Toni Erskine
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264379
- eISBN:
- 9780191734410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264379.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter discusses the promise and limits of an embedded cosmopolitanism position by placing it in the context of war. This is where popular particularist appeals to care and consensus have ...
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This chapter discusses the promise and limits of an embedded cosmopolitanism position by placing it in the context of war. This is where popular particularist appeals to care and consensus have obvious and practical limits. It makes a specific reference to two prominent norms that relate to the conduct of organized violence, namely the prohibition against torture and the principle of non-combatant immunity. The chapter illustrates two extremes of an embedded cosmopolitan position and highlights how embedded cosmopolitan insights can help identify and avoid ‘traps of membership’.Less
This chapter discusses the promise and limits of an embedded cosmopolitanism position by placing it in the context of war. This is where popular particularist appeals to care and consensus have obvious and practical limits. It makes a specific reference to two prominent norms that relate to the conduct of organized violence, namely the prohibition against torture and the principle of non-combatant immunity. The chapter illustrates two extremes of an embedded cosmopolitan position and highlights how embedded cosmopolitan insights can help identify and avoid ‘traps of membership’.
Adam T. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691163239
- eISBN:
- 9781400866502
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691163239.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This book investigates the essential role that material culture plays in the practices and maintenance of political sovereignty. Through an archaeological exploration of the Bronze Age Caucasus, the ...
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This book investigates the essential role that material culture plays in the practices and maintenance of political sovereignty. Through an archaeological exploration of the Bronze Age Caucasus, the book demonstrates that beyond assemblies of people, polities are just as importantly assemblages of things—from ballots and bullets to crowns, regalia, and licenses. The book looks at the ways that these assemblages help to forge cohesive publics, separate sovereigns from a wider social mass, and formalize governance—and it considers how these developments continue to shape politics today. The book shows that the formation of polities is as much about the process of manufacturing assemblages as it is about disciplining subjects, and that these material objects or “machines” sustain communities, orders, and institutions. The sensibilities, senses, and sentiments connecting people to things enabled political authority during the Bronze Age and fortifies political power even in the contemporary world. The book provides a detailed account of the transformation of communities in the Caucasus, from small-scale early Bronze Age villages committed to egalitarianism, to Late Bronze Age polities predicated on radical inequality, organized violence, and a centralized apparatus of rule. From Bronze Age traditions of mortuary ritual and divination to current controversies over flag pins and Predator drones, this book sheds new light on how material goods authorize and defend political order.Less
This book investigates the essential role that material culture plays in the practices and maintenance of political sovereignty. Through an archaeological exploration of the Bronze Age Caucasus, the book demonstrates that beyond assemblies of people, polities are just as importantly assemblages of things—from ballots and bullets to crowns, regalia, and licenses. The book looks at the ways that these assemblages help to forge cohesive publics, separate sovereigns from a wider social mass, and formalize governance—and it considers how these developments continue to shape politics today. The book shows that the formation of polities is as much about the process of manufacturing assemblages as it is about disciplining subjects, and that these material objects or “machines” sustain communities, orders, and institutions. The sensibilities, senses, and sentiments connecting people to things enabled political authority during the Bronze Age and fortifies political power even in the contemporary world. The book provides a detailed account of the transformation of communities in the Caucasus, from small-scale early Bronze Age villages committed to egalitarianism, to Late Bronze Age polities predicated on radical inequality, organized violence, and a centralized apparatus of rule. From Bronze Age traditions of mortuary ritual and divination to current controversies over flag pins and Predator drones, this book sheds new light on how material goods authorize and defend political order.
Patricia L. Sullivan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199878338
- eISBN:
- 9780199950294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199878338.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter develops the first part of a broadly generalizable theory about the utility of organized violence as a policy instrument. The theory incorporates insights from both strategic selection ...
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This chapter develops the first part of a broadly generalizable theory about the utility of organized violence as a policy instrument. The theory incorporates insights from both strategic selection models of war initiation and military doctrine. It begins by establishing a definition of victory in war and positing three paths by which actors can achieve strategic victory in armed conflict. It then explains how the process by which state and nonstate actors “select” themselves into violent conflicts helps us to understand the war outcomes we observe. It uses two post-Cold War military confrontations between the United States and Iraq to illustrate how the balance of military capabilities, relative tolerance for costs, and each side's beliefs about these distributions influence decisions to initiate and terminate armed conflicts.Less
This chapter develops the first part of a broadly generalizable theory about the utility of organized violence as a policy instrument. The theory incorporates insights from both strategic selection models of war initiation and military doctrine. It begins by establishing a definition of victory in war and positing three paths by which actors can achieve strategic victory in armed conflict. It then explains how the process by which state and nonstate actors “select” themselves into violent conflicts helps us to understand the war outcomes we observe. It uses two post-Cold War military confrontations between the United States and Iraq to illustrate how the balance of military capabilities, relative tolerance for costs, and each side's beliefs about these distributions influence decisions to initiate and terminate armed conflicts.
Matt Killingsworth, Matthew Sussex, and Jan Pakulski (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719097027
- eISBN:
- 9781526103987
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719097027.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This book sets out to help unlock an intriguing interdisciplinary puzzle relating to violence: ‘what is the relationship between the instrumental uses of violence, including its main forms, and the ...
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This book sets out to help unlock an intriguing interdisciplinary puzzle relating to violence: ‘what is the relationship between the instrumental uses of violence, including its main forms, and the willingness of states to employ it?’ In providing a counterweight to the notion that political violence has irrevocably changed in a globalised world, Violence and the State provides an original and innovative way to understand political violence across a range of discipline areas.Less
This book sets out to help unlock an intriguing interdisciplinary puzzle relating to violence: ‘what is the relationship between the instrumental uses of violence, including its main forms, and the willingness of states to employ it?’ In providing a counterweight to the notion that political violence has irrevocably changed in a globalised world, Violence and the State provides an original and innovative way to understand political violence across a range of discipline areas.
Robert N. Kraft
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479821600
- eISBN:
- 9781479870288
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479821600.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This book presents a compelling study of how ordinary people commit extraordinary acts of violence and how perpetrators and victims manage in the aftermath. Grounded in extensive, qualitative ...
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This book presents a compelling study of how ordinary people commit extraordinary acts of violence and how perpetrators and victims manage in the aftermath. Grounded in extensive, qualitative analysis of perpetrator testimony, the book reveals the individual experiences of perpetrators as well as general patterns of influence that lead to collective violence. Drawing on public testimony from the amnesty hearings of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the book interweaves hundreds of hours of testimony from seventy-four violent perpetrators in apartheid South Africa, including twelve major cases that involved direct interactions between victims and perpetrators. The analysis of perpetrator testimony covers all tiers on the hierarchy of organized violence, from executives who translated political doctrine into general strategies, to managers who translated these general strategies into specific plans, to the staff—the foot soldiers—who carried out the destructive plans of these managers. The book transcends the particulars of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to reveal broader themes and unexpected insights about perpetrators of collective violence, the confrontations between victims and perpetrators in the aftermath of this violence, the reality of multiple truths, the complexities of reconciliation, and lessons of restorative justice.Less
This book presents a compelling study of how ordinary people commit extraordinary acts of violence and how perpetrators and victims manage in the aftermath. Grounded in extensive, qualitative analysis of perpetrator testimony, the book reveals the individual experiences of perpetrators as well as general patterns of influence that lead to collective violence. Drawing on public testimony from the amnesty hearings of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the book interweaves hundreds of hours of testimony from seventy-four violent perpetrators in apartheid South Africa, including twelve major cases that involved direct interactions between victims and perpetrators. The analysis of perpetrator testimony covers all tiers on the hierarchy of organized violence, from executives who translated political doctrine into general strategies, to managers who translated these general strategies into specific plans, to the staff—the foot soldiers—who carried out the destructive plans of these managers. The book transcends the particulars of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to reveal broader themes and unexpected insights about perpetrators of collective violence, the confrontations between victims and perpetrators in the aftermath of this violence, the reality of multiple truths, the complexities of reconciliation, and lessons of restorative justice.
Daphna Oyserman and Armand Lauffer
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195133622
- eISBN:
- 9780199847952
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195133622.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
What is the connection between individual-democratic and group-ethnic worldviews and the risk of organized bloodshed? This chapter claims that at least part of the answer lies in the ways social ...
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What is the connection between individual-democratic and group-ethnic worldviews and the risk of organized bloodshed? This chapter claims that at least part of the answer lies in the ways social movements capitalize on existing cultural frames to create local meanings conducive to organized violence against out-groups. This perspective builds on an emerging cultural focus within social psychology and draws attention to the ways a society's codes and values become part of the very fabric of an individual's perceptual frame. Using this social-psychological approach to understanding genocide focuses attention on the role of cultural frame in shaping meaning — through norms, values, and the sense made of actions — as it relates to intergroup relations.Less
What is the connection between individual-democratic and group-ethnic worldviews and the risk of organized bloodshed? This chapter claims that at least part of the answer lies in the ways social movements capitalize on existing cultural frames to create local meanings conducive to organized violence against out-groups. This perspective builds on an emerging cultural focus within social psychology and draws attention to the ways a society's codes and values become part of the very fabric of an individual's perceptual frame. Using this social-psychological approach to understanding genocide focuses attention on the role of cultural frame in shaping meaning — through norms, values, and the sense made of actions — as it relates to intergroup relations.
Nam C. Kim
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199980888
- eISBN:
- 9780190268879
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199980888.003.0005
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter provides an overview of the global archaeological record for ancient warfare. A growing body of datasets from around the world now documents the existence of conflict and warfare in ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the global archaeological record for ancient warfare. A growing body of datasets from around the world now documents the existence of conflict and warfare in variable environmental and social contexts, solidifying the notion that prehistoric warfare was of tremendous social importance for many regions. Different definitions of warfare are discussed. This is followed by a detailed analysis of different material signatures for warfare, utilizing examples from archaeological sites and cultures around the world. The chapter concludes with a cursory review of evidence for warfare in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and East Asia. To date, there have been few studies examining the presence and possible significance of prehistoric warfare in Southeast Asia. Although far from conclusive, the indications from pre- and protohistoric records of Southeast Asia and adjacent regions suggest that warfare was not entirely absent.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the global archaeological record for ancient warfare. A growing body of datasets from around the world now documents the existence of conflict and warfare in variable environmental and social contexts, solidifying the notion that prehistoric warfare was of tremendous social importance for many regions. Different definitions of warfare are discussed. This is followed by a detailed analysis of different material signatures for warfare, utilizing examples from archaeological sites and cultures around the world. The chapter concludes with a cursory review of evidence for warfare in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and East Asia. To date, there have been few studies examining the presence and possible significance of prehistoric warfare in Southeast Asia. Although far from conclusive, the indications from pre- and protohistoric records of Southeast Asia and adjacent regions suggest that warfare was not entirely absent.
Nancy L. Rosenblum
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691169439
- eISBN:
- 9781400881314
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691169439.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter looks at how, in mistrust-creating situations where chronic conditions of disorder, mayhem, and organized violence befoul encounters among neighbors, the democracy of everyday life is ...
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This chapter looks at how, in mistrust-creating situations where chronic conditions of disorder, mayhem, and organized violence befoul encounters among neighbors, the democracy of everyday life is tested more severely. Privacy—understood first and simply as protecting oneself from intrusive authorities and from one another—is the felt necessity that makes live and let live a moral imperative. Live and let live enjoins reticence—refusing to broadcast or report what one knows when revelation would have potentially disturbing, even life-altering consequences for his/her neighbors. Live and let live also encourages a characteristic demeanor and form of conduct signaling recognition of mutual vulnerability. Live and let live is the essential “safety net” element of the democracy of everyday life.Less
This chapter looks at how, in mistrust-creating situations where chronic conditions of disorder, mayhem, and organized violence befoul encounters among neighbors, the democracy of everyday life is tested more severely. Privacy—understood first and simply as protecting oneself from intrusive authorities and from one another—is the felt necessity that makes live and let live a moral imperative. Live and let live enjoins reticence—refusing to broadcast or report what one knows when revelation would have potentially disturbing, even life-altering consequences for his/her neighbors. Live and let live also encourages a characteristic demeanor and form of conduct signaling recognition of mutual vulnerability. Live and let live is the essential “safety net” element of the democracy of everyday life.
