Wai-Kee Li, Gong-Du Zhou, and Thomas Chung Wai Mak
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199216949
- eISBN:
- 9780191711992
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216949.003.0010
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
Following an extensive discussion on the symmetry of crystals in the previous chapter, a large number of crystal structures of inorganic compounds are collected in this chapter to familiarize readers ...
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Following an extensive discussion on the symmetry of crystals in the previous chapter, a large number of crystal structures of inorganic compounds are collected in this chapter to familiarize readers with the most common space groups. The basic crystal structures introduced include cubic closest packing (NaCl, CaF2, cubic ZnS, spinel compounds, etc.), hexagonal closest packing (hexagonal ZnS, NiAS, CdI2, α-Al2O3, rutile, etc.), body-centered cubic packing (α-AgI, CsCl, etc.). The final two sections of the chapter cover perovskite structure, including superconductors belonging to this structural type, and magnetic materials such as SmCo5, Sm2Co17 and Nd2Fe14B.Less
Following an extensive discussion on the symmetry of crystals in the previous chapter, a large number of crystal structures of inorganic compounds are collected in this chapter to familiarize readers with the most common space groups. The basic crystal structures introduced include cubic closest packing (NaCl, CaF2, cubic ZnS, spinel compounds, etc.), hexagonal closest packing (hexagonal ZnS, NiAS, CdI2, α-Al2O3, rutile, etc.), body-centered cubic packing (α-AgI, CsCl, etc.). The final two sections of the chapter cover perovskite structure, including superconductors belonging to this structural type, and magnetic materials such as SmCo5, Sm2Co17 and Nd2Fe14B.
Ádám Miklósi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199295852
- eISBN:
- 9780191711688
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199295852.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter provides a comparative background for the study of dog behaviour by introducing the main behavioural features of dog-like species of Canis. The main aim here is to give an understanding ...
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This chapter provides a comparative background for the study of dog behaviour by introducing the main behavioural features of dog-like species of Canis. The main aim here is to give an understanding of evolutionary and ecological constraints that might have played an important role in shaping the behaviour of this group of predators. Most emphasis is given to the behaviour of the wolf, which is considered to be the ancestor of all dogs living today. A detailed review of the social aspects of wolf behaviour offers also a comparison to the similar traits in feral dogs.Less
This chapter provides a comparative background for the study of dog behaviour by introducing the main behavioural features of dog-like species of Canis. The main aim here is to give an understanding of evolutionary and ecological constraints that might have played an important role in shaping the behaviour of this group of predators. Most emphasis is given to the behaviour of the wolf, which is considered to be the ancestor of all dogs living today. A detailed review of the social aspects of wolf behaviour offers also a comparison to the similar traits in feral dogs.
Roberta Green Ahmanson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195374360
- eISBN:
- 9780199871902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374360.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter explores some of the conceptual barriers that journalists face in covering religion, particularly the common modern assumption, shared by many journalists, that religions cannot be ...
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This chapter explores some of the conceptual barriers that journalists face in covering religion, particularly the common modern assumption, shared by many journalists, that religions cannot be understood as forms of knowledge. It recommends that journalists strive to understand what religion is, try to take seriously an individual’s faith or lack thereof, take history seriously, question their own assumptions and the assumptions of our time, consciously try to avoid “pack journalism,” and realize that even in religious affairs, details matter a great deal.Less
This chapter explores some of the conceptual barriers that journalists face in covering religion, particularly the common modern assumption, shared by many journalists, that religions cannot be understood as forms of knowledge. It recommends that journalists strive to understand what religion is, try to take seriously an individual’s faith or lack thereof, take history seriously, question their own assumptions and the assumptions of our time, consciously try to avoid “pack journalism,” and realize that even in religious affairs, details matter a great deal.
Mathew Penrose
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198506263
- eISBN:
- 9780191707858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198506263.003.0006
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter is concerned with maximum degree, clique number, and chromatic number. A focusing (i.e., two-point concentration) phenomenon is demonstrated for the distribution of the maximum degree in ...
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This chapter is concerned with maximum degree, clique number, and chromatic number. A focusing (i.e., two-point concentration) phenomenon is demonstrated for the distribution of the maximum degree in the subconnective regime, and likewise for clique number. Laws of large numbers are presented for maximum degree and clique number in the subconnective and connectivity regimes. For the chromatic number, a law of large numbers is presented in the subconnectivity regime, and bounds on its ratio to the clique number are given for the superconnective regime. These bounds are given in terms of packings of the unit ball.Less
This chapter is concerned with maximum degree, clique number, and chromatic number. A focusing (i.e., two-point concentration) phenomenon is demonstrated for the distribution of the maximum degree in the subconnective regime, and likewise for clique number. Laws of large numbers are presented for maximum degree and clique number in the subconnective and connectivity regimes. For the chromatic number, a law of large numbers is presented in the subconnectivity regime, and bounds on its ratio to the clique number are given for the superconnective regime. These bounds are given in terms of packings of the unit ball.
Eric Post
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148472
- eISBN:
- 9781400846139
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148472.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter discusses the niche concept. One of the earliest applications of the niche theory in quantitative ecology addressed the seemingly simple question of the extent to which the niches of two ...
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This chapter discusses the niche concept. One of the earliest applications of the niche theory in quantitative ecology addressed the seemingly simple question of the extent to which the niches of two species can overlap and allow co-occurrence or coexistence of the species. This question grew out of the then recent development of the notions of limiting similarity and niche packing, according to which coexistence among species with similar resource requirements was assumed to be promoted through minimization of niche overlap through divergence in habitat utilization patterns or character displacement. The answer is highly relevant in the context of climate change, or of any environmental change in general. Fluctuation in abiotic conditions such as mean annual temperature may be seen as just as important, if not more so, to the persistence or maintenance of the degree of niche overlap that is tolerable for co-occurring species as the trend in abiotic conditions itself.Less
This chapter discusses the niche concept. One of the earliest applications of the niche theory in quantitative ecology addressed the seemingly simple question of the extent to which the niches of two species can overlap and allow co-occurrence or coexistence of the species. This question grew out of the then recent development of the notions of limiting similarity and niche packing, according to which coexistence among species with similar resource requirements was assumed to be promoted through minimization of niche overlap through divergence in habitat utilization patterns or character displacement. The answer is highly relevant in the context of climate change, or of any environmental change in general. Fluctuation in abiotic conditions such as mean annual temperature may be seen as just as important, if not more so, to the persistence or maintenance of the degree of niche overlap that is tolerable for co-occurring species as the trend in abiotic conditions itself.
Eric M. Gese
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198515562
- eISBN:
- 9780191705632
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515562.003.0017
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
The coyote population at Yellowstone National Park (YNP), Wyoming, has not been subject to human persecution for several decades allowing for direct observation of their behaviour, interactions among ...
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The coyote population at Yellowstone National Park (YNP), Wyoming, has not been subject to human persecution for several decades allowing for direct observation of their behaviour, interactions among pack members, and how they deal with changes in their environment. From January 1991 to June 1993, data from over 2500 hours of direct observation were collected on members of five resident packs, five transient individuals, and eight dispersing animals, in the Lamar River Valley of YNP. This chapter synthesizes the findings of this study.Less
The coyote population at Yellowstone National Park (YNP), Wyoming, has not been subject to human persecution for several decades allowing for direct observation of their behaviour, interactions among pack members, and how they deal with changes in their environment. From January 1991 to June 1993, data from over 2500 hours of direct observation were collected on members of five resident packs, five transient individuals, and eight dispersing animals, in the Lamar River Valley of YNP. This chapter synthesizes the findings of this study.
Derek Smith
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691164038
- eISBN:
- 9781400881338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691164038.003.0009
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter discusses Slothouber–Graatsma–Conway puzzle, which asks one to assemble six 1 × 2 × 2 pieces and three 1 × 1 × 1 pieces into the shape of a 3 × 3 × 3 cube. The puzzle has been ...
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This chapter discusses Slothouber–Graatsma–Conway puzzle, which asks one to assemble six 1 × 2 × 2 pieces and three 1 × 1 × 1 pieces into the shape of a 3 × 3 × 3 cube. The puzzle has been generalized to larger cubes, and there is an infinite family of such puzzles. The chapter's primary argument is that, for any odd positive integer n = 2k + 1, there is exactly one way, up to symmetry, to make an n × n × n cube out of n tiny 1 × 1 × 1 cubes and six of each of a set of rectangular blocks. The chapter describes a way to solve each puzzle in the family and explains why there are no other solutions. It then presents several related open problems.Less
This chapter discusses Slothouber–Graatsma–Conway puzzle, which asks one to assemble six 1 × 2 × 2 pieces and three 1 × 1 × 1 pieces into the shape of a 3 × 3 × 3 cube. The puzzle has been generalized to larger cubes, and there is an infinite family of such puzzles. The chapter's primary argument is that, for any odd positive integer n = 2k + 1, there is exactly one way, up to symmetry, to make an n × n × n cube out of n tiny 1 × 1 × 1 cubes and six of each of a set of rectangular blocks. The chapter describes a way to solve each puzzle in the family and explains why there are no other solutions. It then presents several related open problems.
Christopher Hodges
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199282555
- eISBN:
- 9780191700217
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282555.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
The objectives of control of the manufacturing environment are to ensure the quality and consistency of products that are made and that they conform to the approved design. Failure of quality control ...
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The objectives of control of the manufacturing environment are to ensure the quality and consistency of products that are made and that they conform to the approved design. Failure of quality control procedures can occur with any product, and problems arise relatively frequently over standards of preparation of food, where there are so many locations involved. Particular packing materials have sometimes been recognized as giving rise to safety concerns. The result is that it is rare for manufacturing quality defects to arise in relation to medicinal products. The need to control manufacturing processes so as to ensure consistency is self-recommending for all utility products that are engineered or comprise chemical substances, so it may be questioned why this is not a requirement for all product sectors. The New Approach model shows that a variable approach can be achieved that may not overload small manufacturers.Less
The objectives of control of the manufacturing environment are to ensure the quality and consistency of products that are made and that they conform to the approved design. Failure of quality control procedures can occur with any product, and problems arise relatively frequently over standards of preparation of food, where there are so many locations involved. Particular packing materials have sometimes been recognized as giving rise to safety concerns. The result is that it is rare for manufacturing quality defects to arise in relation to medicinal products. The need to control manufacturing processes so as to ensure consistency is self-recommending for all utility products that are engineered or comprise chemical substances, so it may be questioned why this is not a requirement for all product sectors. The New Approach model shows that a variable approach can be achieved that may not overload small manufacturers.
DOUGLAS L. DORSET
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198529088
- eISBN:
- 9780191712838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529088.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
This chapter discusses energetic principles important for the close packing of linear polymethylene chains that lead to favoured layer packing arrays, revealing that a hard sphere repulsive model is ...
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This chapter discusses energetic principles important for the close packing of linear polymethylene chains that lead to favoured layer packing arrays, revealing that a hard sphere repulsive model is a good first approximation. The methylene subcell concept is introduced, both from a theoretical basis as well as from observation, based on known crystal structures of representative materials. Convenient methods for identifying methylene subcells, based on powder diffraction, electron diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy, are presented.Less
This chapter discusses energetic principles important for the close packing of linear polymethylene chains that lead to favoured layer packing arrays, revealing that a hard sphere repulsive model is a good first approximation. The methylene subcell concept is introduced, both from a theoretical basis as well as from observation, based on known crystal structures of representative materials. Convenient methods for identifying methylene subcells, based on powder diffraction, electron diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy, are presented.
DOUGLAS L. DORSET
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198529088
- eISBN:
- 9780191712838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529088.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
This chapter introduces thermally induced disorder in chain packing. A generalization of chain melting points is presented. Temperature-dependent polymorphic progressions are discussed for odd- or ...
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This chapter introduces thermally induced disorder in chain packing. A generalization of chain melting points is presented. Temperature-dependent polymorphic progressions are discussed for odd- or even-chains, as well as the existence of metastable phases. The stability domain of the chain rotator phase is presented as well as the disorder mechanism for chains that cannot form this mesophase. Spectroscopic and diffraction evidence for structural changes, including the inclusion of non-planar conformational defects, is presented.Less
This chapter introduces thermally induced disorder in chain packing. A generalization of chain melting points is presented. Temperature-dependent polymorphic progressions are discussed for odd- or even-chains, as well as the existence of metastable phases. The stability domain of the chain rotator phase is presented as well as the disorder mechanism for chains that cannot form this mesophase. Spectroscopic and diffraction evidence for structural changes, including the inclusion of non-planar conformational defects, is presented.
DOUGLAS L. DORSET
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198529088
- eISBN:
- 9780191712838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529088.003.0006
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
This chapter discusses the effect of simple atomic substitutions to paraffin chains on their crystal structures. Although perfluoroalkanes (replacing H- by F-) are not co-soluble with n-paraffins, ...
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This chapter discusses the effect of simple atomic substitutions to paraffin chains on their crystal structures. Although perfluoroalkanes (replacing H- by F-) are not co-soluble with n-paraffins, the volumetric rules for their solid solution stability found for the latter are retained. Crystal structures are given for perfluoroalkanes and ‘detergents’ based on paraffin-perfluoralkane diblock molecules. Introduction of an ether or amine linkage in an n-paraffin (replacing CH2 by O or NH) induces subtle changes to the layer packing. Insertion of a trans-unsaturation in the chain requires the layer packing to accommodate an internal molecular kink. Ethers and unsaturated chains may not be co-soluble with similar length n-paraffins.Less
This chapter discusses the effect of simple atomic substitutions to paraffin chains on their crystal structures. Although perfluoroalkanes (replacing H- by F-) are not co-soluble with n-paraffins, the volumetric rules for their solid solution stability found for the latter are retained. Crystal structures are given for perfluoroalkanes and ‘detergents’ based on paraffin-perfluoralkane diblock molecules. Introduction of an ether or amine linkage in an n-paraffin (replacing CH2 by O or NH) induces subtle changes to the layer packing. Insertion of a trans-unsaturation in the chain requires the layer packing to accommodate an internal molecular kink. Ethers and unsaturated chains may not be co-soluble with similar length n-paraffins.
A. S. Argon
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198516002
- eISBN:
- 9780191705717
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198516002.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
Crystal plasticity is overwhelmingly a consequence of the self similar translations of dislocations, which is viewed as a limiting form of more general shear transformations that also include ...
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Crystal plasticity is overwhelmingly a consequence of the self similar translations of dislocations, which is viewed as a limiting form of more general shear transformations that also include twinning and martensitic transformations. Unlike elastic deformation, which can be homogeneous down to the atomic scale, plastic deformation involving dislocation translations or other shear transformations are locally discrete and inhomogeneous. Plasticity can be viewed as homogeneous only when the discrete processes are homogenized over a representative volume element (RVE), large enough to represent quasi-smooth behavior. Thus, for the purpose of viewing plasticity as a continuum field theory, its applicability is limited to volume elements no smaller than the RVE over which processes have been homogenized. In this chapter, the essential kinematics of inelastic deformation is introduced broadly. This is followed by the development of dislocation line properties that are associated with plastic strain production and the expenditure of plastic work in crystal plasticity, including concepts of dislocation line tension, dislocation mass, forms of interaction of dislocations with applied stresses, with each other, with free surfaces, and inhomogeneities. The principles of thermally activated deformation processes are introduced and then applied to dislocation glide and overcoming of local obstacles by thermal assistance. The detailed developments of dislocation properties emphasize face centered cubic crystals, including a full complement of partial dislocation and their dislocation.Less
Crystal plasticity is overwhelmingly a consequence of the self similar translations of dislocations, which is viewed as a limiting form of more general shear transformations that also include twinning and martensitic transformations. Unlike elastic deformation, which can be homogeneous down to the atomic scale, plastic deformation involving dislocation translations or other shear transformations are locally discrete and inhomogeneous. Plasticity can be viewed as homogeneous only when the discrete processes are homogenized over a representative volume element (RVE), large enough to represent quasi-smooth behavior. Thus, for the purpose of viewing plasticity as a continuum field theory, its applicability is limited to volume elements no smaller than the RVE over which processes have been homogenized. In this chapter, the essential kinematics of inelastic deformation is introduced broadly. This is followed by the development of dislocation line properties that are associated with plastic strain production and the expenditure of plastic work in crystal plasticity, including concepts of dislocation line tension, dislocation mass, forms of interaction of dislocations with applied stresses, with each other, with free surfaces, and inhomogeneities. The principles of thermally activated deformation processes are introduced and then applied to dislocation glide and overcoming of local obstacles by thermal assistance. The detailed developments of dislocation properties emphasize face centered cubic crystals, including a full complement of partial dislocation and their dislocation.
Frank H. Herbstein
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198526605
- eISBN:
- 9780191712142
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198526605.003.0010
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
In binary packing complexes, there is no preferential bonding between types of component — either between like or between unlike components. A large variety of phase diagrams and structural types are ...
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In binary packing complexes, there is no preferential bonding between types of component — either between like or between unlike components. A large variety of phase diagrams and structural types are found, and there are resemblances to metal-alloy systems. Correlation of phase diagrams and crystal structures can be considerably hampered by the occurrence of disorder and conformational isomerism. When the components resemble each other chemically and geometrically, extensive solid solution can occur with possibilities of order and/or disorder. A few solid solutions of the interstitial type are known. These form especially when the component molecules differ appreciably in size, and are not always clearly distinguishable from some clathrates. The best defined group is that analogous to intermetallic compounds. Here, the molecular complex forms a phase different from those of its components, although echoes of structural features of one or both components often appear in the structure of the molecular complex, then dubbed ‘mimetic’. Molecular complexes of the fullerenes (C60, C70, and C76) are among the examples of ‘ordered packing complexes’ discussed. Crystals containing ‘solvent of crystallization’ are included in this group when there is no preferential host-host or host-guest interaction.Less
In binary packing complexes, there is no preferential bonding between types of component — either between like or between unlike components. A large variety of phase diagrams and structural types are found, and there are resemblances to metal-alloy systems. Correlation of phase diagrams and crystal structures can be considerably hampered by the occurrence of disorder and conformational isomerism. When the components resemble each other chemically and geometrically, extensive solid solution can occur with possibilities of order and/or disorder. A few solid solutions of the interstitial type are known. These form especially when the component molecules differ appreciably in size, and are not always clearly distinguishable from some clathrates. The best defined group is that analogous to intermetallic compounds. Here, the molecular complex forms a phase different from those of its components, although echoes of structural features of one or both components often appear in the structure of the molecular complex, then dubbed ‘mimetic’. Molecular complexes of the fullerenes (C60, C70, and C76) are among the examples of ‘ordered packing complexes’ discussed. Crystals containing ‘solvent of crystallization’ are included in this group when there is no preferential host-host or host-guest interaction.
Dennis Sherwood and Jon Cooper
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199559046
- eISBN:
- 9780191595028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559046.003.0013
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
This chapter describes a range of methods for solving the phase problem when a structure that is similar to the one being analysed has already been determined. These methods generally rely on ...
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This chapter describes a range of methods for solving the phase problem when a structure that is similar to the one being analysed has already been determined. These methods generally rely on comparing the Patterson function of the unknown structure (calculated from its diffraction intensities) with that calculated from the known structure. For computational expedience, the comparison of the two Patterson functions is done in two stages known as the rotation function and the translation function. In the rotation function, the Patterson of the search model is rotated through various angles and compared with the target Patterson — the orientation which gives the highest correlation with the target Patterson indicates a likely solution. The correct position of the search model within the target unit cell can then be determined essentially by calculating the inter-molecular vectors at a series of trial positions and comparing them with the target Patterson — this is known as the translation function. The variables affecting these calculations are discussed and methods for verifying the results are described, as are recent developments in bioinformatics which can be exploited to optimise the search model.Less
This chapter describes a range of methods for solving the phase problem when a structure that is similar to the one being analysed has already been determined. These methods generally rely on comparing the Patterson function of the unknown structure (calculated from its diffraction intensities) with that calculated from the known structure. For computational expedience, the comparison of the two Patterson functions is done in two stages known as the rotation function and the translation function. In the rotation function, the Patterson of the search model is rotated through various angles and compared with the target Patterson — the orientation which gives the highest correlation with the target Patterson indicates a likely solution. The correct position of the search model within the target unit cell can then be determined essentially by calculating the inter-molecular vectors at a series of trial positions and comparing them with the target Patterson — this is known as the translation function. The variables affecting these calculations are discussed and methods for verifying the results are described, as are recent developments in bioinformatics which can be exploited to optimise the search model.
Stephen Instone (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- February 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780856686689
- eISBN:
- 9781800343160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9780856686689.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Poetry and Poets: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter shows the abbreviations used in Pindar's Odes, such as Allen for Homeri opera V., Hymnos, Cyclum, fragmenta etc. continens, ed. T. W. Allen (Oxford, 1912). It includes ABV Attic ...
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This chapter shows the abbreviations used in Pindar's Odes, such as Allen for Homeri opera V., Hymnos, Cyclum, fragmenta etc. continens, ed. T. W. Allen (Oxford, 1912). It includes ABV Attic black-figure vase-painters, J. D. Beazley (Oxford, 1956) and ARV2 for Attic red-figure vase-painters, J. D. Beazley, 2nd edition (Oxford, 1963). It also covers Davies for Epicorum Graecorum fragmenta, ed. M. Davies, (Gottingen, 1988), K-G for R. Kuhner, Ausfuhrliche Grammatik der griechischen Sprache, 2. Teil besorgt von B. Gerth (Hanover, 1898-1904). The chapter mentions N for Tragicorum Graecorum fragmenta, ed. A. Nauck, 2nd edition 1889, with supplement by B. Snell (Hildesheim, 1964) and Pack for The Greek and Latin literary texts from Greco-Roman Egypt, ed. R.A. Pack, 2nd edition (Ann Arbor, 1965). It lists SEG for Supplementum epigraphicum Graecum (Leiden, 1923-) and SLG for Supplementum lyricis Graecis, ed. D. L. Page, (Oxford, 1974).Less
This chapter shows the abbreviations used in Pindar's Odes, such as Allen for Homeri opera V., Hymnos, Cyclum, fragmenta etc. continens, ed. T. W. Allen (Oxford, 1912). It includes ABV Attic black-figure vase-painters, J. D. Beazley (Oxford, 1956) and ARV2 for Attic red-figure vase-painters, J. D. Beazley, 2nd edition (Oxford, 1963). It also covers Davies for Epicorum Graecorum fragmenta, ed. M. Davies, (Gottingen, 1988), K-G for R. Kuhner, Ausfuhrliche Grammatik der griechischen Sprache, 2. Teil besorgt von B. Gerth (Hanover, 1898-1904). The chapter mentions N for Tragicorum Graecorum fragmenta, ed. A. Nauck, 2nd edition 1889, with supplement by B. Snell (Hildesheim, 1964) and Pack for The Greek and Latin literary texts from Greco-Roman Egypt, ed. R.A. Pack, 2nd edition (Ann Arbor, 1965). It lists SEG for Supplementum epigraphicum Graecum (Leiden, 1923-) and SLG for Supplementum lyricis Graecis, ed. D. L. Page, (Oxford, 1974).
Eduardo Posada-Carbó
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206286
- eISBN:
- 9780191677069
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206286.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
In spite of its significance to the economy of the Colombian Caribbean, the livestock industry has been neglected in the historiography. This chapter revises stereotypes about the cattle industry in ...
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In spite of its significance to the economy of the Colombian Caribbean, the livestock industry has been neglected in the historiography. This chapter revises stereotypes about the cattle industry in the overall context of the region's history. It examines the structure of the market to show that, far from being a monopoly of the few, the industry was a widespread activity that, while integrating the region through the different stages of cattle production, encouraged the early formation of a national market. A detailed study of a cattle hacienda illustrates how the industry was organized to meet the demand for beef in the Andean interior. The role played by the exports of livestock and the frustrating attempts to develop a meat-packing industry are also considered. Finally, the chapter looks briefly at hides, leather, and dairy products such as milk and cheese.Less
In spite of its significance to the economy of the Colombian Caribbean, the livestock industry has been neglected in the historiography. This chapter revises stereotypes about the cattle industry in the overall context of the region's history. It examines the structure of the market to show that, far from being a monopoly of the few, the industry was a widespread activity that, while integrating the region through the different stages of cattle production, encouraged the early formation of a national market. A detailed study of a cattle hacienda illustrates how the industry was organized to meet the demand for beef in the Andean interior. The role played by the exports of livestock and the frustrating attempts to develop a meat-packing industry are also considered. Finally, the chapter looks briefly at hides, leather, and dairy products such as milk and cheese.
Mark Bernard
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780748685493
- eISBN:
- 9781474406444
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748685493.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This book explores the role of the DVD market in the growth of ultraviolent horror in the 2000s and assesses how the emergence of the market changed cultural and industrial attitudes to horror films ...
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This book explores the role of the DVD market in the growth of ultraviolent horror in the 2000s and assesses how the emergence of the market changed cultural and industrial attitudes to horror films and film ratings. Focusing on the films of the Splat Pack (a group made up of film makers such as Eli Roth, Rob Zombie, James Wan, and Alexandre Aja), it argues that brutal American horror movies (such as the Saw and Hostel films) were products of, rather than reactions to, film industry policy. The book includes an overview of the history of the American horror film from an industry studies perspective, an analysis of how the DVD market influenced the production of American horror films, and an examination of the films made by Splat Pack members.Less
This book explores the role of the DVD market in the growth of ultraviolent horror in the 2000s and assesses how the emergence of the market changed cultural and industrial attitudes to horror films and film ratings. Focusing on the films of the Splat Pack (a group made up of film makers such as Eli Roth, Rob Zombie, James Wan, and Alexandre Aja), it argues that brutal American horror movies (such as the Saw and Hostel films) were products of, rather than reactions to, film industry policy. The book includes an overview of the history of the American horror film from an industry studies perspective, an analysis of how the DVD market influenced the production of American horror films, and an examination of the films made by Splat Pack members.
Gastone Gilli and Paola Gilli
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199558964
- eISBN:
- 9780191720949
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558964.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
Functional H-bonds are H-bonds which are significantly stronger than the surrounding ones and, for this reason, can play a specific role in the mechanism of action of important chemical or ...
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Functional H-bonds are H-bonds which are significantly stronger than the surrounding ones and, for this reason, can play a specific role in the mechanism of action of important chemical or biochemical processes. This chapter reports a preliminary collection of these bonds organized in a graphic gallery of cases with little discussion, a collection of themes which have already been, or deserve to be, investigated to unravel the true role played by the H-bond in natural systems. Themes treated include: RAHB-driven processes (prototropic tautomerism in heteroconjugated systems, secondary structure of proteins, and DNA base pairing); H-bond-controlled crystal packing; bistable H-bonds in functional molecular materials (ferro/antiferroelectric crystals, excited-state proton transfer); low-barrier charge-assisted H-bonds in enzymatic catalysis (the catalytic triad of serine proteases; and proton transmission in water chains (Grotthuss mechanism, gramicidine A channel, aquaporin channels).Less
Functional H-bonds are H-bonds which are significantly stronger than the surrounding ones and, for this reason, can play a specific role in the mechanism of action of important chemical or biochemical processes. This chapter reports a preliminary collection of these bonds organized in a graphic gallery of cases with little discussion, a collection of themes which have already been, or deserve to be, investigated to unravel the true role played by the H-bond in natural systems. Themes treated include: RAHB-driven processes (prototropic tautomerism in heteroconjugated systems, secondary structure of proteins, and DNA base pairing); H-bond-controlled crystal packing; bistable H-bonds in functional molecular materials (ferro/antiferroelectric crystals, excited-state proton transfer); low-barrier charge-assisted H-bonds in enzymatic catalysis (the catalytic triad of serine proteases; and proton transmission in water chains (Grotthuss mechanism, gramicidine A channel, aquaporin channels).
Grégoire Chamayou and Steven Rendall
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151656
- eISBN:
- 9781400842254
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151656.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter considers situations in which, independent of the impetus provided by a central power, a pack sometimes assembles in spite of itself, sometimes even against itself, for a manhunt. For ...
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This chapter considers situations in which, independent of the impetus provided by a central power, a pack sometimes assembles in spite of itself, sometimes even against itself, for a manhunt. For there to be a pack, individuals have to gather together. A pack is a collective being that draws its strength from numbers. Once caught, the prey will succumb to a multitude of blows or bites: all the pack's members will have killed the prey, but none of them will be the killer. The pack deindividualizes its members. Its unity is merely temporary, however. Once the hunt is over, it disperses. The question of manhunts as forms of collective mobilization is thus constantly raised in terms of the enigmatic resurgence or mysterious relapse into a primitive barbarity. So the riddle can be formulated this way: how can archaic violence reemerge at the very heart of civilization? A case in point is the event of lynching. Feminists have proposed a theory of the continuum of sexist violence. The thesis holds equally well for racist violence.Less
This chapter considers situations in which, independent of the impetus provided by a central power, a pack sometimes assembles in spite of itself, sometimes even against itself, for a manhunt. For there to be a pack, individuals have to gather together. A pack is a collective being that draws its strength from numbers. Once caught, the prey will succumb to a multitude of blows or bites: all the pack's members will have killed the prey, but none of them will be the killer. The pack deindividualizes its members. Its unity is merely temporary, however. Once the hunt is over, it disperses. The question of manhunts as forms of collective mobilization is thus constantly raised in terms of the enigmatic resurgence or mysterious relapse into a primitive barbarity. So the riddle can be formulated this way: how can archaic violence reemerge at the very heart of civilization? A case in point is the event of lynching. Feminists have proposed a theory of the continuum of sexist violence. The thesis holds equally well for racist violence.
Sergry V. Krivovichev
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213207
- eISBN:
- 9780191707117
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213207.003.0005
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
This chapter is devoted to alternative approaches to description of complex structures of inorganic oxysalts. These include, first, treatment in terms of anion-centered polyhedra (either tetrahedra ...
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This chapter is devoted to alternative approaches to description of complex structures of inorganic oxysalts. These include, first, treatment in terms of anion-centered polyhedra (either tetrahedra or octahedra). The history of this approach is considered and its effectiveness is demonstrated. Many examples of structural units based upon anion-centered polyhedra are provided (e.g., stella quadrangula and inverted perovskites). The second approach examined is description in terms of cation arrays, this is the most suitable description for structures with large and heavy cations (e.g., lanthanoids). As example, the structural chemistry of rare earth fluoride carbonates is discussed.Less
This chapter is devoted to alternative approaches to description of complex structures of inorganic oxysalts. These include, first, treatment in terms of anion-centered polyhedra (either tetrahedra or octahedra). The history of this approach is considered and its effectiveness is demonstrated. Many examples of structural units based upon anion-centered polyhedra are provided (e.g., stella quadrangula and inverted perovskites). The second approach examined is description in terms of cation arrays, this is the most suitable description for structures with large and heavy cations (e.g., lanthanoids). As example, the structural chemistry of rare earth fluoride carbonates is discussed.