Frederick J. Ruf
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195102635
- eISBN:
- 9780199853458
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195102635.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
This book aims to bring about an understanding of how the concepts of “voice” and “genre” function in texts, especially religious texts. To this end, it joins literary theorists in the discussion ...
More
This book aims to bring about an understanding of how the concepts of “voice” and “genre” function in texts, especially religious texts. To this end, it joins literary theorists in the discussion about “narrative.” The book rejects the idea of genre as a fixed historical form that serves as a template for readers and writers; instead, it suggests that we imagine different genres, whether narrative, lyric, or dramatic, as the expression of different voices. Each voice, the book asserts, possesses different key qualities: embodiment, sociality, contextuality, and opacity in the dramatic voice; intimacy, limitation, urgency in lyric; and a “magisterial” quality of comprehensiveness and cohesiveness in narrative. These voices are models for our selves, composing an unruly and unstable multiplicity of selves. The book applies its theory of “voice” and “genre” to five texts: Dineson's Out of Africa, Donne's Holy Sonnets, Primo Levi's The Periodic Table, Robert Wilson's Einstein on the Beach, and Coleridge's Biographia Literaria. Through these literary works, the book discerns the detailed ways in which a text constructs a voice and, in the process, a self. More importantly, this book demonstrates that this process is a religious one, fulfilling the function that religions traditionally assume: that of defining the self and its world.Less
This book aims to bring about an understanding of how the concepts of “voice” and “genre” function in texts, especially religious texts. To this end, it joins literary theorists in the discussion about “narrative.” The book rejects the idea of genre as a fixed historical form that serves as a template for readers and writers; instead, it suggests that we imagine different genres, whether narrative, lyric, or dramatic, as the expression of different voices. Each voice, the book asserts, possesses different key qualities: embodiment, sociality, contextuality, and opacity in the dramatic voice; intimacy, limitation, urgency in lyric; and a “magisterial” quality of comprehensiveness and cohesiveness in narrative. These voices are models for our selves, composing an unruly and unstable multiplicity of selves. The book applies its theory of “voice” and “genre” to five texts: Dineson's Out of Africa, Donne's Holy Sonnets, Primo Levi's The Periodic Table, Robert Wilson's Einstein on the Beach, and Coleridge's Biographia Literaria. Through these literary works, the book discerns the detailed ways in which a text constructs a voice and, in the process, a self. More importantly, this book demonstrates that this process is a religious one, fulfilling the function that religions traditionally assume: that of defining the self and its world.
Charles Travis
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230334
- eISBN:
- 9780191710605
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230334.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter reviews some of what is known about belief ascriptions. It does not settle whether there are opaque ones, since it is not known what would be needed to know to decide that. The chapter ...
More
This chapter reviews some of what is known about belief ascriptions. It does not settle whether there are opaque ones, since it is not known what would be needed to know to decide that. The chapter also argues that the usual reasons for finding (some) such ascriptions opaque are bad ones, as are the usual accounts of what such opacity would come to. In fact, there is more than just a possibility that in this area, our notions of opacity such as they are, break down.Less
This chapter reviews some of what is known about belief ascriptions. It does not settle whether there are opaque ones, since it is not known what would be needed to know to decide that. The chapter also argues that the usual reasons for finding (some) such ascriptions opaque are bad ones, as are the usual accounts of what such opacity would come to. In fact, there is more than just a possibility that in this area, our notions of opacity such as they are, break down.
Stefano Atzeni and JÜrgen Meyer-Ter-Vehn
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198562641
- eISBN:
- 9780191714030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198562641.003.0010
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
The structure and radiative properties of hot dense matter are described. The average ion and the Thomas-Fermi model are developed as approximate complimentary descriptions of electron structure and ...
More
The structure and radiative properties of hot dense matter are described. The average ion and the Thomas-Fermi model are developed as approximate complimentary descriptions of electron structure and ionization of ions embedded in a dense plasma environment. The physics underlying the QEOS model equations-of-state are presented in detail, including empirical formulas for cold solid matter as well as thermal components for solid and fluid states. Semi-classical rates for the various radiative emission and absorption processes (Bremsstrahlung, free-bound and bound-bound) are derived within a unified quasi-classical treatment, involving both free and bound electrons. Practical simplified expressions for Planck and Rosseland mean free paths and corresponding opacities are given, including sum rules and the maximum opacity theorem, and a few representative opacity experiments are reviewed. Non-LTE plasma and electron collisions are also discussed.Less
The structure and radiative properties of hot dense matter are described. The average ion and the Thomas-Fermi model are developed as approximate complimentary descriptions of electron structure and ionization of ions embedded in a dense plasma environment. The physics underlying the QEOS model equations-of-state are presented in detail, including empirical formulas for cold solid matter as well as thermal components for solid and fluid states. Semi-classical rates for the various radiative emission and absorption processes (Bremsstrahlung, free-bound and bound-bound) are derived within a unified quasi-classical treatment, involving both free and bound electrons. Practical simplified expressions for Planck and Rosseland mean free paths and corresponding opacities are given, including sum rules and the maximum opacity theorem, and a few representative opacity experiments are reviewed. Non-LTE plasma and electron collisions are also discussed.
Bert Vaux
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199226511
- eISBN:
- 9780191710193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226511.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology
This chapter identifies an inventory of core phonological processes that are robustly attested in all or nearly all human languages. These are compared to the classes of phenomena predicted to be ...
More
This chapter identifies an inventory of core phonological processes that are robustly attested in all or nearly all human languages. These are compared to the classes of phenomena predicted to be possible and impossible by Rule-Based Phonology (Kenstowicz 1994; Vaux 1998) and Classic Optimality Theory (Kager 1999). The comparison is argued to demonstrate that a phonological theory that employs extrinsically ordered rules, cyclicity, inviolable constraints, and the other machinery of Rule-Based Phonology provides a superior empirical match to and formal model of the facts.Less
This chapter identifies an inventory of core phonological processes that are robustly attested in all or nearly all human languages. These are compared to the classes of phenomena predicted to be possible and impossible by Rule-Based Phonology (Kenstowicz 1994; Vaux 1998) and Classic Optimality Theory (Kager 1999). The comparison is argued to demonstrate that a phonological theory that employs extrinsically ordered rules, cyclicity, inviolable constraints, and the other machinery of Rule-Based Phonology provides a superior empirical match to and formal model of the facts.
Paul Kiparsky
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199226511
- eISBN:
- 9780191710193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226511.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology
Compared to more familiar varieties of Swedish, the dialects spoken in Finland have rather diverse syllable structures. The distribution of distinctive syllable weight is determined by grammatical ...
More
Compared to more familiar varieties of Swedish, the dialects spoken in Finland have rather diverse syllable structures. The distribution of distinctive syllable weight is determined by grammatical factors, and by varying effects of final consonant weightlessness. In turn it constrains several gemination processes which create derived superheavy syllables, in an unexpected way which provides evidence for an anti-neutralization constraint. Stratal OT, which integrates OT with Lexical Phonology, sheds light on these complex quantity systems.Less
Compared to more familiar varieties of Swedish, the dialects spoken in Finland have rather diverse syllable structures. The distribution of distinctive syllable weight is determined by grammatical factors, and by varying effects of final consonant weightlessness. In turn it constrains several gemination processes which create derived superheavy syllables, in an unexpected way which provides evidence for an anti-neutralization constraint. Stratal OT, which integrates OT with Lexical Phonology, sheds light on these complex quantity systems.
Fred Lerdahl
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195178296
- eISBN:
- 9780199870370
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178296.003.0008
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
This chapter extends and adapts the constructs and procedures of the previous chapters for the analysis of atonal music. Atonal music is seen to be in flat space. To remnants of the chord distance ...
More
This chapter extends and adapts the constructs and procedures of the previous chapters for the analysis of atonal music. Atonal music is seen to be in flat space. To remnants of the chord distance rule are added principles involving atonal branching, atonal function, sensory consonance and dissonance, and fusion. These analytic tools are applied to passages in the music of Schoenberg and Webern. An attempt to analyze a 12-tone excerpt in Schoenberg results in relative failure, thereby showing the limits of the methods under consideration. A distinction is drawn between compositional system and heard structure, and reasons for the cognitive opacity of serialism are given. Future prospects are suggested, particularly with respect to compositional practice.Less
This chapter extends and adapts the constructs and procedures of the previous chapters for the analysis of atonal music. Atonal music is seen to be in flat space. To remnants of the chord distance rule are added principles involving atonal branching, atonal function, sensory consonance and dissonance, and fusion. These analytic tools are applied to passages in the music of Schoenberg and Webern. An attempt to analyze a 12-tone excerpt in Schoenberg results in relative failure, thereby showing the limits of the methods under consideration. A distinction is drawn between compositional system and heard structure, and reasons for the cognitive opacity of serialism are given. Future prospects are suggested, particularly with respect to compositional practice.
Peter Hinds
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264430
- eISBN:
- 9780191733994
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264430.003.0012
- Subject:
- Literature, 17th-century and Restoration Literature
This concluding chapter discusses the realizations and attempts that were made in the previous chapters. It focuses on Roger L'Estrange, who was preoccupied with authority and used metaphors to ...
More
This concluding chapter discusses the realizations and attempts that were made in the previous chapters. It focuses on Roger L'Estrange, who was preoccupied with authority and used metaphors to describe disguise and opacity. He was a prolific writer of pamphlets and periodicals, and was also fully alive to the manipulations and distortions of political discourse. Roger L'Estrange is also shown to have professed moderation, but he was found to be frequently guilty of zeal and running to extremes. The representation of Catholics is revealed to have been crucial for the credit of the plot.Less
This concluding chapter discusses the realizations and attempts that were made in the previous chapters. It focuses on Roger L'Estrange, who was preoccupied with authority and used metaphors to describe disguise and opacity. He was a prolific writer of pamphlets and periodicals, and was also fully alive to the manipulations and distortions of political discourse. Roger L'Estrange is also shown to have professed moderation, but he was found to be frequently guilty of zeal and running to extremes. The representation of Catholics is revealed to have been crucial for the credit of the plot.
GyÖrgy Gergely
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195332834
- eISBN:
- 9780199868117
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332834.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter characterizes the concept of cognitive opacity, outlines the nature of the learnability problem it represents for mechanisms of cultural learning, and speculates about its evolutionary ...
More
This chapter characterizes the concept of cognitive opacity, outlines the nature of the learnability problem it represents for mechanisms of cultural learning, and speculates about its evolutionary origins. It argues that during hominid evolution, a new type of social learning system has been selected that is specialized to ensure efficient intergenerational transfer of cognitively opaque cultural contents from knowledgeable to naïve conspecifics. The design structure of this cue-driven cognitive adaptation of mutual design, called natural pedagogy, is then described. Pedagogy theory is contrasted with currently dominant alternative approaches to cultural learning that are based on simulation and identification processes by comparing how these respective models can account for recent evidence on early relevance-guided selective imitative learning, on the one hand, and on young infants' interpretation of others' referential emotion expressions in ostensive versus incidental observation contexts, on the other hand. It is argued that many early emerging social cognitive competences involving ostensive communicative interactions (such as imitative learning, social referencing, or protodeclarative pointing) are better accounted for in terms of the primarily epistemic functional perspective of natural pedagogy than in terms of human-specific primary social motives to identify with and imitate other humans, and share one's mental states with others, as hypothesized by the alternative simulation-based approaches. Finally, the implications of pedagogy theory for reconceptualizing the nature of the early development of understanding others as having separate minds with different knowledge contents are briefly explored.Less
This chapter characterizes the concept of cognitive opacity, outlines the nature of the learnability problem it represents for mechanisms of cultural learning, and speculates about its evolutionary origins. It argues that during hominid evolution, a new type of social learning system has been selected that is specialized to ensure efficient intergenerational transfer of cognitively opaque cultural contents from knowledgeable to naïve conspecifics. The design structure of this cue-driven cognitive adaptation of mutual design, called natural pedagogy, is then described. Pedagogy theory is contrasted with currently dominant alternative approaches to cultural learning that are based on simulation and identification processes by comparing how these respective models can account for recent evidence on early relevance-guided selective imitative learning, on the one hand, and on young infants' interpretation of others' referential emotion expressions in ostensive versus incidental observation contexts, on the other hand. It is argued that many early emerging social cognitive competences involving ostensive communicative interactions (such as imitative learning, social referencing, or protodeclarative pointing) are better accounted for in terms of the primarily epistemic functional perspective of natural pedagogy than in terms of human-specific primary social motives to identify with and imitate other humans, and share one's mental states with others, as hypothesized by the alternative simulation-based approaches. Finally, the implications of pedagogy theory for reconceptualizing the nature of the early development of understanding others as having separate minds with different knowledge contents are briefly explored.
Herman Cappelen and Ernie Lepore
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231195
- eISBN:
- 9780191710810
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231195.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter presents the central data, (D1)-(D12), on the theory of quotation. It argues that an adequate theory of quotation should say something about how to accommodate the data surrounding ...
More
This chapter presents the central data, (D1)-(D12), on the theory of quotation. It argues that an adequate theory of quotation should say something about how to accommodate the data surrounding (D1)-(D12). The following are discussed: D1 - opacity; D2 - quantifying in; D3 - infinitude; D4 - extant lexicon; D5 - the proximity constraint and the disquotational scheme; D6 - syntactic chameleonism; D7 - simultaneous use and mention in mixed quotation; D8 - indexicals inside mixed quotation; D9 - context sensitivity in mixed quotation; D10 - iterability in quotation; D11 - quotation without quotation marks; ad D12 - “impure” direct quotes.Less
This chapter presents the central data, (D1)-(D12), on the theory of quotation. It argues that an adequate theory of quotation should say something about how to accommodate the data surrounding (D1)-(D12). The following are discussed: D1 - opacity; D2 - quantifying in; D3 - infinitude; D4 - extant lexicon; D5 - the proximity constraint and the disquotational scheme; D6 - syntactic chameleonism; D7 - simultaneous use and mention in mixed quotation; D8 - indexicals inside mixed quotation; D9 - context sensitivity in mixed quotation; D10 - iterability in quotation; D11 - quotation without quotation marks; ad D12 - “impure” direct quotes.
Graeme Forbes
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199274949
- eISBN:
- 9780191699801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274949.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
Referential opacity is the term commonly used for the phenomenon of substitution-failure, for example, the failure of ‘seek/fear/caricature Hyde’ to entail ‘seek/fear/caricature Jekyll’. Richard ...
More
Referential opacity is the term commonly used for the phenomenon of substitution-failure, for example, the failure of ‘seek/fear/caricature Hyde’ to entail ‘seek/fear/caricature Jekyll’. Richard (2001) remarks that a treatment of intensional transitives that does not examine referential opacity could seem like a critical discussion of Paradise Lost that ignores the Prince of Darkness. This chapter presents a ‘hidden indexical’ theory of opacity and discusses how it is to be integrated into the semantics for itv's that has been developed here.Less
Referential opacity is the term commonly used for the phenomenon of substitution-failure, for example, the failure of ‘seek/fear/caricature Hyde’ to entail ‘seek/fear/caricature Jekyll’. Richard (2001) remarks that a treatment of intensional transitives that does not examine referential opacity could seem like a critical discussion of Paradise Lost that ignores the Prince of Darkness. This chapter presents a ‘hidden indexical’ theory of opacity and discusses how it is to be integrated into the semantics for itv's that has been developed here.
Michael Moore
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199599493
- eISBN:
- 9780191594649
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599493.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
The law has developed a notion of ‘proximate causation’ to limit the reach of acts that would otherwise be the ‘cause-in-fact’ of some remote harm. A leading legal test of proximate causation is the ...
More
The law has developed a notion of ‘proximate causation’ to limit the reach of acts that would otherwise be the ‘cause-in-fact’ of some remote harm. A leading legal test of proximate causation is the foreseeability test, according to which a harm is ‘proximate’ (and thus the basis of liability) only if that harm was foreseeable to the defendant at the time that he acted. An old conundrum is raised about this test, in terms of its indeterminacy in the face of different descriptions of what must be foreseeable. The tools of modern philosophy – dealing with referential opacity, referential transparency, failures of substitutivity, failures of existential generalization, types versus tokens, etc. – to make the problem more precise and show it to be intractable for legal theorists.Less
The law has developed a notion of ‘proximate causation’ to limit the reach of acts that would otherwise be the ‘cause-in-fact’ of some remote harm. A leading legal test of proximate causation is the foreseeability test, according to which a harm is ‘proximate’ (and thus the basis of liability) only if that harm was foreseeable to the defendant at the time that he acted. An old conundrum is raised about this test, in terms of its indeterminacy in the face of different descriptions of what must be foreseeable. The tools of modern philosophy – dealing with referential opacity, referential transparency, failures of substitutivity, failures of existential generalization, types versus tokens, etc. – to make the problem more precise and show it to be intractable for legal theorists.
Eros Corazza
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199270187
- eISBN:
- 9780191601484
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019927018X.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Proposes a picture of attitude ascriptions, which relies on the notion of quasi-indicators. The main idea defended is that in an attitude ascription we relate the attributee to a proposition and a ...
More
Proposes a picture of attitude ascriptions, which relies on the notion of quasi-indicators. The main idea defended is that in an attitude ascription we relate the attributee to a proposition and a sentence. The latter is the sentence the reporter uses to classify the attributee’s mental state. This classification can be more or less accurate and often it can only be partial.Less
Proposes a picture of attitude ascriptions, which relies on the notion of quasi-indicators. The main idea defended is that in an attitude ascription we relate the attributee to a proposition and a sentence. The latter is the sentence the reporter uses to classify the attributee’s mental state. This classification can be more or less accurate and often it can only be partial.
R. E. Jennings
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195075243
- eISBN:
- 9780199852970
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195075243.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter discusses the conceptual orbitings of individuals corresponding to lists of noun phrases formed with ‘or’. We should resist the precept that a set-theoretic union must be contrived for ...
More
This chapter discusses the conceptual orbitings of individuals corresponding to lists of noun phrases formed with ‘or’. We should resist the precept that a set-theoretic union must be contrived for every occurrence of ‘or’ in favour of some discourse-theoretical account that codifies the work that ‘or’ does in the punctuation of speech. A succession of sentences composed with ‘or’ is replaced by a succession of forms containing non-assertive occurrences of those sentences either composed with ‘and’ or as separate acts of speech. The discussion of the behaviour of ‘or’ may be taken up in intensional environments where Quine left the subject of the opacity of certain verbs. The degree of particularity of the intentions is reflected in the particularity with which the dative pronoun will permit existential generalization.Less
This chapter discusses the conceptual orbitings of individuals corresponding to lists of noun phrases formed with ‘or’. We should resist the precept that a set-theoretic union must be contrived for every occurrence of ‘or’ in favour of some discourse-theoretical account that codifies the work that ‘or’ does in the punctuation of speech. A succession of sentences composed with ‘or’ is replaced by a succession of forms containing non-assertive occurrences of those sentences either composed with ‘and’ or as separate acts of speech. The discussion of the behaviour of ‘or’ may be taken up in intensional environments where Quine left the subject of the opacity of certain verbs. The degree of particularity of the intentions is reflected in the particularity with which the dative pronoun will permit existential generalization.
Michael Morris
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198239444
- eISBN:
- 9780191679919
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198239444.003.0014
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Moral Philosophy
This chapter makes a programmatic showing how an evaluative theory of content can meet two constraints: the right substitution conditions for belief contexts, and what it is for words to be ...
More
This chapter makes a programmatic showing how an evaluative theory of content can meet two constraints: the right substitution conditions for belief contexts, and what it is for words to be meaningful in the way they are. The chapter attempts to show in outline how to get fine-grained intensionality and a complete philosophy of language. Some constraints are imposed implicitly on how language must be thought of if the evaluative theory of content is correct. The chapter addresses the question of what words have to be doing in belief contexts if they are to be subject to the kind of rich intensionality which plausibility and conceptualism both require, and how it is that words can be subject to such constraints upon intersubstitution. It also defines concept-possession without explicitly relying on the idea of level-one opacity, and shows how little help a semantic theory can be in explaining opacity.Less
This chapter makes a programmatic showing how an evaluative theory of content can meet two constraints: the right substitution conditions for belief contexts, and what it is for words to be meaningful in the way they are. The chapter attempts to show in outline how to get fine-grained intensionality and a complete philosophy of language. Some constraints are imposed implicitly on how language must be thought of if the evaluative theory of content is correct. The chapter addresses the question of what words have to be doing in belief contexts if they are to be subject to the kind of rich intensionality which plausibility and conceptualism both require, and how it is that words can be subject to such constraints upon intersubstitution. It also defines concept-possession without explicitly relying on the idea of level-one opacity, and shows how little help a semantic theory can be in explaining opacity.
Paul M. Pietroski
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199252763
- eISBN:
- 9780191598234
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199252769.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
In a belief ascription like ‘Sam believes that Hesperus rises in the evening’, the complementizer ‘that’ is a device for referring to the sense of the embedded sentence. On this Fregean view, ...
More
In a belief ascription like ‘Sam believes that Hesperus rises in the evening’, the complementizer ‘that’ is a device for referring to the sense of the embedded sentence. On this Fregean view, substitutivity of co‐referential terms need not preserve truth. This accounts for the opacity of propositional attitude ascriptions, while preserving what Davidson called semantic innocence.Less
In a belief ascription like ‘Sam believes that Hesperus rises in the evening’, the complementizer ‘that’ is a device for referring to the sense of the embedded sentence. On this Fregean view, substitutivity of co‐referential terms need not preserve truth. This accounts for the opacity of propositional attitude ascriptions, while preserving what Davidson called semantic innocence.
François Recanati
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199659982
- eISBN:
- 9780191745409
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199659982.003.0014
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Language
Mental files serve to think about objects in the world, but they have a derived, metarepresentational function: they serve to represent how other subjects think about objects in the world. An ...
More
Mental files serve to think about objects in the world, but they have a derived, metarepresentational function: they serve to represent how other subjects think about objects in the world. An ‘indexed file’ is a file that stands, in the subject's mind, for another subject's file about an object. In light of the distinction between indexed files and regular files, the possible interpretations of an attitude report of the form ‘x believes that a is F’ are investigated, and several notions of ‘opacity’ distinguished.Less
Mental files serve to think about objects in the world, but they have a derived, metarepresentational function: they serve to represent how other subjects think about objects in the world. An ‘indexed file’ is a file that stands, in the subject's mind, for another subject's file about an object. In light of the distinction between indexed files and regular files, the possible interpretations of an attitude report of the form ‘x believes that a is F’ are investigated, and several notions of ‘opacity’ distinguished.
John P. Berdahl and Thomas W. Samuelson
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195382365
- eISBN:
- 9780197562703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195382365.003.0031
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Ophthalmology
Glaucoma surgery can result in worsened visual acuity. This worsening may result from alterations to the ocular structures in the visual axis during or ...
More
Glaucoma surgery can result in worsened visual acuity. This worsening may result from alterations to the ocular structures in the visual axis during or following surgery. This outcome is often troublesome for advanced glaucoma patients with severely restricted visual fields as they are very dependent on the remaining central island of vision. In patients with less severe glaucoma, postsurgical loss of acuity may be their first symptom of glaucoma. Many conditions result in decreased visual acuity following glaucoma surgery, and appropriate management of these complications is important for maintaining visual acuity. Cataract is the most common cause of decreased visual acuity after filtering surgery. Filtering surgery increases the 5-year risk of developing a visually significant cataract by 78%. The reason for cataract formation following trabeculectomy is unclear. The most accepted hypothesis is that aqueous dynamics are altered by trabeculectomy surgery. A surgical peripheral iridectomy is typically performed as part of a trabeculectomy, which permits aqueous to pass directly from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber without first supplying nutrition to the anterior lens. This theory is consistent with the observation that cataracts are more common after laser peripheral iridotomy. Inadvertent puncture of the lens capsule during trabeculectomy surgery is also a potential cause (see Chapter 7). Another proposed cause of cataract formation is postoperative inflammation, although plausible, convincing evidence is lacking. Increased cataract formation has been observed with the use of mitomycin-C (MMC) and may be due either to increased aqueous outflow bypassing the lens or direct toxicity to the lens. Surgical complications such as intraoperative or postoperative flat anterior chamber with lens-cornea touch increase the risk of cataract formation. Additionally, postoperative medications, especially corticosteroids, are also known to be associated with cataract formation. The risk of cataract formation from topical ocular steroids is difficult to determine because of the many confounding variables.. However, the odds ratio of cataract formation from systemic and inhaled chronic corticosteroid use is approximately 1.5–2.0. The surgeon should bear potential steroid effects in mind during the postoperative period in phakic patients.
Less
Glaucoma surgery can result in worsened visual acuity. This worsening may result from alterations to the ocular structures in the visual axis during or following surgery. This outcome is often troublesome for advanced glaucoma patients with severely restricted visual fields as they are very dependent on the remaining central island of vision. In patients with less severe glaucoma, postsurgical loss of acuity may be their first symptom of glaucoma. Many conditions result in decreased visual acuity following glaucoma surgery, and appropriate management of these complications is important for maintaining visual acuity. Cataract is the most common cause of decreased visual acuity after filtering surgery. Filtering surgery increases the 5-year risk of developing a visually significant cataract by 78%. The reason for cataract formation following trabeculectomy is unclear. The most accepted hypothesis is that aqueous dynamics are altered by trabeculectomy surgery. A surgical peripheral iridectomy is typically performed as part of a trabeculectomy, which permits aqueous to pass directly from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber without first supplying nutrition to the anterior lens. This theory is consistent with the observation that cataracts are more common after laser peripheral iridotomy. Inadvertent puncture of the lens capsule during trabeculectomy surgery is also a potential cause (see Chapter 7). Another proposed cause of cataract formation is postoperative inflammation, although plausible, convincing evidence is lacking. Increased cataract formation has been observed with the use of mitomycin-C (MMC) and may be due either to increased aqueous outflow bypassing the lens or direct toxicity to the lens. Surgical complications such as intraoperative or postoperative flat anterior chamber with lens-cornea touch increase the risk of cataract formation. Additionally, postoperative medications, especially corticosteroids, are also known to be associated with cataract formation. The risk of cataract formation from topical ocular steroids is difficult to determine because of the many confounding variables.. However, the odds ratio of cataract formation from systemic and inhaled chronic corticosteroid use is approximately 1.5–2.0. The surgeon should bear potential steroid effects in mind during the postoperative period in phakic patients.
Andrew Bowman, Ismail Ertürk, Peter Folkman, Julie Froud, Colin Haslam, Sukhdev Johal, Adam Leaver, Michael Moran, Nick Tsitsianis, and Karel Williams
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719099526
- eISBN:
- 9781526103949
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719099526.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Outsourcing exhibits a peculiar paradox which is at the heart of this system: firms are simultaneously highly exploitative and highly fragile in their business resilience. The explanation is that ...
More
Outsourcing exhibits a peculiar paradox which is at the heart of this system: firms are simultaneously highly exploitative and highly fragile in their business resilience. The explanation is that outsourcing are forced to play contract roulette. They are in essence bidding machines which can only survive by constantly chasing new contracts and making fresh acquisitions. The result is that they are also forced to take on contractual commitments for which they are ill prepared. The conventional source of discipline and restraint in this perpetual bidding operation, the stock market, simply fails to operate. On the contrary analysts perpetually egg on firms to acquire new lines, and new sources of risk. Thus firms which deliver services only at the price of extracting huge returns on capital, and by exploiting their workforce, nevertheless find themselves lurching from crisis to crisis, thus endangering the wider stability of the whole outsourcing sysem.Less
Outsourcing exhibits a peculiar paradox which is at the heart of this system: firms are simultaneously highly exploitative and highly fragile in their business resilience. The explanation is that outsourcing are forced to play contract roulette. They are in essence bidding machines which can only survive by constantly chasing new contracts and making fresh acquisitions. The result is that they are also forced to take on contractual commitments for which they are ill prepared. The conventional source of discipline and restraint in this perpetual bidding operation, the stock market, simply fails to operate. On the contrary analysts perpetually egg on firms to acquire new lines, and new sources of risk. Thus firms which deliver services only at the price of extracting huge returns on capital, and by exploiting their workforce, nevertheless find themselves lurching from crisis to crisis, thus endangering the wider stability of the whole outsourcing sysem.
Luis Martinez and Rasmus Alenius Boserup (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190491536
- eISBN:
- 9780190638542
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190491536.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
For decades, Algeria has been depicted as an inaccessible, opaque, rentier state and under the control of secret intelligence agencies and inaccessible “cartels” and “clans”. While that analysis is ...
More
For decades, Algeria has been depicted as an inaccessible, opaque, rentier state and under the control of secret intelligence agencies and inaccessible “cartels” and “clans”. While that analysis is partly true, this book contends that the analytical emphasis on opacity risks missing how much the country has changed since the 1990s: the new transparency of the interest groups that govern the country; the competing notions of economic development within key financial institutions; the impact of non-revolutionary contentious politics; the micro-politics of the changing attitudes of the country’s urban youth; the growth of moderate Islamist party politics; the changing notions of security held by the armed forces; and the dislocation of rebellion towards the South. Across ten chapters, the book demonstrates that Algeria under Abdelaziz Bouteflika remains complex and challenging to understand, but that it is no longer opaque and inaccessible.Less
For decades, Algeria has been depicted as an inaccessible, opaque, rentier state and under the control of secret intelligence agencies and inaccessible “cartels” and “clans”. While that analysis is partly true, this book contends that the analytical emphasis on opacity risks missing how much the country has changed since the 1990s: the new transparency of the interest groups that govern the country; the competing notions of economic development within key financial institutions; the impact of non-revolutionary contentious politics; the micro-politics of the changing attitudes of the country’s urban youth; the growth of moderate Islamist party politics; the changing notions of security held by the armed forces; and the dislocation of rebellion towards the South. Across ten chapters, the book demonstrates that Algeria under Abdelaziz Bouteflika remains complex and challenging to understand, but that it is no longer opaque and inaccessible.
M. R. Angi and E. Pilotto
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198523161
- eISBN:
- 9780191724558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523161.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of binocular vision resulting from an anomalous visual experience early in life. It is the primary cause of monocular vision loss in children and young adults, ...
More
Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of binocular vision resulting from an anomalous visual experience early in life. It is the primary cause of monocular vision loss in children and young adults, affecting more than 2% of the population. Many investigators have strongly recommended the screening and correction of amblyogenic factors—such as high refraction errors, strabismus, and dioptric media opacity—at the earliest feasible age (from six months onwards) to improve visual outcome and reduce cases of squint and the progression of myopia. Amblyopia can be screened by subjective or objective testing. From birth, an estimation of visual acuity can be obtained from preferential direction of gaze but this method is unsuitable for large-scale screening because it is time-consuming and relies on the subject's co-operation. Objective refractometry without cycloplegia may represent the ideal method for screening infants for amblyogenic factors because the test is fast, it requires no contact, and it can be performed by non-professional staff. Various improvements have been proposed in an attempt to solve problems such as controlling image quality, accurate fixation, and accommodation, to extend the range of sensitivity to refractive defects and to measure ocular deviation.Less
Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of binocular vision resulting from an anomalous visual experience early in life. It is the primary cause of monocular vision loss in children and young adults, affecting more than 2% of the population. Many investigators have strongly recommended the screening and correction of amblyogenic factors—such as high refraction errors, strabismus, and dioptric media opacity—at the earliest feasible age (from six months onwards) to improve visual outcome and reduce cases of squint and the progression of myopia. Amblyopia can be screened by subjective or objective testing. From birth, an estimation of visual acuity can be obtained from preferential direction of gaze but this method is unsuitable for large-scale screening because it is time-consuming and relies on the subject's co-operation. Objective refractometry without cycloplegia may represent the ideal method for screening infants for amblyogenic factors because the test is fast, it requires no contact, and it can be performed by non-professional staff. Various improvements have been proposed in an attempt to solve problems such as controlling image quality, accurate fixation, and accommodation, to extend the range of sensitivity to refractive defects and to measure ocular deviation.
