Andrew Mason
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199264414
- eISBN:
- 9780191718489
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199264414.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter begins with an examination of the simple view that equality of opportunity requires open competition for advantaged social positions. It is argued that this idea is not really so simple. ...
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This chapter begins with an examination of the simple view that equality of opportunity requires open competition for advantaged social positions. It is argued that this idea is not really so simple. The notion of an open competition and the idea of a qualification which it presupposes are more complicated than they seem, and need to be looked at in a broad account of justice in general, or equality of opportunity in particular. The simple view must be regarded as incomplete: it is implausible to suppose, for example, that open competition for advantaged social positions is a sufficient condition of equality of opportunity. Reflection upon the simple view suggests that any adequate account of equality of opportunity must include at least two components: the idea that there should be open competition for advantaged social positions, and that there should be fair access to the qualifications required for success in these competitions.Less
This chapter begins with an examination of the simple view that equality of opportunity requires open competition for advantaged social positions. It is argued that this idea is not really so simple. The notion of an open competition and the idea of a qualification which it presupposes are more complicated than they seem, and need to be looked at in a broad account of justice in general, or equality of opportunity in particular. The simple view must be regarded as incomplete: it is implausible to suppose, for example, that open competition for advantaged social positions is a sufficient condition of equality of opportunity. Reflection upon the simple view suggests that any adequate account of equality of opportunity must include at least two components: the idea that there should be open competition for advantaged social positions, and that there should be fair access to the qualifications required for success in these competitions.
Peter Mair
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295495
- eISBN:
- 9780191599804
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295499.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This is the third of three chapters on political party systems and structures of competition, and presents an overall review. In the first section, Approaches to the Classification of Party Systems: ...
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This is the third of three chapters on political party systems and structures of competition, and presents an overall review. In the first section, Approaches to the Classification of Party Systems: A Review it looks at the principal existing approaches to the classification of party systems, pointing to both their limits and possibilities when applied within comparative analysis. It then goes on in the second section, Party Systems and the Competition for Government, to underline the importance of understanding the structure of competition in any given party system, since in many ways the whole notion of a party system is centred on the assumption that there exists a stable structure of competition. Structures of competition can be seen to be either closed (and predictable) or open (and unpredictable), depending on the patterns of alternation in government, the degree of innovation or persistence in processes of government formation, and the range of parties gaining access to government. The emphasis in the third section, Party Systems and Electoral Outcomes, is on the need to distinguish between processes of electoral change on the one hand, and changes in party systems and the structures of competition on the other, a distinction which also allows the possibility of situations in which electoral change is the consequence rather than the cause of party system change.Less
This is the third of three chapters on political party systems and structures of competition, and presents an overall review. In the first section, Approaches to the Classification of Party Systems: A Review it looks at the principal existing approaches to the classification of party systems, pointing to both their limits and possibilities when applied within comparative analysis. It then goes on in the second section, Party Systems and the Competition for Government, to underline the importance of understanding the structure of competition in any given party system, since in many ways the whole notion of a party system is centred on the assumption that there exists a stable structure of competition. Structures of competition can be seen to be either closed (and predictable) or open (and unpredictable), depending on the patterns of alternation in government, the degree of innovation or persistence in processes of government formation, and the range of parties gaining access to government. The emphasis in the third section, Party Systems and Electoral Outcomes, is on the need to distinguish between processes of electoral change on the one hand, and changes in party systems and the structures of competition on the other, a distinction which also allows the possibility of situations in which electoral change is the consequence rather than the cause of party system change.
Charles Heckscher, Michael Maccoby, Rafael Ramirez, and Pierre-Eric Tixier
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199261758
- eISBN:
- 9780191718687
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261758.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This book focuses on the transition faced by business organizations and their stakeholders as they move from protected markets to open competition, and it explores how these changes can be ...
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This book focuses on the transition faced by business organizations and their stakeholders as they move from protected markets to open competition, and it explores how these changes can be facilitated by outside interveners/agents. Centering on four case studies — AT&T, Lucent, Electricité de France, and the Italian State Railways — the book analyses the approach to intervention, the problems created by existing systems of stakeholder dialogue, and the prospects for change. It draws two fundamental lessons. Firstly, that intervention in these situations must be broad and involving — a ‘full engagement’ approach — in order to achieve changes in relations and identities among a range of players. The book explores the key elements and practical techniques of this approach. Secondly, that the issues ultimately go beyond improving union-management relations or organizational structures; even in the best cases, the players have been unable to reach stable agreements in the face of continuing pressures for change. A deep transformation of the system of stakeholder relations is required — the creation of a system of ‘post-industrial relations’. The book includes discussion of managerial problems and intervention strategies in an ever more responsive and flexible economy, and also the implications for democracy in the work-place and the future of union representation. The book is valuable for consultants, unionists, managers, and public policy makers, and accessible also to students and the interested public.Less
This book focuses on the transition faced by business organizations and their stakeholders as they move from protected markets to open competition, and it explores how these changes can be facilitated by outside interveners/agents. Centering on four case studies — AT&T, Lucent, Electricité de France, and the Italian State Railways — the book analyses the approach to intervention, the problems created by existing systems of stakeholder dialogue, and the prospects for change. It draws two fundamental lessons. Firstly, that intervention in these situations must be broad and involving — a ‘full engagement’ approach — in order to achieve changes in relations and identities among a range of players. The book explores the key elements and practical techniques of this approach. Secondly, that the issues ultimately go beyond improving union-management relations or organizational structures; even in the best cases, the players have been unable to reach stable agreements in the face of continuing pressures for change. A deep transformation of the system of stakeholder relations is required — the creation of a system of ‘post-industrial relations’. The book includes discussion of managerial problems and intervention strategies in an ever more responsive and flexible economy, and also the implications for democracy in the work-place and the future of union representation. The book is valuable for consultants, unionists, managers, and public policy makers, and accessible also to students and the interested public.
Matthew N. Green and Douglas B. Harris
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780300222579
- eISBN:
- 9780300240795
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300222579.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter focuses on the most common type of leadership race in the House of Representatives, the open competition race: when two or more candidates run for a vacant position and none of them ...
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This chapter focuses on the most common type of leadership race in the House of Representatives, the open competition race: when two or more candidates run for a vacant position and none of them occupies a leadership post considered the “natural” stepping stone to the position. It begins by examining open competition races in the House Democratic Party. It contends that although the mixed-motive model applies to both parties' leadership elections, looking at just House Democrats allows the documentation and testing of the significance of an important longstanding division within the party, between its conservative, often southern wing and its liberal, usually nonsouthern wing. The chapter begins by focusing on one of the longest campaigns for leadership in the modern House: the 1998–2001 race for Democratic whip between Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) and Steny Hoyer (D-MD), which would put the winner in a prime position to later become Speaker of the House. It then discusses two additional open races, for majority leader in 1971 and majority leader in 1989.Less
This chapter focuses on the most common type of leadership race in the House of Representatives, the open competition race: when two or more candidates run for a vacant position and none of them occupies a leadership post considered the “natural” stepping stone to the position. It begins by examining open competition races in the House Democratic Party. It contends that although the mixed-motive model applies to both parties' leadership elections, looking at just House Democrats allows the documentation and testing of the significance of an important longstanding division within the party, between its conservative, often southern wing and its liberal, usually nonsouthern wing. The chapter begins by focusing on one of the longest campaigns for leadership in the modern House: the 1998–2001 race for Democratic whip between Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) and Steny Hoyer (D-MD), which would put the winner in a prime position to later become Speaker of the House. It then discusses two additional open races, for majority leader in 1971 and majority leader in 1989.
Matthew N. Green and Douglas B. Harris
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780300222579
- eISBN:
- 9780300240795
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300222579.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter continues the discussion on the open competition race, the most common type of leadership race in the House of Representatives, focusing on the GOP. It begins with a detailed discussion ...
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This chapter continues the discussion on the open competition race, the most common type of leadership race in the House of Representatives, focusing on the GOP. It begins with a detailed discussion of perhaps the most consequential GOP leadership election in the past three decades: the 1989 race for whip, in which Newt Gingrich (R-GA) narrowly bested Ed Madigan (R-IL) and positioned himself to become the first Republican Speaker of the House in forty years. It then considers three additional cases of open competition for GOP posts: the minority leader and whip races in 1980 and the majority whip contest in 1994. As in the previous chapter, the findings are consistent with the mixed-motive model of vote choice.Less
This chapter continues the discussion on the open competition race, the most common type of leadership race in the House of Representatives, focusing on the GOP. It begins with a detailed discussion of perhaps the most consequential GOP leadership election in the past three decades: the 1989 race for whip, in which Newt Gingrich (R-GA) narrowly bested Ed Madigan (R-IL) and positioned himself to become the first Republican Speaker of the House in forty years. It then considers three additional cases of open competition for GOP posts: the minority leader and whip races in 1980 and the majority whip contest in 1994. As in the previous chapter, the findings are consistent with the mixed-motive model of vote choice.
Zachary M. Howlett
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781501754432
- eISBN:
- 9781501754449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501754432.003.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter explores the high-stakes of the Gaokao as test takers must cope with tremendous pressure since the exam is their only opportunity to achieve social mobility to change their fate or ...
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This chapter explores the high-stakes of the Gaokao as test takers must cope with tremendous pressure since the exam is their only opportunity to achieve social mobility to change their fate or transform their destiny. It contextualizes the Gaokao culturally and historically and explains why it forms a fateful rite of passage. It also analyzes a parent's view of the Gaokao, which is seen as a chance for ordinary people to fight back against a corrupt and unequal world. The chapter explores the shared sentiment for the Gaokao as the only relatively fair competition in China, considering it as the cornerstone of meritocracy. It point out that meritocracy in relation to the Gaokao talks about society in which the ruling elite are selected on the basis of merit through open competition.Less
This chapter explores the high-stakes of the Gaokao as test takers must cope with tremendous pressure since the exam is their only opportunity to achieve social mobility to change their fate or transform their destiny. It contextualizes the Gaokao culturally and historically and explains why it forms a fateful rite of passage. It also analyzes a parent's view of the Gaokao, which is seen as a chance for ordinary people to fight back against a corrupt and unequal world. The chapter explores the shared sentiment for the Gaokao as the only relatively fair competition in China, considering it as the cornerstone of meritocracy. It point out that meritocracy in relation to the Gaokao talks about society in which the ruling elite are selected on the basis of merit through open competition.
