Dov-Ber Kerler
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198151661
- eISBN:
- 9780191672798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198151661.003.0017
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
In the prototype works that are being examined, there are some observations with regard to orthography and phonology. The writings were still considered conservative in some level, based on ...
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In the prototype works that are being examined, there are some observations with regard to orthography and phonology. The writings were still considered conservative in some level, based on orthography, similar to the late eighteenth-century Eastern Yiddish literature. They were clearly more focused on the removal of most of the unstressed and certain stressed vowels. In contrast to this, a complete production of all stressed and unstressed words were found on Western Yiddish and modern High German patterns. This was influenced by the Old Yiddish spelling system, to which they continued to adhere. The evolution of the system, though observed to be at a slow rate, was none the less steady and precise.Less
In the prototype works that are being examined, there are some observations with regard to orthography and phonology. The writings were still considered conservative in some level, based on orthography, similar to the late eighteenth-century Eastern Yiddish literature. They were clearly more focused on the removal of most of the unstressed and certain stressed vowels. In contrast to this, a complete production of all stressed and unstressed words were found on Western Yiddish and modern High German patterns. This was influenced by the Old Yiddish spelling system, to which they continued to adhere. The evolution of the system, though observed to be at a slow rate, was none the less steady and precise.
David Palfreyman and Muhamed Al Khalil
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304794
- eISBN:
- 9780199788248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304794.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter examines how the Roman alphabet and other ASCII symbols such as numerals are used to represent colloquial Gulf Arabic dialect in instant messaging in the United Arab Emirates. This use ...
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This chapter examines how the Roman alphabet and other ASCII symbols such as numerals are used to represent colloquial Gulf Arabic dialect in instant messaging in the United Arab Emirates. This use of ASCII symbols to represent a language normally written in its own standardized alphabet illustrates how language systems and technological systems interact with social meanings and user identities. The study reported here investigated how young educated UAE females use ASCII symbols to represent Arabic sounds; how consistent these representations are; what influences shape the choice of spellings; and what purposes this kind of writing serves for those who use it. ASCII symbol use was found to be moderately consistent and influenced not only by hardware/software considerations, but also by the social connotations of English, Standard Arabic, and local dialect among the users.Less
This chapter examines how the Roman alphabet and other ASCII symbols such as numerals are used to represent colloquial Gulf Arabic dialect in instant messaging in the United Arab Emirates. This use of ASCII symbols to represent a language normally written in its own standardized alphabet illustrates how language systems and technological systems interact with social meanings and user identities. The study reported here investigated how young educated UAE females use ASCII symbols to represent Arabic sounds; how consistent these representations are; what influences shape the choice of spellings; and what purposes this kind of writing serves for those who use it. ASCII symbol use was found to be moderately consistent and influenced not only by hardware/software considerations, but also by the social connotations of English, Standard Arabic, and local dialect among the users.
Hsi-Yao Su
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304794
- eISBN:
- 9780199788248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304794.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter investigates creative uses of writing systems on the electronic bulletin boards (BBSs) of two college student organizations in Taipei, Taiwan. Data were collected from postings on ...
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This chapter investigates creative uses of writing systems on the electronic bulletin boards (BBSs) of two college student organizations in Taipei, Taiwan. Data were collected from postings on bulletin boards and semi-structured interviews with members of the student organizations and it was analyzed using qualitative and ethnographic methods. Four popular creative uses of writing systems are identified and discussed: the rendering in Chinese characters of the sounds of English, Taiwanese, and Taiwanese-accented Mandarin, and the recycling of a transliteration alphabet used in elementary education. It is argued that these practices are enabled by the written nature of the Internet, the orthographic systems available in the society, and the multilingual situation in Taiwan, and that everyday meanings associated with the writing systems and languages are appropriated and reproduced through online practice, resulting in a unique mode of communication.Less
This chapter investigates creative uses of writing systems on the electronic bulletin boards (BBSs) of two college student organizations in Taipei, Taiwan. Data were collected from postings on bulletin boards and semi-structured interviews with members of the student organizations and it was analyzed using qualitative and ethnographic methods. Four popular creative uses of writing systems are identified and discussed: the rendering in Chinese characters of the sounds of English, Taiwanese, and Taiwanese-accented Mandarin, and the recycling of a transliteration alphabet used in elementary education. It is argued that these practices are enabled by the written nature of the Internet, the orthographic systems available in the society, and the multilingual situation in Taiwan, and that everyday meanings associated with the writing systems and languages are appropriated and reproduced through online practice, resulting in a unique mode of communication.
Jacques Anis
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304794
- eISBN:
- 9780199788248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304794.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
The abbreviated and often nonstandard orthography and grammar used in SMS messages have provoked the ire of language purists in France. This chapter presents a systematic linguistic analysis of ...
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The abbreviated and often nonstandard orthography and grammar used in SMS messages have provoked the ire of language purists in France. This chapter presents a systematic linguistic analysis of neography in French SMS. Central to the study is the development of a typology of neographical transformations — involving phonetic reductions, syllabograms, and logograms — based on a corpus of examples. The analysis illuminates the heterogeneity, polyvalence, and high degree of variation in SMS spellings. Neography is proposed to be a dynamic phenomenon based on local combinations of general mechanisms, driven by natural linguistic and semiotic processes and produced under pressures from various constraints. Finally, SMS features are compared with those of other communication media and future directions for research are suggested to expand investigation to other alphabetical and nonalphabetical CMC phenomena.Less
The abbreviated and often nonstandard orthography and grammar used in SMS messages have provoked the ire of language purists in France. This chapter presents a systematic linguistic analysis of neography in French SMS. Central to the study is the development of a typology of neographical transformations — involving phonetic reductions, syllabograms, and logograms — based on a corpus of examples. The analysis illuminates the heterogeneity, polyvalence, and high degree of variation in SMS spellings. Neography is proposed to be a dynamic phenomenon based on local combinations of general mechanisms, driven by natural linguistic and semiotic processes and produced under pressures from various constraints. Finally, SMS features are compared with those of other communication media and future directions for research are suggested to expand investigation to other alphabetical and nonalphabetical CMC phenomena.
Yukiko Nishimura
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304794
- eISBN:
- 9780199788248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304794.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter explores the linguistic and interactional properties of informal asynchronous CMC in Japanese, using Bulletin Board System (BBS) messages sent to fan sites as the primary source of data. ...
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This chapter explores the linguistic and interactional properties of informal asynchronous CMC in Japanese, using Bulletin Board System (BBS) messages sent to fan sites as the primary source of data. First, innovations in Japanese orthography are examined, including creative uses of the kanji, hiragana, and katakana Japanese writing systems, as well as other scripts and punctuation symbols. Taking advantage of word-processing technology and at the same time restricted by it, young Japanese BBS users attempt to recreate speech-like qualities in online text-based communication. The incorporation of spoken styles in messages and informal spoken features such as sentence-final particles are then examined. BBS users are found to employ colloquial language online as if conversing offline and to interact politely and appropriately with fellow members of the online community.Less
This chapter explores the linguistic and interactional properties of informal asynchronous CMC in Japanese, using Bulletin Board System (BBS) messages sent to fan sites as the primary source of data. First, innovations in Japanese orthography are examined, including creative uses of the kanji, hiragana, and katakana Japanese writing systems, as well as other scripts and punctuation symbols. Taking advantage of word-processing technology and at the same time restricted by it, young Japanese BBS users attempt to recreate speech-like qualities in online text-based communication. The incorporation of spoken styles in messages and informal spoken features such as sentence-final particles are then examined. BBS users are found to employ colloquial language online as if conversing offline and to interact politely and appropriately with fellow members of the online community.
Matthew Hart
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195390339
- eISBN:
- 9780199776191
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390339.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter analyzes the late poems of Basil Bunting. It questions why Bunting's return to northern England in middle age — a nostos that shapes his autobiographical poem, Briggflatts (1966) ...
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This chapter analyzes the late poems of Basil Bunting. It questions why Bunting's return to northern England in middle age — a nostos that shapes his autobiographical poem, Briggflatts (1966) — has come to dominate the critical reception of a body of poems that begins with three decades of globe‐trotting. The chapter explores the tension between Bunting's rejection of dialect orthography and his assumption of a Northumbrian vernacular interpretive community. It historicizes this anomaly by reading Briggflatts through Bunting's involvements in poetry performance and arts patronage, and via the United Kingdom's history of regional reform without constitutional change at the center.Less
This chapter analyzes the late poems of Basil Bunting. It questions why Bunting's return to northern England in middle age — a nostos that shapes his autobiographical poem, Briggflatts (1966) — has come to dominate the critical reception of a body of poems that begins with three decades of globe‐trotting. The chapter explores the tension between Bunting's rejection of dialect orthography and his assumption of a Northumbrian vernacular interpretive community. It historicizes this anomaly by reading Briggflatts through Bunting's involvements in poetry performance and arts patronage, and via the United Kingdom's history of regional reform without constitutional change at the center.
Jennifer Bann and John Corbett
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780748643059
- eISBN:
- 9781474416085
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748643059.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
This volume provides a comprehensive survey of the spelling system of Older and Modern Scots, illustrating how this orthographic system has developed partly in response to historical shifts in ...
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This volume provides a comprehensive survey of the spelling system of Older and Modern Scots, illustrating how this orthographic system has developed partly in response to historical shifts in pronunciation, and partly as a result of social and political change.
Spelling Scots acts not only as a wide-ranging reference book to the changing orthography of Scots, but also as an outline of the active interventions in the practices that have guided Scots spelling. The book shows how canonical writers of poetry and fiction in Scots from 1700 to the present day have blended convention and innovation in presenting Scots in literary texts, and it explores the influence of key writers such as Ramsay, Fergusson, Burns, Scott, Hogg and Stevenson. Introducing an innovative method of tracing the use of key spelling variants in a corpus of Scots writing, the book discusses the implication of this method for promoting wider literacy in Scots.
Spelling Scots should be a standard reference volume for all institutions where literature in Scots is studied. It draws on the authors' current research project, the Corpus of Modern Scottish Writing.Less
This volume provides a comprehensive survey of the spelling system of Older and Modern Scots, illustrating how this orthographic system has developed partly in response to historical shifts in pronunciation, and partly as a result of social and political change.
Spelling Scots acts not only as a wide-ranging reference book to the changing orthography of Scots, but also as an outline of the active interventions in the practices that have guided Scots spelling. The book shows how canonical writers of poetry and fiction in Scots from 1700 to the present day have blended convention and innovation in presenting Scots in literary texts, and it explores the influence of key writers such as Ramsay, Fergusson, Burns, Scott, Hogg and Stevenson. Introducing an innovative method of tracing the use of key spelling variants in a corpus of Scots writing, the book discusses the implication of this method for promoting wider literacy in Scots.
Spelling Scots should be a standard reference volume for all institutions where literature in Scots is studied. It draws on the authors' current research project, the Corpus of Modern Scottish Writing.
Susan M. Schultz
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195109924
- eISBN:
- 9780199855261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195109924.003.0016
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry
To write in pidgin is to write in a language that has no standardized orthography. In the same way reading pidgin can be difficult even for native speakers who are unaccustomed to seeing pidgin words ...
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To write in pidgin is to write in a language that has no standardized orthography. In the same way reading pidgin can be difficult even for native speakers who are unaccustomed to seeing pidgin words on the page. Pidgin developed as a “language of command” that allowed foremen on the sugar and pineapple plantations of Hawaii to give orders to their workers. The language that developed was a mix of Hawaiian, English, and the workers' native languages and the vocabulary is recognizable as English, but the sentence structure more resembles that of the Hawaiian language. But thirty years ago, the lack of a literature in pidgin seemed to many a valid argument against the language.Less
To write in pidgin is to write in a language that has no standardized orthography. In the same way reading pidgin can be difficult even for native speakers who are unaccustomed to seeing pidgin words on the page. Pidgin developed as a “language of command” that allowed foremen on the sugar and pineapple plantations of Hawaii to give orders to their workers. The language that developed was a mix of Hawaiian, English, and the workers' native languages and the vocabulary is recognizable as English, but the sentence structure more resembles that of the Hawaiian language. But thirty years ago, the lack of a literature in pidgin seemed to many a valid argument against the language.
Jad Smith
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252040634
- eISBN:
- 9780252099076
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252040634.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
Like Isaac Asimov and Robert A. Heinlein, science fiction author Alfred Bester started his career as a pulp writer and finished it as a Grand Master, but he followed a far more curious path to the ...
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Like Isaac Asimov and Robert A. Heinlein, science fiction author Alfred Bester started his career as a pulp writer and finished it as a Grand Master, but he followed a far more curious path to the field’s highest honor than either of his big-name contemporaries. He focused on SF only intermittently yet, as a result, developed a distinctive, outsider approach that opened up avenues for cutting-edge vanguards such as New Wave and cyberpunk. Making extensive use of Bester’s unpublished correspondence, this book carefully examines Bester’s entire career, giving particular attention to how his work across mediums, combined with his love of modernist and decadent authors, shaped his groundbreaking approach to science fiction. During the 1950s, Bester crossbred pulp aesthetics and high style to explosive effect, producing landmark novels and stories that crackled with excess and challenged the assumptions of Golden Age science fiction. His focus on language as a plot device and a tool for world-building, and his use of modernist style in the service of science-fictional extrapolation left the field changed forever. The book argues that what Bester brought to SF was not a radically new template but an idiosyncratic self-reflexivity about the writing and reading protocols of the genre that put the field into a highly productive and transformative dialogue with itself.Less
Like Isaac Asimov and Robert A. Heinlein, science fiction author Alfred Bester started his career as a pulp writer and finished it as a Grand Master, but he followed a far more curious path to the field’s highest honor than either of his big-name contemporaries. He focused on SF only intermittently yet, as a result, developed a distinctive, outsider approach that opened up avenues for cutting-edge vanguards such as New Wave and cyberpunk. Making extensive use of Bester’s unpublished correspondence, this book carefully examines Bester’s entire career, giving particular attention to how his work across mediums, combined with his love of modernist and decadent authors, shaped his groundbreaking approach to science fiction. During the 1950s, Bester crossbred pulp aesthetics and high style to explosive effect, producing landmark novels and stories that crackled with excess and challenged the assumptions of Golden Age science fiction. His focus on language as a plot device and a tool for world-building, and his use of modernist style in the service of science-fictional extrapolation left the field changed forever. The book argues that what Bester brought to SF was not a radically new template but an idiosyncratic self-reflexivity about the writing and reading protocols of the genre that put the field into a highly productive and transformative dialogue with itself.
Gennady Estraikh
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198184799
- eISBN:
- 9780191674365
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184799.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
This chapter looks at the history of Yiddish orthographic reforms proposed and implemented in the Soviet Union. These reforms were based on pre-1917 projects envisaging phoneticization of Yiddish ...
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This chapter looks at the history of Yiddish orthographic reforms proposed and implemented in the Soviet Union. These reforms were based on pre-1917 projects envisaging phoneticization of Yiddish spelling and its emancipation from the strong influence of Hebrew and German orthographic conventions. In 1920, the most radical part of the Soviet Yiddish orthographic reform was introduced — the naturalization of spelling of words and forms derived from Hebrew and Aramaic. Later, in 1932, the five special word-final consonant letters were abolished in all Soviet publications. At the same time, projects to Latinize Yiddish have never been realized, though they were suggested and supported by some language planners. In the West, this breach with the traditional writing system was often considered to be the most striking mark of the moribund Jewish culture. In fact, the same reforms might have been widely accepted also in the West. However, being originally introduced by Soviet communists, they became imbued with binding ideological connotations.Less
This chapter looks at the history of Yiddish orthographic reforms proposed and implemented in the Soviet Union. These reforms were based on pre-1917 projects envisaging phoneticization of Yiddish spelling and its emancipation from the strong influence of Hebrew and German orthographic conventions. In 1920, the most radical part of the Soviet Yiddish orthographic reform was introduced — the naturalization of spelling of words and forms derived from Hebrew and Aramaic. Later, in 1932, the five special word-final consonant letters were abolished in all Soviet publications. At the same time, projects to Latinize Yiddish have never been realized, though they were suggested and supported by some language planners. In the West, this breach with the traditional writing system was often considered to be the most striking mark of the moribund Jewish culture. In fact, the same reforms might have been widely accepted also in the West. However, being originally introduced by Soviet communists, they became imbued with binding ideological connotations.
Robert Lawrence Gunn
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479842582
- eISBN:
- 9781479812516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479842582.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
Grounded in close readings of Cooper’s The Pioneers and The Last of the Mohicans, chapter 1 explores the role of comparative grammar on U.S. debates concerning Native American origins, race, and ...
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Grounded in close readings of Cooper’s The Pioneers and The Last of the Mohicans, chapter 1 explores the role of comparative grammar on U.S. debates concerning Native American origins, race, and human kinship in the 1810s and 1820s, and the impacts of those debates on Cooper’s program of American historical fiction. Focusing in particular on the linguistic and cultural theories of Du Ponceau of the American Philosophical Society, Jefferson, Schoolcraft, Schlegel, and Gallatin, this chapter compares etymological and grammatical methods of linguistic study and traces the debt of linguistic thinking to anatomical theories of racial difference propounded by Blumenbach, Cuvier, and Morton. Among other issues, what these areas of concern share in common are problems of representation—how or if language was thought to encode matters of racial difference, issues of non-standard orthography in documenting Native languages—and the manner in which novelistic discourse registers those problems.Less
Grounded in close readings of Cooper’s The Pioneers and The Last of the Mohicans, chapter 1 explores the role of comparative grammar on U.S. debates concerning Native American origins, race, and human kinship in the 1810s and 1820s, and the impacts of those debates on Cooper’s program of American historical fiction. Focusing in particular on the linguistic and cultural theories of Du Ponceau of the American Philosophical Society, Jefferson, Schoolcraft, Schlegel, and Gallatin, this chapter compares etymological and grammatical methods of linguistic study and traces the debt of linguistic thinking to anatomical theories of racial difference propounded by Blumenbach, Cuvier, and Morton. Among other issues, what these areas of concern share in common are problems of representation—how or if language was thought to encode matters of racial difference, issues of non-standard orthography in documenting Native languages—and the manner in which novelistic discourse registers those problems.
David Robey
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198184980
- eISBN:
- 9780191674419
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184980.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
The project that has led to this book uses computer analysis to construct a description of the sounds of Dante's Divine Comedy. While the importance of sound in poetry is indisputable, it is not at ...
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The project that has led to this book uses computer analysis to construct a description of the sounds of Dante's Divine Comedy. While the importance of sound in poetry is indisputable, it is not at all an easy subject to discuss. Theoretical proposals have been made at a high level of generality, and they are often very suggestive: for instance, Julia Kristeva's association of rhythm with what she terms the ‘semiotic’ rather than the ‘symbolic’ element in language. This book examines the sound features of the Divine Comedy in the sense of their overall distribution within the text. Computer analysis is carried out based on Italian orthography. To translate the written text of the Divine Comedyinto a representation of its sounds is to translate it into its constituent phonemes. This project involves using the regularity of Italian spelling to produce a phonological transcription of the poem without distinguishing between accented and unaccented syllables.Less
The project that has led to this book uses computer analysis to construct a description of the sounds of Dante's Divine Comedy. While the importance of sound in poetry is indisputable, it is not at all an easy subject to discuss. Theoretical proposals have been made at a high level of generality, and they are often very suggestive: for instance, Julia Kristeva's association of rhythm with what she terms the ‘semiotic’ rather than the ‘symbolic’ element in language. This book examines the sound features of the Divine Comedy in the sense of their overall distribution within the text. Computer analysis is carried out based on Italian orthography. To translate the written text of the Divine Comedyinto a representation of its sounds is to translate it into its constituent phonemes. This project involves using the regularity of Italian spelling to produce a phonological transcription of the poem without distinguishing between accented and unaccented syllables.
Jonathan Boyarin
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520079557
- eISBN:
- 9780520913431
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520079557.003.0008
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
Ever since the disappearance of the land bridges that linked Japan to the Asian mainland in the Pleistocene epoch, the history of the archipelago has been animated at a profound level by the ...
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Ever since the disappearance of the land bridges that linked Japan to the Asian mainland in the Pleistocene epoch, the history of the archipelago has been animated at a profound level by the interaction between native traditions and foreign importations. This chapter argues that nowhere is that dynamic more apparent than in the literary history of the country. It reviews briefly the history of reading in Japan by exploring the dynamic between orality and orthography that developed as the Japanese gradually learned both to manipulate the Chinese language and its writing system, and to devise ways to adapt Chinese orthography to their own very different native language and its rich corpus of oral literature. The chapter then explores a few of the implications of that dynamic for strategies of reader reception of pre-modern Japanese texts.Less
Ever since the disappearance of the land bridges that linked Japan to the Asian mainland in the Pleistocene epoch, the history of the archipelago has been animated at a profound level by the interaction between native traditions and foreign importations. This chapter argues that nowhere is that dynamic more apparent than in the literary history of the country. It reviews briefly the history of reading in Japan by exploring the dynamic between orality and orthography that developed as the Japanese gradually learned both to manipulate the Chinese language and its writing system, and to devise ways to adapt Chinese orthography to their own very different native language and its rich corpus of oral literature. The chapter then explores a few of the implications of that dynamic for strategies of reader reception of pre-modern Japanese texts.
Robert D. Greenberg
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199208753
- eISBN:
- 9780191717673
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208753.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics
This chapter discusses the Serb-Croatian successor languages, their shared obstacles, and divergent solutions. Recurring issues include language nomenclature, a standard having two official ...
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This chapter discusses the Serb-Croatian successor languages, their shared obstacles, and divergent solutions. Recurring issues include language nomenclature, a standard having two official pronunciations, contribution of peripheral dialects, and tolerance for lexical variation. Remissive issues include etymological vs. phonological orthography, Vuk's Cyrillic script, Turkish borrowings, and the velar-fricative h. Resolved issues include the neo-Stokavian dialect as basis for the Central South Slavic standards. New issues include the pro-independence Montenegrins introducing three new phonemes to distinguish Montenegrin from Serbian. The coalescence of language and ethnic affiliation in the Central South Slavic speech territory has been accelerated by both the nationalist discourse and the events of the wars between 1991 and 1995. Through policies of ethnic cleansing, the nationalist leaders in Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Serbia seek to create new states in which language, ethnic affiliation, religion, and territory would all correspond.Less
This chapter discusses the Serb-Croatian successor languages, their shared obstacles, and divergent solutions. Recurring issues include language nomenclature, a standard having two official pronunciations, contribution of peripheral dialects, and tolerance for lexical variation. Remissive issues include etymological vs. phonological orthography, Vuk's Cyrillic script, Turkish borrowings, and the velar-fricative h. Resolved issues include the neo-Stokavian dialect as basis for the Central South Slavic standards. New issues include the pro-independence Montenegrins introducing three new phonemes to distinguish Montenegrin from Serbian. The coalescence of language and ethnic affiliation in the Central South Slavic speech territory has been accelerated by both the nationalist discourse and the events of the wars between 1991 and 1995. Through policies of ethnic cleansing, the nationalist leaders in Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Serbia seek to create new states in which language, ethnic affiliation, religion, and territory would all correspond.
JAN TERJE FAARLUND
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199235599
- eISBN:
- 9780191709401
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235599.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter begins by presenting the spelling conventions and standardized orthography of Old Norse. It then presents segmental and suprasegmental phonologies. There is also a section on ...
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This chapter begins by presenting the spelling conventions and standardized orthography of Old Norse. It then presents segmental and suprasegmental phonologies. There is also a section on morphophonology, presenting those morphophonological processes that are relevant for the inflectional morphology.Less
This chapter begins by presenting the spelling conventions and standardized orthography of Old Norse. It then presents segmental and suprasegmental phonologies. There is also a section on morphophonology, presenting those morphophonological processes that are relevant for the inflectional morphology.
Petra M. Sijpesteijn
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199673902
- eISBN:
- 9780191758133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199673902.003.0007
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
The use of certain orthographical and formulaic features particular to papyrus documents from the first two centuries of Islam are confirmed by the use of certain orthographical and formulaic ...
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The use of certain orthographical and formulaic features particular to papyrus documents from the first two centuries of Islam are confirmed by the use of certain orthographical and formulaic features. This section of the book looks in detail at the orthography and grammar of the papyri providing detailed analysis.Less
The use of certain orthographical and formulaic features particular to papyrus documents from the first two centuries of Islam are confirmed by the use of certain orthographical and formulaic features. This section of the book looks in detail at the orthography and grammar of the papyri providing detailed analysis.
Jennifer Bann and John Corbett
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780748643059
- eISBN:
- 9781474416085
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748643059.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
Given the creative nature of literary texts, there was little pressure on Scots writers to conform to a standard orthography; their goal was rather to draw upon the various resources available to ...
More
Given the creative nature of literary texts, there was little pressure on Scots writers to conform to a standard orthography; their goal was rather to draw upon the various resources available to compose a literary text that was intelligible to those readers who were now schooled in the conventions of standard English, and yet which retained features that were identifiably Scots. There were, understandably, numerous ways of achieving this goal, and in the modern period, many literary texts have been produced using Modern Scots orthographies that might at times seem bewilderingly diverse. The modern corpus of literary Scots raises several
questions:
● How consistent are the orthographic practices within the repertoire of particular writers and texts?
● How close or diverse are canonical and other writers in their orthographic practices?
● How might the diverse practices of writers of poetry and prose in Scots serve as a resource for the promotion of Modern Scots literacy?Less
Given the creative nature of literary texts, there was little pressure on Scots writers to conform to a standard orthography; their goal was rather to draw upon the various resources available to compose a literary text that was intelligible to those readers who were now schooled in the conventions of standard English, and yet which retained features that were identifiably Scots. There were, understandably, numerous ways of achieving this goal, and in the modern period, many literary texts have been produced using Modern Scots orthographies that might at times seem bewilderingly diverse. The modern corpus of literary Scots raises several
questions:
● How consistent are the orthographic practices within the repertoire of particular writers and texts?
● How close or diverse are canonical and other writers in their orthographic practices?
● How might the diverse practices of writers of poetry and prose in Scots serve as a resource for the promotion of Modern Scots literacy?
Jennifer Bann and John Corbett
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780748643059
- eISBN:
- 9781474416085
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748643059.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
As discussed previously, we analyse poetry and prose separately since it is easier to achieve reliable and useful results by comparing like with like. There are various reasons for assuming that ...
More
As discussed previously, we analyse poetry and prose separately since it is easier to achieve reliable and useful results by comparing like with like. There are various reasons for assuming that spelling in poetry will be unlike spelling in prose; for example, the texts in this literary genre tend to be shorter than prose texts and so they invite formal experimentation, including orthographic experimentation. Our first series of graphs and analysis, therefore, is based on the poetry texts in our corpus. As we observed in the preceding chapter, the main point of cluster analysis is to give an indication of similarity and difference between the orthographic practices of different writers, with respect to the realisation of spelling choices in particular, frequently used lexical items. The analyses that make up Chapters 7 and 8 are by no means intended to offer the final word on the distribution of graphemes in Modern Scots; they are intended, rather, to offer a new technique for analysing such distributions in selected texts.Less
As discussed previously, we analyse poetry and prose separately since it is easier to achieve reliable and useful results by comparing like with like. There are various reasons for assuming that spelling in poetry will be unlike spelling in prose; for example, the texts in this literary genre tend to be shorter than prose texts and so they invite formal experimentation, including orthographic experimentation. Our first series of graphs and analysis, therefore, is based on the poetry texts in our corpus. As we observed in the preceding chapter, the main point of cluster analysis is to give an indication of similarity and difference between the orthographic practices of different writers, with respect to the realisation of spelling choices in particular, frequently used lexical items. The analyses that make up Chapters 7 and 8 are by no means intended to offer the final word on the distribution of graphemes in Modern Scots; they are intended, rather, to offer a new technique for analysing such distributions in selected texts.
Jennifer Bann and John Corbett
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780748643059
- eISBN:
- 9781474416085
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748643059.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
In this chapter, we apply cluster analysis of the graphemic realisations to prose that contains a substantial element of Scots. We worked with a slightly smaller number of texts for the prose ...
More
In this chapter, we apply cluster analysis of the graphemic realisations to prose that contains a substantial element of Scots. We worked with a slightly smaller number of texts for the prose samples, owing to the limitations of suitable material in our broader corpus. The Corpus of Modern Scottish Writing contains a considerable amount of prose material, but the use of Scots in prose largely begins with fiction of the early nineteenth century, and extends to the present day. Our chosen texts illustrate a range of nineteenth-and early twentieth-century literary texts that are at least in part in Scots prose.Less
In this chapter, we apply cluster analysis of the graphemic realisations to prose that contains a substantial element of Scots. We worked with a slightly smaller number of texts for the prose samples, owing to the limitations of suitable material in our broader corpus. The Corpus of Modern Scottish Writing contains a considerable amount of prose material, but the use of Scots in prose largely begins with fiction of the early nineteenth century, and extends to the present day. Our chosen texts illustrate a range of nineteenth-and early twentieth-century literary texts that are at least in part in Scots prose.
Jennifer Bann and John Corbett
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780748643059
- eISBN:
- 9781474416085
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748643059.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
The final chapter briefly considers general implications and some potential educational applications that arise from the foregoing chapters. At the conclusion of a book such as this, a reader might ...
More
The final chapter briefly considers general implications and some potential educational applications that arise from the foregoing chapters. At the conclusion of a book such as this, a reader might expect the authors to produce a new suggested orthography for Modern Scots writers. We have resisted the temptation to do so.
Rather, this chapter puts the spelling of Scots in a more general context; we then consider a number of final issues: why a fixed spelling system is probably undesirable for writers of Modern Scots, why – despite this lack of desirability – there are often calls to ‘fix’ Modern Scots orthography, how a greater receptive and productive literacy in Scots might nevertheless be fostered, and ways in which the cluster analyses modelled in the last three chapters might be used to support literacy programmes in Scots.Less
The final chapter briefly considers general implications and some potential educational applications that arise from the foregoing chapters. At the conclusion of a book such as this, a reader might expect the authors to produce a new suggested orthography for Modern Scots writers. We have resisted the temptation to do so.
Rather, this chapter puts the spelling of Scots in a more general context; we then consider a number of final issues: why a fixed spelling system is probably undesirable for writers of Modern Scots, why – despite this lack of desirability – there are often calls to ‘fix’ Modern Scots orthography, how a greater receptive and productive literacy in Scots might nevertheless be fostered, and ways in which the cluster analyses modelled in the last three chapters might be used to support literacy programmes in Scots.
