Edmund L. Drago
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823229376
- eISBN:
- 9780823234912
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823229376.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This book tells a story of white children and their families in the most militant Southern state in the United States (the state where the Civil War erupted). Drawing on a rich array of sources, many ...
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This book tells a story of white children and their families in the most militant Southern state in the United States (the state where the Civil War erupted). Drawing on a rich array of sources, many of them formerly untapped, the book shows how the War transformed the domestic world of the white South. Households were devastated by disease, death, and deprivation. Young people took up arms like adults, often with tragic results. Thousands of fathers and brothers died in battle; many returned home with grave physical and psychological wounds. Widows and orphans often had to fend for themselves. From the first volley at Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor to the end of Reconstruction, the book explores the extraordinary impact of war and defeat on the South Carolina home front. It covers a broad spectrum, from the effect of “boy soldiers” on the ideals of childhood and child rearing to changes in education, marriage customs, and community as well as family life. The book surveys the children's literature of the era and explores the changing dimensions of Confederate patriarchal society. By studying the implications of the War and its legacy in cultural memory, it unveils the conflicting perspectives of South Carolina children, white and black, during modern times.Less
This book tells a story of white children and their families in the most militant Southern state in the United States (the state where the Civil War erupted). Drawing on a rich array of sources, many of them formerly untapped, the book shows how the War transformed the domestic world of the white South. Households were devastated by disease, death, and deprivation. Young people took up arms like adults, often with tragic results. Thousands of fathers and brothers died in battle; many returned home with grave physical and psychological wounds. Widows and orphans often had to fend for themselves. From the first volley at Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor to the end of Reconstruction, the book explores the extraordinary impact of war and defeat on the South Carolina home front. It covers a broad spectrum, from the effect of “boy soldiers” on the ideals of childhood and child rearing to changes in education, marriage customs, and community as well as family life. The book surveys the children's literature of the era and explores the changing dimensions of Confederate patriarchal society. By studying the implications of the War and its legacy in cultural memory, it unveils the conflicting perspectives of South Carolina children, white and black, during modern times.
Henk Looijesteijn and Marco H. D. Van Leeuwen
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265314
- eISBN:
- 9780191760402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265314.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
The Dutch Republic had a broad range of means to establish an individual's identity, and a rudimentary ‘system’ of identity registration, essentially established at the local levels of town and ...
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The Dutch Republic had a broad range of means to establish an individual's identity, and a rudimentary ‘system’ of identity registration, essentially established at the local levels of town and parish. This chapter seeks to provide a description of the ways in which the Dutch established an individual's identity. The various registration methods covered almost the entire population of the Dutch Republic at some stage in their life, and it is argued that on balance identity registration in the Dutch Republic was fairly successful. The chapter contends that the degree to which identity was registered and monitored in the early modern era in the Netherlands, while certainly not wholly effective, is remarkable given the absence of a centralized state and the lack of a large bureaucracy.Less
The Dutch Republic had a broad range of means to establish an individual's identity, and a rudimentary ‘system’ of identity registration, essentially established at the local levels of town and parish. This chapter seeks to provide a description of the ways in which the Dutch established an individual's identity. The various registration methods covered almost the entire population of the Dutch Republic at some stage in their life, and it is argued that on balance identity registration in the Dutch Republic was fairly successful. The chapter contends that the degree to which identity was registered and monitored in the early modern era in the Netherlands, while certainly not wholly effective, is remarkable given the absence of a centralized state and the lack of a large bureaucracy.
Edward Rohs and Judith Estrine
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780823240227
- eISBN:
- 9780823240265
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823240227.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter is an overview of the world of the Catholic orphanage system into which Ed Rohs was placed. It opens with a comparison between the fantasies of Hollywood's orphans and the reality of ...
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This chapter is an overview of the world of the Catholic orphanage system into which Ed Rohs was placed. It opens with a comparison between the fantasies of Hollywood's orphans and the reality of life in an orphanage. The chapter describes how, until the 1960s, the Catholic orphanage system operated a silo system of childcare, separating boys and girls by age and gender. Children lived in an institution until they aged out and were sent on to the next home. Although in some ways their experiences were similar to the experiences of so-called “army brats” who endured frequent dislocations with their families, the important difference between the population of orphans who were moved and those of children born and raised by army personnel lay in the absence of consistent parent figures. With each move, institutionalized children were assigned to be supervised by different individuals—strangers to whom they had to adjust. After being discharged from the system at 18 (Ed Rohs remained until 19) some succumbed to a life of drugs and drug-related crimes but others, like Ed, overcame adversities.Less
This chapter is an overview of the world of the Catholic orphanage system into which Ed Rohs was placed. It opens with a comparison between the fantasies of Hollywood's orphans and the reality of life in an orphanage. The chapter describes how, until the 1960s, the Catholic orphanage system operated a silo system of childcare, separating boys and girls by age and gender. Children lived in an institution until they aged out and were sent on to the next home. Although in some ways their experiences were similar to the experiences of so-called “army brats” who endured frequent dislocations with their families, the important difference between the population of orphans who were moved and those of children born and raised by army personnel lay in the absence of consistent parent figures. With each move, institutionalized children were assigned to be supervised by different individuals—strangers to whom they had to adjust. After being discharged from the system at 18 (Ed Rohs remained until 19) some succumbed to a life of drugs and drug-related crimes but others, like Ed, overcame adversities.
Edward Rohs and Judith Estrine
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780823240227
- eISBN:
- 9780823240265
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823240227.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Throughout U.S. history people of good have debated the issues of how to best serve the most vulnerable children in the population: How can society give impoverished, orphaned, and abandoned children ...
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Throughout U.S. history people of good have debated the issues of how to best serve the most vulnerable children in the population: How can society give impoverished, orphaned, and abandoned children the tools to become contributing members of society? Where should they live? Who will care for them? What will it cost? Who will pay? Chapter 1 describes a variety of early attempts, e.g., the Dutch Orphans Court in New Amsterdam and the first colonial poorhouse in Boston—which included the aged, alcoholic, disabled, mentally ill, unemployed, widowed, as well as children, and became the template for poorhouses built across the United States. The chapter explains the 1800s debate of “undeserving” vs “deserving” poor and the failed attempts to create a state-supported system of providing an ideal environment for every needy child. It discusses the grim results of this failure on the vulnerable children who were placed in their care.Less
Throughout U.S. history people of good have debated the issues of how to best serve the most vulnerable children in the population: How can society give impoverished, orphaned, and abandoned children the tools to become contributing members of society? Where should they live? Who will care for them? What will it cost? Who will pay? Chapter 1 describes a variety of early attempts, e.g., the Dutch Orphans Court in New Amsterdam and the first colonial poorhouse in Boston—which included the aged, alcoholic, disabled, mentally ill, unemployed, widowed, as well as children, and became the template for poorhouses built across the United States. The chapter explains the 1800s debate of “undeserving” vs “deserving” poor and the failed attempts to create a state-supported system of providing an ideal environment for every needy child. It discusses the grim results of this failure on the vulnerable children who were placed in their care.
Richard Finn Op
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199283606
- eISBN:
- 9780191712692
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283606.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter examines episcopal almsgiving, the principal sources of which were revenues from imperial subventions, church properties, special collections, and the regular offerings made by the ...
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This chapter examines episcopal almsgiving, the principal sources of which were revenues from imperial subventions, church properties, special collections, and the regular offerings made by the faithful. These offerings, often referred to as first fruits, did not include tithes as they were later understood. Eloquence was essential to the bishop in raising funds for alms which he then distributed with assistance from the deacons. Such alms principally benefited a small number of Christian recipients: widows, their dependent children and other ‘orphans’, and some poorer virgins. While this form of poor relief chiefly took the form of regular distributions of food, some urban churches also founded hostels for the care of the sick destitute.Less
This chapter examines episcopal almsgiving, the principal sources of which were revenues from imperial subventions, church properties, special collections, and the regular offerings made by the faithful. These offerings, often referred to as first fruits, did not include tithes as they were later understood. Eloquence was essential to the bishop in raising funds for alms which he then distributed with assistance from the deacons. Such alms principally benefited a small number of Christian recipients: widows, their dependent children and other ‘orphans’, and some poorer virgins. While this form of poor relief chiefly took the form of regular distributions of food, some urban churches also founded hostels for the care of the sick destitute.
Edmund L. Drago
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823229376
- eISBN:
- 9780823234912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823229376.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter focuses on the rising number of orphans and widows in South Carolina due to the Civil War. The number of orphans began ballooning by the summer of 1862. The number of widows started to ...
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This chapter focuses on the rising number of orphans and widows in South Carolina due to the Civil War. The number of orphans began ballooning by the summer of 1862. The number of widows started to rise equally at the same rate as the number of orphans. There were several citizens who tried to organize associations and institutions to aid widows and orphans. Major cities in South Carolina had orphanages before the war, including the Camden Orphan Society (1776) and the Ladies' Benevolent Society for Orphans and Destitute Children in Columbia (1839).Less
This chapter focuses on the rising number of orphans and widows in South Carolina due to the Civil War. The number of orphans began ballooning by the summer of 1862. The number of widows started to rise equally at the same rate as the number of orphans. There were several citizens who tried to organize associations and institutions to aid widows and orphans. Major cities in South Carolina had orphanages before the war, including the Camden Orphan Society (1776) and the Ladies' Benevolent Society for Orphans and Destitute Children in Columbia (1839).
Hamilton Hess
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198269755
- eISBN:
- 9780191601163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269757.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
In response to a general problem in the fourth‐century Church arising from ambitious or unworthy petitions submitted to the imperial court by individual bishops, seven of the Serdican canons are ...
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In response to a general problem in the fourth‐century Church arising from ambitious or unworthy petitions submitted to the imperial court by individual bishops, seven of the Serdican canons are devoted to specifying appropriate causes for petition and for regulating the ways in which they should be presented. Canons 8 (Greek VII) and 10b draw a distinction between self‐seeking petitions, which are condemned, and petitions concerning widows, orphans, those who suffer injustice, and exiles, and stipulates that no bishop shall go to the court unless he is summoned or invited by the emperor. Canon 9a (Greek VIII) directs that the petitions should be delivered to the court by the petitioning bishop's deacon, and canon 9b (Greek IXa) adds that the petitions should first be approved by the metropolitan bishop of the province. Canon 10a (Greek IXb) makes a provision for bishops who have petitions and who are going to Rome that the Roman bishop may examine and send approved petitions to the court. This chapter also considers the development of the office of the metropolitan bishop in the East in the light of the evidence provided by Canon 9b (Greek IXa).Less
In response to a general problem in the fourth‐century Church arising from ambitious or unworthy petitions submitted to the imperial court by individual bishops, seven of the Serdican canons are devoted to specifying appropriate causes for petition and for regulating the ways in which they should be presented. Canons 8 (Greek VII) and 10b draw a distinction between self‐seeking petitions, which are condemned, and petitions concerning widows, orphans, those who suffer injustice, and exiles, and stipulates that no bishop shall go to the court unless he is summoned or invited by the emperor. Canon 9a (Greek VIII) directs that the petitions should be delivered to the court by the petitioning bishop's deacon, and canon 9b (Greek IXa) adds that the petitions should first be approved by the metropolitan bishop of the province. Canon 10a (Greek IXb) makes a provision for bishops who have petitions and who are going to Rome that the Roman bishop may examine and send approved petitions to the court. This chapter also considers the development of the office of the metropolitan bishop in the East in the light of the evidence provided by Canon 9b (Greek IXa).
Alan Harding
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198263692
- eISBN:
- 9780191601149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198263694.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Trevecca College, founded by Lady Huntingdon in 1768, was one of the first institutions to be concerned exclusively with training for Christian ministry; it was significant both because of the ...
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Trevecca College, founded by Lady Huntingdon in 1768, was one of the first institutions to be concerned exclusively with training for Christian ministry; it was significant both because of the influence that its achievements (and shortcomings) had upon later forms of ministerial education, and for the impact on evangelical and other congregations of the more than two hundred students who attended Trevecca in the twenty-three years of its existence. The chapter discusses the origins of the college, the initial plans for its curriculum and staffing, and the backgrounds and recruitment of the students. It describes the often haphazard nature of the educational regime at Trevecca (including the conflicting demands of study and preaching); the college’s involvement in foreign missions; its theology; and the diverse sources of authority and influence to which the students were subject. The successor to Trevecca opened at Cheshunt in 1792; its ground rules (particularly clearly defined courses of study, and strict limits on outside preaching) showed that some of the lessons of Trevecca had been learned.Less
Trevecca College, founded by Lady Huntingdon in 1768, was one of the first institutions to be concerned exclusively with training for Christian ministry; it was significant both because of the influence that its achievements (and shortcomings) had upon later forms of ministerial education, and for the impact on evangelical and other congregations of the more than two hundred students who attended Trevecca in the twenty-three years of its existence. The chapter discusses the origins of the college, the initial plans for its curriculum and staffing, and the backgrounds and recruitment of the students. It describes the often haphazard nature of the educational regime at Trevecca (including the conflicting demands of study and preaching); the college’s involvement in foreign missions; its theology; and the diverse sources of authority and influence to which the students were subject. The successor to Trevecca opened at Cheshunt in 1792; its ground rules (particularly clearly defined courses of study, and strict limits on outside preaching) showed that some of the lessons of Trevecca had been learned.
Bridget Orr
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199554157
- eISBN:
- 9780191720437
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554157.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature, 18th-century Literature
This chapter surveys the mostly “illegitimate” theatrical forms in which The Thousand and One Nights appeared on stage between 1707 and c.1830, arguing that these dramas of state, farces, burlettas, ...
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This chapter surveys the mostly “illegitimate” theatrical forms in which The Thousand and One Nights appeared on stage between 1707 and c.1830, arguing that these dramas of state, farces, burlettas, melodramas, romances, and pantomimes effectively created popular Georgian Orientalism. Throughout this period, episodes drawn from the Arabian Nights facilitated critiques of domestic high politics while also establishing a vision of the Orient as despotic, wealthy, luxurious, and sensual. In the early decades of the 19th century however, dramatizations of “Sinbad the Sailor,” “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves,” and “Aladdin” gradually supplanted tales and episodes that allegorized domestic politics, a change owing to the so-called orphan tales' ability to symbolically negotiate the tensions accompanying the sudden wealth creation and social dislocation associated with nascent industrial capitalism.Less
This chapter surveys the mostly “illegitimate” theatrical forms in which The Thousand and One Nights appeared on stage between 1707 and c.1830, arguing that these dramas of state, farces, burlettas, melodramas, romances, and pantomimes effectively created popular Georgian Orientalism. Throughout this period, episodes drawn from the Arabian Nights facilitated critiques of domestic high politics while also establishing a vision of the Orient as despotic, wealthy, luxurious, and sensual. In the early decades of the 19th century however, dramatizations of “Sinbad the Sailor,” “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves,” and “Aladdin” gradually supplanted tales and episodes that allegorized domestic politics, a change owing to the so-called orphan tales' ability to symbolically negotiate the tensions accompanying the sudden wealth creation and social dislocation associated with nascent industrial capitalism.
John Van Seters
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195153156
- eISBN:
- 9780199834785
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195153154.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
Within the second half of the code are social and humanitarian commandments concerned with the poor, the widow and orphan, and the stranger who are not to be exploited, but must be supported by ...
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Within the second half of the code are social and humanitarian commandments concerned with the poor, the widow and orphan, and the stranger who are not to be exploited, but must be supported by social welfare. These concerns are expressed in regulations regarding the practice of usury, fair treatment in a court of law, fair labor practices, and animal welfare. There are various apodictic prohibitions and injunctions on religious matters, including one that has been linked to the practice of child sacrifice, to which special attention is given. The last group of religious injunctions deals with the Sabbath and festival laws. Many of the laws within this half of the Covenant Code have their counterparts within the other biblical codes, as well as the larger biblical tradition, which call for careful comparative analysis.Less
Within the second half of the code are social and humanitarian commandments concerned with the poor, the widow and orphan, and the stranger who are not to be exploited, but must be supported by social welfare. These concerns are expressed in regulations regarding the practice of usury, fair treatment in a court of law, fair labor practices, and animal welfare. There are various apodictic prohibitions and injunctions on religious matters, including one that has been linked to the practice of child sacrifice, to which special attention is given. The last group of religious injunctions deals with the Sabbath and festival laws. Many of the laws within this half of the Covenant Code have their counterparts within the other biblical codes, as well as the larger biblical tradition, which call for careful comparative analysis.
William Seraile
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823234196
- eISBN:
- 9780823240838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823234196.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The demise of the Colored Orphan Asylum at Riverdale was a sad event in the history of an institution that dated to 1836. The founders and early managers were mainly women who sought to do God's will ...
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The demise of the Colored Orphan Asylum at Riverdale was a sad event in the history of an institution that dated to 1836. The founders and early managers were mainly women who sought to do God's will by caring for abused and forsaken black children. They took on this mammoth effort at a time when African Americans were shunned by society. Oppressive laws prohibited much of their daily contact with their fellow white residents unless they were in a subordinate position. The white women, many of whom personally abhorred the horrors of slavery and who wished to do God's will by feeding the hungry and clothing the naked, did so at the risk of “unsexing” themselves in the eyes of their less Christian contemporaries. Men and women of means such as John Jacob Astor, R. H. Macy, Theodore Roosevelt Sr., William Jay, Anna Jay, Caroline Stokes, and many others contributed generously to the betterment of the orphan black child.Less
The demise of the Colored Orphan Asylum at Riverdale was a sad event in the history of an institution that dated to 1836. The founders and early managers were mainly women who sought to do God's will by caring for abused and forsaken black children. They took on this mammoth effort at a time when African Americans were shunned by society. Oppressive laws prohibited much of their daily contact with their fellow white residents unless they were in a subordinate position. The white women, many of whom personally abhorred the horrors of slavery and who wished to do God's will by feeding the hungry and clothing the naked, did so at the risk of “unsexing” themselves in the eyes of their less Christian contemporaries. Men and women of means such as John Jacob Astor, R. H. Macy, Theodore Roosevelt Sr., William Jay, Anna Jay, Caroline Stokes, and many others contributed generously to the betterment of the orphan black child.
Honor Sachs
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300154139
- eISBN:
- 9780300216530
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300154139.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
On America's western frontier, myths of prosperity concealed the brutal conditions endured by women, slaves, orphans, and the poor. As poverty and unrest took root in eighteenth-century Kentucky, ...
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On America's western frontier, myths of prosperity concealed the brutal conditions endured by women, slaves, orphans, and the poor. As poverty and unrest took root in eighteenth-century Kentucky, western lawmakers championed ideas about whiteness, manhood, and patriarchal authority to help stabilize a politically fractious frontier. This book combines rigorous scholarship with an engaging narrative to examine how conditions in Kentucky facilitated the expansion of rights for white men in ways that would become a model for citizenship in the country as a whole.Less
On America's western frontier, myths of prosperity concealed the brutal conditions endured by women, slaves, orphans, and the poor. As poverty and unrest took root in eighteenth-century Kentucky, western lawmakers championed ideas about whiteness, manhood, and patriarchal authority to help stabilize a politically fractious frontier. This book combines rigorous scholarship with an engaging narrative to examine how conditions in Kentucky facilitated the expansion of rights for white men in ways that would become a model for citizenship in the country as a whole.
Maurizio Borghi and Stavroula Karapapa
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199664559
- eISBN:
- 9780191758409
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199664559.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
Mass digitization of texts, images, and other creative works promises to unprecedentedly enhance access to culture and knowledge. With the electronic ‘library of Alexandria’ having started to ...
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Mass digitization of texts, images, and other creative works promises to unprecedentedly enhance access to culture and knowledge. With the electronic ‘library of Alexandria’ having started to materialize, a number of legal and policy issues have emerged. The book develops an extended conceptual account of the ways in which mass digital projects challenge the established copyright norms through the wholesale copying of works, their storage in cloud environments, and their automated processing for purposes of data analytics and text mining. As individual licensing is not compatible with the mass scale of these activities, alternative approaches have gained momentum as effect of judicial interpretation, legislative initiative, and private-ordering solutions. The book queries the normative and policy implications of this newly emerging framework in copyright law. Adopting a cross-jurisdictional perspective, it concludes that lack of clarity as to the scope of authorial consent does not only bear the risk of legal uncertainty, but can also lead to the creation of new and not readily transparent monopolies on information and knowledge. In this respect, a new regulatory framework is outlined drawing from the insights developed in areas of law where the concept of consent in the use of data has been thoroughly elaborated. Illustrating how mass digitization unveils a number of unsettled theoretical issues within copyright, the book builds a sophisticated case that digital repositories in the mass digital age should be and remain fully-fledged public goods to the benefit of future generations.Less
Mass digitization of texts, images, and other creative works promises to unprecedentedly enhance access to culture and knowledge. With the electronic ‘library of Alexandria’ having started to materialize, a number of legal and policy issues have emerged. The book develops an extended conceptual account of the ways in which mass digital projects challenge the established copyright norms through the wholesale copying of works, their storage in cloud environments, and their automated processing for purposes of data analytics and text mining. As individual licensing is not compatible with the mass scale of these activities, alternative approaches have gained momentum as effect of judicial interpretation, legislative initiative, and private-ordering solutions. The book queries the normative and policy implications of this newly emerging framework in copyright law. Adopting a cross-jurisdictional perspective, it concludes that lack of clarity as to the scope of authorial consent does not only bear the risk of legal uncertainty, but can also lead to the creation of new and not readily transparent monopolies on information and knowledge. In this respect, a new regulatory framework is outlined drawing from the insights developed in areas of law where the concept of consent in the use of data has been thoroughly elaborated. Illustrating how mass digitization unveils a number of unsettled theoretical issues within copyright, the book builds a sophisticated case that digital repositories in the mass digital age should be and remain fully-fledged public goods to the benefit of future generations.
Caroline M. Barron
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199257775
- eISBN:
- 9780191717758
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257775.003.11
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter explores the ways in which the city corporately, working together with religious houses and city companies, and much assisted by charitable individuals, provided welfare support for the ...
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This chapter explores the ways in which the city corporately, working together with religious houses and city companies, and much assisted by charitable individuals, provided welfare support for the young, the ill, the poor, and the old. Provision was made for orphans, for the destitute poor, for the sick, those who were terminally ill, and for the old. The role played by hospitals and the medical profession in the care of the sick is examined. The gradual invasion of lay professionals into areas previously the exclusive domain of the Church is observed and discussed.Less
This chapter explores the ways in which the city corporately, working together with religious houses and city companies, and much assisted by charitable individuals, provided welfare support for the young, the ill, the poor, and the old. Provision was made for orphans, for the destitute poor, for the sick, those who were terminally ill, and for the old. The role played by hospitals and the medical profession in the care of the sick is examined. The gradual invasion of lay professionals into areas previously the exclusive domain of the Church is observed and discussed.
Sean O'Connell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199263318
- eISBN:
- 9780191718793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263318.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter explains how catalogue retailers successfully expropriated working class social networks. Mail order evolved from an experiment with draw clubs to a billion pound credit base industry. ...
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This chapter explains how catalogue retailers successfully expropriated working class social networks. Mail order evolved from an experiment with draw clubs to a billion pound credit base industry. Its mainly female agents were largely socially rather than financially motivated, and they embedded the catalogue in many social networks. However, until the 1930s catalogue retailers were reluctant to appoint female agents due to concerns about the legal status of married women's credit bargains. Credit assessment and policing by agents allowed mail order to keep bad debts at low levels. Agents were typically of a higher social status than customers and acted as a gatekeeper to credit for them. From the 1980s, increasing female employment, greater access to other forms of credit, and declining levels of trust in working-class neighbourhoods created ‘credit orphans’ of some former customers. Together with computerization and credit scoring, this was a significant factor in financial exclusion.Less
This chapter explains how catalogue retailers successfully expropriated working class social networks. Mail order evolved from an experiment with draw clubs to a billion pound credit base industry. Its mainly female agents were largely socially rather than financially motivated, and they embedded the catalogue in many social networks. However, until the 1930s catalogue retailers were reluctant to appoint female agents due to concerns about the legal status of married women's credit bargains. Credit assessment and policing by agents allowed mail order to keep bad debts at low levels. Agents were typically of a higher social status than customers and acted as a gatekeeper to credit for them. From the 1980s, increasing female employment, greater access to other forms of credit, and declining levels of trust in working-class neighbourhoods created ‘credit orphans’ of some former customers. Together with computerization and credit scoring, this was a significant factor in financial exclusion.
Patrick Coleman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199589340
- eISBN:
- 9780191723322
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199589340.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature, 18th-century Literature
This chapter analyses how Marianne, the orphan heroine of Marivaux's novel La Vie de Marianne, manipulates the language of gratitude in order to secure the social recognition she believes she ...
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This chapter analyses how Marianne, the orphan heroine of Marivaux's novel La Vie de Marianne, manipulates the language of gratitude in order to secure the social recognition she believes she deserves. Although she is unable to prove her noble birth, by displaying a refined appreciation of the favors she receives she turns humiliating obligation into a self-validating evidence of high status. She transforms the hierarchical dynamic of benefaction into a mutual and more egalitarian exchange of tendresse reminiscent of the noble romances of Madeleine de Scudéry. By contrast, Marianne's noble friend Tervire's inability to devise successful recognition scenes (Terence Cave, Paul Ricœur) makes her vulnerable to social degradation. The chapter argues that this double plot illustrates Marivaux's own reflection on his status as an author dependent on, and yet empowered by, the patronage of influential women.Less
This chapter analyses how Marianne, the orphan heroine of Marivaux's novel La Vie de Marianne, manipulates the language of gratitude in order to secure the social recognition she believes she deserves. Although she is unable to prove her noble birth, by displaying a refined appreciation of the favors she receives she turns humiliating obligation into a self-validating evidence of high status. She transforms the hierarchical dynamic of benefaction into a mutual and more egalitarian exchange of tendresse reminiscent of the noble romances of Madeleine de Scudéry. By contrast, Marianne's noble friend Tervire's inability to devise successful recognition scenes (Terence Cave, Paul Ricœur) makes her vulnerable to social degradation. The chapter argues that this double plot illustrates Marivaux's own reflection on his status as an author dependent on, and yet empowered by, the patronage of influential women.
Christina Elizabeth Firpo
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824847579
- eISBN:
- 9780824869007
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824847579.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This book explores the untold history of the removal of métis [mixed-race] children from their Vietnamese, Cambodian and Lao mothers as part of a colonial plan to reproduce the French race in ...
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This book explores the untold history of the removal of métis [mixed-race] children from their Vietnamese, Cambodian and Lao mothers as part of a colonial plan to reproduce the French race in Vietnam. Throughout the colonial period and, on a lesser scale, the postcolonial period, French child welfare organizations conducted extensive searches of the Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Lao countryside for métis children who had been abandoned by their French fathers. Because these children had been raised without French cultural influence, authorities deemed them legally “abandoned” and separated them from their mothers—sometimes by force. The children were then placed in state-run institutions called “protection” societies, whose curriculum of re-acculturation would transform them, in the words of one French administrator, into “little Frenchmen.” The colonial state, in short, usurped the role of the family.Less
This book explores the untold history of the removal of métis [mixed-race] children from their Vietnamese, Cambodian and Lao mothers as part of a colonial plan to reproduce the French race in Vietnam. Throughout the colonial period and, on a lesser scale, the postcolonial period, French child welfare organizations conducted extensive searches of the Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Lao countryside for métis children who had been abandoned by their French fathers. Because these children had been raised without French cultural influence, authorities deemed them legally “abandoned” and separated them from their mothers—sometimes by force. The children were then placed in state-run institutions called “protection” societies, whose curriculum of re-acculturation would transform them, in the words of one French administrator, into “little Frenchmen.” The colonial state, in short, usurped the role of the family.
Andrew T. McDonald and Verlaine Stoner McDonald
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813176079
- eISBN:
- 9780813176109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813176079.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
Chapter 6 follows Rusch’s work in army intelligence, where he was in close contact with a number of Japanese prime ministers and high officials. Many officials were cooperating with the American ...
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Chapter 6 follows Rusch’s work in army intelligence, where he was in close contact with a number of Japanese prime ministers and high officials. Many officials were cooperating with the American effort to ferret out Communists, and Rusch was part of an administration that bent the rules of democracy by supporting pro-American Japanese candidates while hindering their opponents. At the same time, Rusch was working to restore institutions of the Nippon Seikokai, the Episcopal Church of Japan, and he used his authority as an army officer to forward his various projects, including the rebuilding of Seisen-Ryo. He was accused by his superiors of abusing his power to help the church and rebuild the lodge. Rusch covertly aided the heiress Miki Sawada in caring for mixed-race children born of sexual liaisons between Japanese women and Allied personnel, and he routinely raided American supplies to help Sawada feed the displaced children. Rusch also played a minor role in ushering in the McCarthy era in America, providing anti-Communist intelligence to his superiors and helping defend the army and his boss, General Charles A. Willoughby, against charges that Willoughby’s operatives smeared an American citizen as a Communist agent.Less
Chapter 6 follows Rusch’s work in army intelligence, where he was in close contact with a number of Japanese prime ministers and high officials. Many officials were cooperating with the American effort to ferret out Communists, and Rusch was part of an administration that bent the rules of democracy by supporting pro-American Japanese candidates while hindering their opponents. At the same time, Rusch was working to restore institutions of the Nippon Seikokai, the Episcopal Church of Japan, and he used his authority as an army officer to forward his various projects, including the rebuilding of Seisen-Ryo. He was accused by his superiors of abusing his power to help the church and rebuild the lodge. Rusch covertly aided the heiress Miki Sawada in caring for mixed-race children born of sexual liaisons between Japanese women and Allied personnel, and he routinely raided American supplies to help Sawada feed the displaced children. Rusch also played a minor role in ushering in the McCarthy era in America, providing anti-Communist intelligence to his superiors and helping defend the army and his boss, General Charles A. Willoughby, against charges that Willoughby’s operatives smeared an American citizen as a Communist agent.
Suzanne Stewart-Steinberg
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450341
- eISBN:
- 9780801463334
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450341.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas
This book investigates the legacy of Anna Freud at the intersection between psychoanalysis as a mode of thinking and theorizing and its existence as a political entity. The book argues that because ...
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This book investigates the legacy of Anna Freud at the intersection between psychoanalysis as a mode of thinking and theorizing and its existence as a political entity. The book argues that because Anna Freud inherited and guided her father Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic project as an institution, analysis of her thought is critical to our understanding of the relationship between psychoanalysis and politics. This is particularly the case given that many psychoanalysts and historians of psychiatry charge that Anna Freud's emphasis on defending the supremacy of the ego against unconscious drives betrayed her father's work. Are the unconscious and the psychoanalytic project itself at odds with the stable ego deemed necessary to a democratic politics? Hannah Arendt famously (and influentially) argued that they are. But the book maintains that Anna Freud's critics (particularly disciples of Melanie Klein) have simplified her thought and misconstrued her legacy. It looks at Anna Freud's work with wartime orphans, seeing that they developed subjectivity not by vertical (through the father) but by lateral, social ties. This led Anna Freud to revise her father's emphasis on Oedipal sexuality and to posit a revision of psychoanalysis that renders it compatible with democratic theory and practice. The book gives us an Anna Freud who “betrays” the father even as she protects his legacy and continues his work in a new key.Less
This book investigates the legacy of Anna Freud at the intersection between psychoanalysis as a mode of thinking and theorizing and its existence as a political entity. The book argues that because Anna Freud inherited and guided her father Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic project as an institution, analysis of her thought is critical to our understanding of the relationship between psychoanalysis and politics. This is particularly the case given that many psychoanalysts and historians of psychiatry charge that Anna Freud's emphasis on defending the supremacy of the ego against unconscious drives betrayed her father's work. Are the unconscious and the psychoanalytic project itself at odds with the stable ego deemed necessary to a democratic politics? Hannah Arendt famously (and influentially) argued that they are. But the book maintains that Anna Freud's critics (particularly disciples of Melanie Klein) have simplified her thought and misconstrued her legacy. It looks at Anna Freud's work with wartime orphans, seeing that they developed subjectivity not by vertical (through the father) but by lateral, social ties. This led Anna Freud to revise her father's emphasis on Oedipal sexuality and to posit a revision of psychoanalysis that renders it compatible with democratic theory and practice. The book gives us an Anna Freud who “betrays” the father even as she protects his legacy and continues his work in a new key.
Rebecca Mitchell
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300208894
- eISBN:
- 9780300216493
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300208894.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
This book explores how, amid the final tumultuous years of the Russian empire, music was viewed as a powerful force with the ability to overcome the social, political, and ethnic divisions that, it ...
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This book explores how, amid the final tumultuous years of the Russian empire, music was viewed as a powerful force with the ability to overcome the social, political, and ethnic divisions that, it was feared, were tearing the empire asunder. Drawing on German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche’s description of music as the “Dionysian” force and the “primal unity” that underpinned reality itself, Russian cultural elites (philosophers, historians, musicians and writers) argued that music promised an important means through which to forge a unified Russian identity within a society increasingly threatened by social discord, revolutionary upheaval, and growing nationalism. In this context of perceived modern disintegration and national uncertainty, music offered both a symbol of a transformed society (marked by social unity, spiritual depth, and cultural richness) and a means through which to achieve this transfiguration. This book offers a detailed examination of the philosophical claims surrounding music given voice by Russian cultural elites (“Nietzsche’s orphans”) with particular analysis of three Russian composers: Aleksandr Scriabin, Nikolai Medtner, and Sergei Rachmaninoff. Though internally divided in their individual assessments of each composer’s significance, Nietzsche’s orphans sought in these musical figures a possible theurgic artist (or latter-day “Orpheus”) whose music would have the power to reunify society. This worldview of “musical metaphysics” ultimately proved incapable of reuniting Russian society, however, as music and philosophy both took on an increasingly nationalistic meaning in the cataclysm of the Great War, undermining the very unity that had been sought.Less
This book explores how, amid the final tumultuous years of the Russian empire, music was viewed as a powerful force with the ability to overcome the social, political, and ethnic divisions that, it was feared, were tearing the empire asunder. Drawing on German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche’s description of music as the “Dionysian” force and the “primal unity” that underpinned reality itself, Russian cultural elites (philosophers, historians, musicians and writers) argued that music promised an important means through which to forge a unified Russian identity within a society increasingly threatened by social discord, revolutionary upheaval, and growing nationalism. In this context of perceived modern disintegration and national uncertainty, music offered both a symbol of a transformed society (marked by social unity, spiritual depth, and cultural richness) and a means through which to achieve this transfiguration. This book offers a detailed examination of the philosophical claims surrounding music given voice by Russian cultural elites (“Nietzsche’s orphans”) with particular analysis of three Russian composers: Aleksandr Scriabin, Nikolai Medtner, and Sergei Rachmaninoff. Though internally divided in their individual assessments of each composer’s significance, Nietzsche’s orphans sought in these musical figures a possible theurgic artist (or latter-day “Orpheus”) whose music would have the power to reunify society. This worldview of “musical metaphysics” ultimately proved incapable of reuniting Russian society, however, as music and philosophy both took on an increasingly nationalistic meaning in the cataclysm of the Great War, undermining the very unity that had been sought.
