro-politics of class in campus beauty pageants and training of campus queens. It analyzes how class is reduced to a matter of self-production, not social location, and inequality is seen as a result of improper subjectivities. It dissects the class-coded meanings and performances of poise, image, etiquette, social savvy, and body regulation within pageants. It also considers the diffusion of neo-liberal makeover technologies. Discourses of self-improvement, makeover, and class mobility in popular culture, especially the diffusion of reality TV to campuses, are emphasized. One case study analyzes the instruction in etiquette, style, and personal packaging designed to erase stigmatizing markers of class disadvantage that is championed at an annual national training conference for black college queens. Two other case studies analyze the performance of class proficiencies at two state-wide, predominantly white collegiate pageants, the Kentucky Derby Princess Festival and the Kentucky Mountain Laurel Festival.
Price V. Fishback
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195067255
- eISBN:
- 9780199855025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195067255.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter lays out the analytical framework, which shows how competition (exit) and collective action (voice) affected the economic welfare of coal miners. The framework starts with a basic ...
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This chapter lays out the analytical framework, which shows how competition (exit) and collective action (voice) affected the economic welfare of coal miners. The framework starts with a basic economic model in which employers compete with hundreds of other mines when hiring labor. The model of labor market competition is expanded to consider the impact of positive information and transportation costs. In competing for labor, employers could alter not only wages but a number of other features of the employment package, like safety or the quality of life in the company town. Unionization alters the nature of bargaining between miners and employers. Neoclassical labor economists argue that labor unions, by limiting labor supply to employers, raise wages for their members at the expense of non-union workers and employers. Unions in some settings can provide benefits to both employers and workers by helping workers negotiate workplace public goods, by cutting turnover, and by raising morale.Less
This chapter lays out the analytical framework, which shows how competition (exit) and collective action (voice) affected the economic welfare of coal miners. The framework starts with a basic economic model in which employers compete with hundreds of other mines when hiring labor. The model of labor market competition is expanded to consider the impact of positive information and transportation costs. In competing for labor, employers could alter not only wages but a number of other features of the employment package, like safety or the quality of life in the company town. Unionization alters the nature of bargaining between miners and employers. Neoclassical labor economists argue that labor unions, by limiting labor supply to employers, raise wages for their members at the expense of non-union workers and employers. Unions in some settings can provide benefits to both employers and workers by helping workers negotiate workplace public goods, by cutting turnover, and by raising morale.
Price V. Fishback
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195067255
- eISBN:
- 9780199855025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195067255.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Many argue that coal employers used company stores to exploit the coal miners. Because employers owned the store, some have argued that they exercised monopoly power, paying people in scrip that ...
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Many argue that coal employers used company stores to exploit the coal miners. Because employers owned the store, some have argued that they exercised monopoly power, paying people in scrip that could be used only at the store, charging exorbitant prices, and keeping miners in debt to the store. The company store's monopoly power in non-union districts was limited because store prices were part of an employment package offered to geographically mobile miners in a labor market with hundreds of mines. Alternative reasons for company ownership of stores exist, and those based on transactions costs theories of the firm are offered. Claims of high store prices based on scattered evidence are compared with the conclusions of the U.S. Coal Commission in 1922 and the Immigration Commission in 1909. Finally, the use of scrip and the extent of the miners' indebtedness are examined with evidence from archival sources and government investigations.Less
Many argue that coal employers used company stores to exploit the coal miners. Because employers owned the store, some have argued that they exercised monopoly power, paying people in scrip that could be used only at the store, charging exorbitant prices, and keeping miners in debt to the store. The company store's monopoly power in non-union districts was limited because store prices were part of an employment package offered to geographically mobile miners in a labor market with hundreds of mines. Alternative reasons for company ownership of stores exist, and those based on transactions costs theories of the firm are offered. Claims of high store prices based on scattered evidence are compared with the conclusions of the U.S. Coal Commission in 1922 and the Immigration Commission in 1909. Finally, the use of scrip and the extent of the miners' indebtedness are examined with evidence from archival sources and government investigations.
Henry Farrell and Louise Holten
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199259403
- eISBN:
- 9780191603020
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199259402.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter examines the packaging machinery cluster in Bologna. It focuses on the mix of governance institutions affecting the industrial district of packaging machine producers, and the ‘Emilian ...
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This chapter examines the packaging machinery cluster in Bologna. It focuses on the mix of governance institutions affecting the industrial district of packaging machine producers, and the ‘Emilian model’ as a whole — the state, associations, and relations among firms. It argues that local collective competition goods determine the success or failure of industrial districts.Less
This chapter examines the packaging machinery cluster in Bologna. It focuses on the mix of governance institutions affecting the industrial district of packaging machine producers, and the ‘Emilian model’ as a whole — the state, associations, and relations among firms. It argues that local collective competition goods determine the success or failure of industrial districts.
David Archard
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199590704
- eISBN:
- 9780191595547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590704.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
The chapter distinguishes between the parental obligation to ensure that the child has a parent and the responsibilities of acting as a parent. It argues that a causal theory of parental ...
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The chapter distinguishes between the parental obligation to ensure that the child has a parent and the responsibilities of acting as a parent. It argues that a causal theory of parental obligation—that those who cause children to exist thereby incur an obligation to ensure that they are adequately cared for—can be defended independently of a theory of parental rights, and has much to commend it. Nevertheless the causal theory must meet the difficulties of supplying a non‐arbitrary and non‐question‐begging account of who amongst those who caused a child to exist, and why only those amongst this set of persons, bears responsibility for caring for the child. The chapter then demonstrate the consistency of a causal theory of parental obligation with allowing others to act as parents to children they have not created. Someone thus can discharge their parental obligation by making provision for, or relying upon the institutional provision of, care of the child by willing and capable others.Less
The chapter distinguishes between the parental obligation to ensure that the child has a parent and the responsibilities of acting as a parent. It argues that a causal theory of parental obligation—that those who cause children to exist thereby incur an obligation to ensure that they are adequately cared for—can be defended independently of a theory of parental rights, and has much to commend it. Nevertheless the causal theory must meet the difficulties of supplying a non‐arbitrary and non‐question‐begging account of who amongst those who caused a child to exist, and why only those amongst this set of persons, bears responsibility for caring for the child. The chapter then demonstrate the consistency of a causal theory of parental obligation with allowing others to act as parents to children they have not created. Someone thus can discharge their parental obligation by making provision for, or relying upon the institutional provision of, care of the child by willing and capable others.
Wakefield Melanie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199566655
- eISBN:
- 9780191594410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566655.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The tobacco industry has been spectacularly successful in marketing its products over a long period of time. Advertising campaigns for cigarette brands such as Marlboro, Benson & Hedges, Winston, ...
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The tobacco industry has been spectacularly successful in marketing its products over a long period of time. Advertising campaigns for cigarette brands such as Marlboro, Benson & Hedges, Winston, Camel, and Lucky Strike have garnered positions in the top 100 list of all advertising campaigns. A distinguishing feature of tobacco industry marketing is that, rather than relying on traditional avenues such as television, radio, and print media, a full range of advertising and promotional opportunities has been used. This chapter first examines the gradual move by tobacco companies from measured media towards other marketing communications. It then focuses on two tobacco marketing communications of prime importance: point-of-sale marketing and tobacco packaging. The final section considers corporate social responsibility programmes and youth smoking prevention programmes, which have emerged as traditional avenues for advertising have been closed, or have threatened to be limited by tobacco control legislation or legal agreements.Less
The tobacco industry has been spectacularly successful in marketing its products over a long period of time. Advertising campaigns for cigarette brands such as Marlboro, Benson & Hedges, Winston, Camel, and Lucky Strike have garnered positions in the top 100 list of all advertising campaigns. A distinguishing feature of tobacco industry marketing is that, rather than relying on traditional avenues such as television, radio, and print media, a full range of advertising and promotional opportunities has been used. This chapter first examines the gradual move by tobacco companies from measured media towards other marketing communications. It then focuses on two tobacco marketing communications of prime importance: point-of-sale marketing and tobacco packaging. The final section considers corporate social responsibility programmes and youth smoking prevention programmes, which have emerged as traditional avenues for advertising have been closed, or have threatened to be limited by tobacco control legislation or legal agreements.
Giovanni Andrea Cornia and Vladimir Popov (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242184
- eISBN:
- 9780191697043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242184.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses the economic system in North Korea and investigates its past reform efforts. It also assesses North Korea's current reform measures and alternative policy packages. It ...
More
This chapter discusses the economic system in North Korea and investigates its past reform efforts. It also assesses North Korea's current reform measures and alternative policy packages. It concludes by identifying the factors responsible for both the crisis and outlines long-term solutions for the survival of the North Korean economic system. It highlights the open-door policy and explains the reasons why North Korea has opted for this strategy and is expected to follow it.Less
This chapter discusses the economic system in North Korea and investigates its past reform efforts. It also assesses North Korea's current reform measures and alternative policy packages. It concludes by identifying the factors responsible for both the crisis and outlines long-term solutions for the survival of the North Korean economic system. It highlights the open-door policy and explains the reasons why North Korea has opted for this strategy and is expected to follow it.
Lois K. Geller
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195158694
- eISBN:
- 9780199849420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158694.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter discusses advantages of a direct mail package compared to any advertising medium such as a television commercial or an ad in a newspaper. Creative techniques in the preparation of direct ...
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This chapter discusses advantages of a direct mail package compared to any advertising medium such as a television commercial or an ad in a newspaper. Creative techniques in the preparation of direct mail packages containing an envelope, the letter and the strategies in making a winning copy, typography and design, a brochure, an order form, and a business reply envelope, is further provided in this chapter. Another aspect of consideration in employing these techniques is the costs of printing where cost-effective methods are explained.Less
This chapter discusses advantages of a direct mail package compared to any advertising medium such as a television commercial or an ad in a newspaper. Creative techniques in the preparation of direct mail packages containing an envelope, the letter and the strategies in making a winning copy, typography and design, a brochure, an order form, and a business reply envelope, is further provided in this chapter. Another aspect of consideration in employing these techniques is the costs of printing where cost-effective methods are explained.
William V. Rapp
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195148138
- eISBN:
- 9780199849376
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148138.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
The competitive situation faced by a firm dictates what software strategies Level 2 and Level 3 IT users impose, how these companies determine their level of success, how they choose which software ...
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The competitive situation faced by a firm dictates what software strategies Level 2 and Level 3 IT users impose, how these companies determine their level of success, how they choose which software will best suit the needs of the company's goals and operations, and other such elements that are relevant in a company's overall business strategy. The development and selection of software generally depends on what the IT user needs, thus a company would have to consider having their software customized and progressively put into practice based on what works and what produces the best results from minimum costs. This chapter introduces packaged software which is best used for accounting and manufacturing operations as this type of semi-customized software is incorporated into the larger IT system of the company by means of proprietary middleware.Less
The competitive situation faced by a firm dictates what software strategies Level 2 and Level 3 IT users impose, how these companies determine their level of success, how they choose which software will best suit the needs of the company's goals and operations, and other such elements that are relevant in a company's overall business strategy. The development and selection of software generally depends on what the IT user needs, thus a company would have to consider having their software customized and progressively put into practice based on what works and what produces the best results from minimum costs. This chapter introduces packaged software which is best used for accounting and manufacturing operations as this type of semi-customized software is incorporated into the larger IT system of the company by means of proprietary middleware.
William V. Rapp
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195148138
- eISBN:
- 9780199849376
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148138.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
Although several companies from the United States, Japan, and Europe, are highly benefiting from IT use and development, this chapter observes that the path that these companies and their competitive ...
More
Although several companies from the United States, Japan, and Europe, are highly benefiting from IT use and development, this chapter observes that the path that these companies and their competitive environments are somehow experiencing convergence as it is realized that a firm's geographical base is seemingly unrelated to how the firm's IT practices. Unlike the firms in the United States and in Europe that utilize more customized software to strengthen their competitive value, IT users in Japan utilize semicustomization or packaged software which they heavily customize with their own proprietary systems. This chapter attempts to analyze the dynamics of IT use in Japan, how this has evolved, and how IT strategies in Japan may have been affected by such evolutions.Less
Although several companies from the United States, Japan, and Europe, are highly benefiting from IT use and development, this chapter observes that the path that these companies and their competitive environments are somehow experiencing convergence as it is realized that a firm's geographical base is seemingly unrelated to how the firm's IT practices. Unlike the firms in the United States and in Europe that utilize more customized software to strengthen their competitive value, IT users in Japan utilize semicustomization or packaged software which they heavily customize with their own proprietary systems. This chapter attempts to analyze the dynamics of IT use in Japan, how this has evolved, and how IT strategies in Japan may have been affected by such evolutions.
