J. R. Hicks
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198772866
- eISBN:
- 9780191596414
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198772866.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This book, first published in 1973, takes up an important approach to capital which had gone out of fashion. There has been some recent renewed interest in this approach. The ‘Austrian’ theory of ...
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This book, first published in 1973, takes up an important approach to capital which had gone out of fashion. There has been some recent renewed interest in this approach. The ‘Austrian’ theory of capital concentrates on the inputs and outputs in the productive process, and has an advantage over more modern theories of economic dynamics in that it is more naturally expressible in economic terms: the production process over time is taken as a whole, rather than disintegrated. However, this approach had been largely abandoned because it seemed to be unable to deal with fixed capital. The book overcomes this problem here by allowing for a sequence of outputs, and the consequences for dynamic economics are profound and novel.Less
This book, first published in 1973, takes up an important approach to capital which had gone out of fashion. There has been some recent renewed interest in this approach. The ‘Austrian’ theory of capital concentrates on the inputs and outputs in the productive process, and has an advantage over more modern theories of economic dynamics in that it is more naturally expressible in economic terms: the production process over time is taken as a whole, rather than disintegrated. However, this approach had been largely abandoned because it seemed to be unable to deal with fixed capital. The book overcomes this problem here by allowing for a sequence of outputs, and the consequences for dynamic economics are profound and novel.
Michio Morishima
- Published in print:
- 1963
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198281450
- eISBN:
- 9780191596650
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198281455.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book brings together papers that were published by the author in several journals, and which have been revised and contain some new material. The main model carried through the whole book is ...
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This book brings together papers that were published by the author in several journals, and which have been revised and contain some new material. The main model carried through the whole book is Leontief's input–output system, which is dynamized from various points of view. Chapter 1 discusses formal similarities between the exchange equilibrium under weak gross substitutability and the static input–output system. Chapter 2 is concerned with the stability of the mixed Walras–Leontief system. Chapters 3 and 4 are companion chapters dealing with a mixture of the dynamic Leontief system and the Walrasian model of capital formation. Chapters 5 and 6 are devoted to an analysis of the von Neumann model of economic expansion, which may be considered as a variant of the dynamic Leontief system. Finally, an Appendix generalizes the classical theorems on non‐negative matrices to systems of non‐linear and homogeneous functions.Less
This book brings together papers that were published by the author in several journals, and which have been revised and contain some new material. The main model carried through the whole book is Leontief's input–output system, which is dynamized from various points of view. Chapter 1 discusses formal similarities between the exchange equilibrium under weak gross substitutability and the static input–output system. Chapter 2 is concerned with the stability of the mixed Walras–Leontief system. Chapters 3 and 4 are companion chapters dealing with a mixture of the dynamic Leontief system and the Walrasian model of capital formation. Chapters 5 and 6 are devoted to an analysis of the von Neumann model of economic expansion, which may be considered as a variant of the dynamic Leontief system. Finally, an Appendix generalizes the classical theorems on non‐negative matrices to systems of non‐linear and homogeneous functions.
Olivier Blanchard
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293996
- eISBN:
- 9780191595998
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293992.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Transition in Central and Eastern Europe has led to a U‐shaped response of output, that is, a sharp decline in output followed by recovery. Six years after the beginning of transition, most of the ...
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Transition in Central and Eastern Europe has led to a U‐shaped response of output, that is, a sharp decline in output followed by recovery. Six years after the beginning of transition, most of the countries of Central Europe now seem firmly on the upside. Most of the countries of Eastern Europe are still close to the bottom of the U; an optimistic view is that they are now negotiating the turn.This U‐shaped response of output, its causes and its implications, is the subject of this book. That transition came with an often‐large initial decrease in output should be seen as a puzzle. After all, the previous economic system was characterized by myriad distortions. One might have expected that removing most of them would lead to a large increase, not decrease in output. This is not what happened. The purpose of this book is to understand why, and to draw general lessons.Less
Transition in Central and Eastern Europe has led to a U‐shaped response of output, that is, a sharp decline in output followed by recovery. Six years after the beginning of transition, most of the countries of Central Europe now seem firmly on the upside. Most of the countries of Eastern Europe are still close to the bottom of the U; an optimistic view is that they are now negotiating the turn.
This U‐shaped response of output, its causes and its implications, is the subject of this book. That transition came with an often‐large initial decrease in output should be seen as a puzzle. After all, the previous economic system was characterized by myriad distortions. One might have expected that removing most of them would lead to a large increase, not decrease in output. This is not what happened. The purpose of this book is to understand why, and to draw general lessons.
W. M. Gorman
C. Blackorby and A. F. Shorrocks (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198285212
- eISBN:
- 9780191596322
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198285213.003.0026
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
A weakness of the paper ’Aggregation in the short and long run’ (Ch. 25) is the use of strong convexity assumptions––these assumptions seem easier to justify in the short run, rather than the long ...
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A weakness of the paper ’Aggregation in the short and long run’ (Ch. 25) is the use of strong convexity assumptions––these assumptions seem easier to justify in the short run, rather than the long run. In this paper (which is from an unpublished typescript from Nuffield College, Oxford, 1982), all firms, actual and potential, have constant‐returns‐to‐scale technologies, hence, those that actually exist in any particular equilibrium are determined endogenously, but their outputs are of course undetermined; this is consistent with the structure of many general equilibrium models. Gorman begins by assuming that there is an input aggregate in each firm as well as in the economy as a whole; as in Ch. 25, this implies the existence of an output aggregate in each firm and in the economy. Equilibrium is characterized by zero profits and a finite production plan for every firm, and this in turn determines those firms that exist in the equilibrium. The main result is one seen in the previous aggregation papers: an aggregate exists if and only if it is deployed efficiently among those firms producing positive outputs.Less
A weakness of the paper ’Aggregation in the short and long run’ (Ch. 25) is the use of strong convexity assumptions––these assumptions seem easier to justify in the short run, rather than the long run. In this paper (which is from an unpublished typescript from Nuffield College, Oxford, 1982), all firms, actual and potential, have constant‐returns‐to‐scale technologies, hence, those that actually exist in any particular equilibrium are determined endogenously, but their outputs are of course undetermined; this is consistent with the structure of many general equilibrium models. Gorman begins by assuming that there is an input aggregate in each firm as well as in the economy as a whole; as in Ch. 25, this implies the existence of an output aggregate in each firm and in the economy. Equilibrium is characterized by zero profits and a finite production plan for every firm, and this in turn determines those firms that exist in the equilibrium. The main result is one seen in the previous aggregation papers: an aggregate exists if and only if it is deployed efficiently among those firms producing positive outputs.
John P. Burkett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195189629
- eISBN:
- 9780199850778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189629.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter discusses microeconomic theories of marginal products and factor proportions. It explains that factor's marginal product is the ratio of an increase in output to a small increase in ...
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This chapter discusses microeconomic theories of marginal products and factor proportions. It explains that factor's marginal product is the ratio of an increase in output to a small increase in input of that factor, other factors being held constant. In the case of constant returns to scale, marginal products depend on inputs only through factor proportions. Several relevant computational exercises and their solutions are provided.Less
This chapter discusses microeconomic theories of marginal products and factor proportions. It explains that factor's marginal product is the ratio of an increase in output to a small increase in input of that factor, other factors being held constant. In the case of constant returns to scale, marginal products depend on inputs only through factor proportions. Several relevant computational exercises and their solutions are provided.
Mette Elise Jolly
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199213078
- eISBN:
- 9780191707155
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213078.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter opens with a review of the literature on democracy in the European Union. The most commonly raised ‘deficits’ are discussed, including the argument that the EU lacks accountability, the ...
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This chapter opens with a review of the literature on democracy in the European Union. The most commonly raised ‘deficits’ are discussed, including the argument that the EU lacks accountability, the notion that qualified majority voting can be viewed as undemocratic, the alleged problems caused by extensive lobbying, the social critique, and the socio-psychological argument. It is argued that the socio-psychological question is the most fundamental as this underlies all other discussions about the future of the EU and the EU institutions.Less
This chapter opens with a review of the literature on democracy in the European Union. The most commonly raised ‘deficits’ are discussed, including the argument that the EU lacks accountability, the notion that qualified majority voting can be viewed as undemocratic, the alleged problems caused by extensive lobbying, the social critique, and the socio-psychological argument. It is argued that the socio-psychological question is the most fundamental as this underlies all other discussions about the future of the EU and the EU institutions.
Fred Campano and Dominick Salvatore
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195300918
- eISBN:
- 9780199783441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195300912.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Income distribution models can be incorporated in all kinds of data-based economic macro-models. This chapter shows how this may be accomplished in long- and short-term econometric models. An ...
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Income distribution models can be incorporated in all kinds of data-based economic macro-models. This chapter shows how this may be accomplished in long- and short-term econometric models. An introduction to SAM-based models is also given.Less
Income distribution models can be incorporated in all kinds of data-based economic macro-models. This chapter shows how this may be accomplished in long- and short-term econometric models. An introduction to SAM-based models is also given.
Rein Taagepera
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534661
- eISBN:
- 9780191715921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534661.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Economy
Predictive models should be as simple as one can get away with, and they must not predict absurdities. They join the parsimony of “Occam's razor” to the “Sherlock Holmes principle”: Show how things ...
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Predictive models should be as simple as one can get away with, and they must not predict absurdities. They join the parsimony of “Occam's razor” to the “Sherlock Holmes principle”: Show how things cannot be connected, and only one acceptable form of relationship may remain – or very few. Conceptual models must not predict absurdities even under extreme circumstances. All too many variables are interdependent rather than “independent” or “dependent,” so it is safer to talk about input and output variables under given conditions.Less
Predictive models should be as simple as one can get away with, and they must not predict absurdities. They join the parsimony of “Occam's razor” to the “Sherlock Holmes principle”: Show how things cannot be connected, and only one acceptable form of relationship may remain – or very few. Conceptual models must not predict absurdities even under extreme circumstances. All too many variables are interdependent rather than “independent” or “dependent,” so it is safer to talk about input and output variables under given conditions.
Michael Marsh
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296614
- eISBN:
- 9780191600227
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296614.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter is the last of four on the question of legitimacy in the EU, and deals with policy performance, which has already been shown to be important for the legitimacy of EU institutions. The ...
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This chapter is the last of four on the question of legitimacy in the EU, and deals with policy performance, which has already been shown to be important for the legitimacy of EU institutions. The theme is expanded here, examining evidence on how citizens judge the impact of the EU (i.e. the public perceptions of the benefits of EU policy outputs), and asking how these evaluations can be explained. Simple models of EU policy satisfaction, which include both ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ objective economic effects and perceptions of improvements in national economies, are presented. The overall findings are that national differences in satisfaction are strong and enduring although fluctuating, and that much of this variation can be explained by economic factors, most notably unemployment. The concluding section of the chapter considers the implications of the findings for the legitimacy of the EU.Less
This chapter is the last of four on the question of legitimacy in the EU, and deals with policy performance, which has already been shown to be important for the legitimacy of EU institutions. The theme is expanded here, examining evidence on how citizens judge the impact of the EU (i.e. the public perceptions of the benefits of EU policy outputs), and asking how these evaluations can be explained. Simple models of EU policy satisfaction, which include both ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ objective economic effects and perceptions of improvements in national economies, are presented. The overall findings are that national differences in satisfaction are strong and enduring although fluctuating, and that much of this variation can be explained by economic factors, most notably unemployment. The concluding section of the chapter considers the implications of the findings for the legitimacy of the EU.
Robert E. Goodin
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199256174
- eISBN:
- 9780191599354
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256179.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This is the first of four chapters on value democracy, and focuses on ‘input democracy’, which aims to give everyone (or, alternatively, every distinct affected interest) a ‘voice’, rather than ...
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This is the first of four chapters on value democracy, and focuses on ‘input democracy’, which aims to give everyone (or, alternatively, every distinct affected interest) a ‘voice’, rather than necessarily an equal (understood as ‘equally effective’) ‘say’ over the ultimate outcome, and stands in contrast to ‘output democracy’. The two terms (or models) mark a distinction between a concern with the early and late stages of the political process, and can be viewed as who gets a vote versus how votes are aggregated; they are, of course, causally connected; while the two models are thus empirically intertwined, they are analytically distinct, and the analytics can sometimes be of practical consequence as well. After sketching the central concerns of the two models generically, Schumpeter's model is presented as the paradigmatically output‐oriented account. What might be regarded as a paradigmatically input‐oriented model is then sketched to contrast with it; this, although an analytic construct, is loosely modelled on and represented by the sort of ‘consultative democracy’ characteristic of the Nordic countries and, indeed, of ‘corporatist’ and ‘consociational’ democracies worldwide. The different sections of the chapter are: Against a Preoccupation with Outputs; Institutional Embodiments: Contrasting the Limiting Cases—Schumpeterian democracy and consultative democracy; and Why Inputs Matter, Democratically.Less
This is the first of four chapters on value democracy, and focuses on ‘input democracy’, which aims to give everyone (or, alternatively, every distinct affected interest) a ‘voice’, rather than necessarily an equal (understood as ‘equally effective’) ‘say’ over the ultimate outcome, and stands in contrast to ‘output democracy’. The two terms (or models) mark a distinction between a concern with the early and late stages of the political process, and can be viewed as who gets a vote versus how votes are aggregated; they are, of course, causally connected; while the two models are thus empirically intertwined, they are analytically distinct, and the analytics can sometimes be of practical consequence as well. After sketching the central concerns of the two models generically, Schumpeter's model is presented as the paradigmatically output‐oriented account. What might be regarded as a paradigmatically input‐oriented model is then sketched to contrast with it; this, although an analytic construct, is loosely modelled on and represented by the sort of ‘consultative democracy’ characteristic of the Nordic countries and, indeed, of ‘corporatist’ and ‘consociational’ democracies worldwide. The different sections of the chapter are: Against a Preoccupation with Outputs; Institutional Embodiments: Contrasting the Limiting Cases—Schumpeterian democracy and consultative democracy; and Why Inputs Matter, Democratically.
Ian McAllister
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295686
- eISBN:
- 9780191600043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295685.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
A major conclusion of this book is that there are few consistent trends in popular support for the political community but there is high and perhaps even growing support for democratic values and ...
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A major conclusion of this book is that there are few consistent trends in popular support for the political community but there is high and perhaps even growing support for democratic values and declining support for regime institutions and political leaders. Earlier chapters have traced these patterns with respect to democracy worldwide, and, in particular, regions of the world. This one focuses specifically on the role of public policy in shaping popular support for democratic institutions among OECD countries. The data are aggregate indicators across twenty‐four of the twenty‐nine member countries of the OECD in 1997, as well as individual‐level data from the same twenty‐four countries based on the 1990–1 World Values Survey. The different sections of the chapter are: Explaining Institutional Confidence; Evidence for Trends in Institutional Confidence; The Role of Democratic Experience; Policy Outputs and Confidence: A Macro Analysis; Policy Outputs and Confidence: A Micro Analysis; and Discussion and Conclusions.Less
A major conclusion of this book is that there are few consistent trends in popular support for the political community but there is high and perhaps even growing support for democratic values and declining support for regime institutions and political leaders. Earlier chapters have traced these patterns with respect to democracy worldwide, and, in particular, regions of the world. This one focuses specifically on the role of public policy in shaping popular support for democratic institutions among OECD countries. The data are aggregate indicators across twenty‐four of the twenty‐nine member countries of the OECD in 1997, as well as individual‐level data from the same twenty‐four countries based on the 1990–1 World Values Survey. The different sections of the chapter are: Explaining Institutional Confidence; Evidence for Trends in Institutional Confidence; The Role of Democratic Experience; Policy Outputs and Confidence: A Macro Analysis; Policy Outputs and Confidence: A Micro Analysis; and Discussion and Conclusions.
Ian Budge and Hans Keman
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198279259
- eISBN:
- 9780191598883
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198279256.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Deals with both the general assumptions and detailed predictions of the theory of party government proposed in the book. The general assumptions are that (1) in parliamentary democracies, the party ...
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Deals with both the general assumptions and detailed predictions of the theory of party government proposed in the book. The general assumptions are that (1) in parliamentary democracies, the party of combination of parties that can win a legislative vote of confidence forms the government; (2) parties seek to form that government which is capable of surviving legislative votes of confidence and which will most effectively carry through their declared policy preferences under existing conditions; (3) the chief preference of all democratic parties is to counter threats to the democratic system; where no such threats exist, but sociality‐bourgeois differences are important, the preference of all parties is to carry through policies related to these differences; and where neither of the preceding conditions hold, parties pursue their own group‐related preferences; and (4) within parties, and subject to overall policy agreements and disciplinary and procedural constraints, factions seek to transform their own policy preferences into government policy most effectively.From these can be deduced hierarchical rules for government formation (Table 2.3) and further hypotheses about when parties choose to support rather than enter governments; distribution of government ministries between parties in a coalition; policies pursued by governments; turnover of personnel; and durability and termination of governments.These hypothesis constitute predictions that can be empirically tested against statistical evidence from 20 democracies between 1945–84. (An expended version of this is available in Jaap Woldendorp, Hans Keman, and Ian Budge, Party Government in 48 Democracies (1945–98, Dordrecht, Kluwer, 2000)).Less
Deals with both the general assumptions and detailed predictions of the theory of party government proposed in the book. The general assumptions are that (1) in parliamentary democracies, the party of combination of parties that can win a legislative vote of confidence forms the government; (2) parties seek to form that government which is capable of surviving legislative votes of confidence and which will most effectively carry through their declared policy preferences under existing conditions; (3) the chief preference of all democratic parties is to counter threats to the democratic system; where no such threats exist, but sociality‐bourgeois differences are important, the preference of all parties is to carry through policies related to these differences; and where neither of the preceding conditions hold, parties pursue their own group‐related preferences; and (4) within parties, and subject to overall policy agreements and disciplinary and procedural constraints, factions seek to transform their own policy preferences into government policy most effectively.
From these can be deduced hierarchical rules for government formation (Table 2.3) and further hypotheses about when parties choose to support rather than enter governments; distribution of government ministries between parties in a coalition; policies pursued by governments; turnover of personnel; and durability and termination of governments.
These hypothesis constitute predictions that can be empirically tested against statistical evidence from 20 democracies between 1945–84. (An expended version of this is available in Jaap Woldendorp, Hans Keman, and Ian Budge, Party Government in 48 Democracies (1945–98, Dordrecht, Kluwer, 2000)).
Johan F. M. Swinnen
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199288915
- eISBN:
- 9780191603518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199288917.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter documents the changes in agricultural output and productivity that occurred during transition for 25 countries, and identifies several transition patterns.
This chapter documents the changes in agricultural output and productivity that occurred during transition for 25 countries, and identifies several transition patterns.
Miki L. Caul and Mark M. Gray
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199253098
- eISBN:
- 9780191599026
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253099.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Examines whether the role of parties in policy‐making has changed substantially since the 1950s. The chapter uses data from the Comparative Manifestos Project and aggregate policy measures to assess ...
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Examines whether the role of parties in policy‐making has changed substantially since the 1950s. The chapter uses data from the Comparative Manifestos Project and aggregate policy measures to assess long‐term trends in parties’ policy positions, and governing parties’ impacts on policy outcomes for 15 advanced industrial democracies. The chapter first analyses how the parties’ policy profiles have changed over time. Second, it examines whether parties are becoming increasingly flexible in terms of the issues they emphasize, moving from a strategy of selling a consistent package of policies toward marketing an increasingly volatile variety of issues. Third, it analyses changes in the degree of partisan impact on policy outputs, concluding that despite a pattern of ideological convergence, there is less evidence that the policy impact of parties has eroded over time.Less
Examines whether the role of parties in policy‐making has changed substantially since the 1950s. The chapter uses data from the Comparative Manifestos Project and aggregate policy measures to assess long‐term trends in parties’ policy positions, and governing parties’ impacts on policy outcomes for 15 advanced industrial democracies. The chapter first analyses how the parties’ policy profiles have changed over time. Second, it examines whether parties are becoming increasingly flexible in terms of the issues they emphasize, moving from a strategy of selling a consistent package of policies toward marketing an increasingly volatile variety of issues. Third, it analyses changes in the degree of partisan impact on policy outputs, concluding that despite a pattern of ideological convergence, there is less evidence that the policy impact of parties has eroded over time.
Simona Piattoni
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199562923
- eISBN:
- 9780191721656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562923.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
Are MLG decisions legitimate? If so, are they legitimate because they are effective or because they are inclusive? What are the legitimacy standards for EU decision‐making? What are the democracy ...
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Are MLG decisions legitimate? If so, are they legitimate because they are effective or because they are inclusive? What are the legitimacy standards for EU decision‐making? What are the democracy standards in a post‐state system? These are fairly common questions in today's debate about the EU, yet they have not yet found an answer. This section of the book addresses three dimensions of this debate that have often been raised with regard to MLG (and other types of) governance: input legitimacy, output legitimacy, democracy. This chapter clarifies the standards by which MLG arrangements should be normatively assessed and sets up the structure of the chapters to come.Less
Are MLG decisions legitimate? If so, are they legitimate because they are effective or because they are inclusive? What are the legitimacy standards for EU decision‐making? What are the democracy standards in a post‐state system? These are fairly common questions in today's debate about the EU, yet they have not yet found an answer. This section of the book addresses three dimensions of this debate that have often been raised with regard to MLG (and other types of) governance: input legitimacy, output legitimacy, democracy. This chapter clarifies the standards by which MLG arrangements should be normatively assessed and sets up the structure of the chapters to come.
Simona Piattoni
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199562923
- eISBN:
- 9780191721656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562923.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
This chapter discusses the normative arguments in favor of efficiency as a legitimating factor by showing that output legitimacy in itself is not sufficient and perhaps cannot even be directly ...
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This chapter discusses the normative arguments in favor of efficiency as a legitimating factor by showing that output legitimacy in itself is not sufficient and perhaps cannot even be directly assessed. It suggests that output legitimacy may be reformulated and measured in terms of the ability of various actors to provide input. It is finally analyzed in terms of transparency, responsiveness, and accountability.Less
This chapter discusses the normative arguments in favor of efficiency as a legitimating factor by showing that output legitimacy in itself is not sufficient and perhaps cannot even be directly assessed. It suggests that output legitimacy may be reformulated and measured in terms of the ability of various actors to provide input. It is finally analyzed in terms of transparency, responsiveness, and accountability.
Kees Hengeveld and J. Lachlan Mackenzie
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199278107
- eISBN:
- 9780191707797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278107.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
The chapter presents Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) as part of a wider theory of verbal interaction, specifying its distinguishing features and detailing its architecture and notational ...
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The chapter presents Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) as part of a wider theory of verbal interaction, specifying its distinguishing features and detailing its architecture and notational conventions. It is explained how the grammar can be implemented in linguistic analysis and how it relates to linguistic functionalism and to language typology.Less
The chapter presents Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) as part of a wider theory of verbal interaction, specifying its distinguishing features and detailing its architecture and notational conventions. It is explained how the grammar can be implemented in linguistic analysis and how it relates to linguistic functionalism and to language typology.
Harry D. Huskey
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198565932
- eISBN:
- 9780191714016
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565932.003.0024
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter presents a report by Harry D. Huskey. Huskey came to the NPL ACE Section in January 1947 from the United States, where he had been involved with the ENIAC and its projected successor, ...
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This chapter presents a report by Harry D. Huskey. Huskey came to the NPL ACE Section in January 1947 from the United States, where he had been involved with the ENIAC and its projected successor, the EDVAC. Shortly after Huskey's arrival Womersley suggested that he visit Manchester and Cambridge and prepare a report that set out the status of each of the several computer projects in Britain and the United States. Topics covered here include memory, input and output, computing machine, logical aspects, and checking.Less
This chapter presents a report by Harry D. Huskey. Huskey came to the NPL ACE Section in January 1947 from the United States, where he had been involved with the ENIAC and its projected successor, the EDVAC. Shortly after Huskey's arrival Womersley suggested that he visit Manchester and Cambridge and prepare a report that set out the status of each of the several computer projects in Britain and the United States. Topics covered here include memory, input and output, computing machine, logical aspects, and checking.
Hiroshi Imamizu
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195395273
- eISBN:
- 9780199863518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395273.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Internal models are neural mechanisms that mimic the input-output properties of controlled objects, possibly enabling skillful control of our bodies and external tools. This chapter reviews a series ...
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Internal models are neural mechanisms that mimic the input-output properties of controlled objects, possibly enabling skillful control of our bodies and external tools. This chapter reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies investigating the acquisition of an internal model for a novel tool in the human cerebellum, modular organization of internal models for tools with different input-output properties, and switching mechanisms of internal models in the parietal-cerebellar network. Although these studies investigated skills for novel tools, they show intuitive instances of neural mechanisms supporting the acquisition and flexible selection of appropriate skills. A recent study on brain activity related to the imaginary use of common tools (e.g., scissors and a hammer) suggested that the neural mechanisms found in previous work (on uncommon objects and tools) are partly shared by skills for common tools. The chapter discusses how skills acquired in the cerebellum differ from those acquired in the frontal-parietal network, which have long been investigated in neuropsychological studies.Less
Internal models are neural mechanisms that mimic the input-output properties of controlled objects, possibly enabling skillful control of our bodies and external tools. This chapter reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies investigating the acquisition of an internal model for a novel tool in the human cerebellum, modular organization of internal models for tools with different input-output properties, and switching mechanisms of internal models in the parietal-cerebellar network. Although these studies investigated skills for novel tools, they show intuitive instances of neural mechanisms supporting the acquisition and flexible selection of appropriate skills. A recent study on brain activity related to the imaginary use of common tools (e.g., scissors and a hammer) suggested that the neural mechanisms found in previous work (on uncommon objects and tools) are partly shared by skills for common tools. The chapter discusses how skills acquired in the cerebellum differ from those acquired in the frontal-parietal network, which have long been investigated in neuropsychological studies.
S. N. Afriat
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284611
- eISBN:
- 9780191595844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284616.003.0019
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This is the second of six chapters on the logic of price, and reviews the characteristics of Leontief's input–output method. The six sections of the chapter are: Quesnay's tableau économique; the ...
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This is the second of six chapters on the logic of price, and reviews the characteristics of Leontief's input–output method. The six sections of the chapter are: Quesnay's tableau économique; the Leontief matrix; production planning; Leontief and Zeno (Zeno's Paradox); productive systems; and a computer demonstration (of Leontief's input–output model).Less
This is the second of six chapters on the logic of price, and reviews the characteristics of Leontief's input–output method. The six sections of the chapter are: Quesnay's tableau économique; the Leontief matrix; production planning; Leontief and Zeno (Zeno's Paradox); productive systems; and a computer demonstration (of Leontief's input–output model).
