L. Weiskrantz
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198521921
- eISBN:
- 9780191706226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521921.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Because there were some conditions under which D. B. spoke of a ‘feeling of movement’ when stimuli were turned on abruptly, the question arose as to whether this would still be true with gradual ...
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Because there were some conditions under which D. B. spoke of a ‘feeling of movement’ when stimuli were turned on abruptly, the question arose as to whether this would still be true with gradual onset of a stimulus. An apparatus was constructed in which two mechanically rotatable polaroid filters were mounted to allow various amounts of light to pass through from the projecting tachistosope, at a controlled rate of rotation. The rise time of onset of a stimulus varied from 1 ms to a maximum of 10,000 ms. The target was a circular 10° disc placed 25° eccentrically in the blind field. There were two different levels of contrast. The task was the same as for presence/absence such that randomly on half the trials there was no stimulus, and D. B. had to respond present or absent. D. B. performed very well (85%) even with the slowest rate of onset. With the very rapid onsets (1 ms) he said he had a ‘feeling of movement a couple of times’, but for slower rates onset there was no reported experience. Thus, first-order transients are not necessary for D. B.'s capacity to detect as such although they may be a necessary condition for an experience of change.Less
Because there were some conditions under which D. B. spoke of a ‘feeling of movement’ when stimuli were turned on abruptly, the question arose as to whether this would still be true with gradual onset of a stimulus. An apparatus was constructed in which two mechanically rotatable polaroid filters were mounted to allow various amounts of light to pass through from the projecting tachistosope, at a controlled rate of rotation. The rise time of onset of a stimulus varied from 1 ms to a maximum of 10,000 ms. The target was a circular 10° disc placed 25° eccentrically in the blind field. There were two different levels of contrast. The task was the same as for presence/absence such that randomly on half the trials there was no stimulus, and D. B. had to respond present or absent. D. B. performed very well (85%) even with the slowest rate of onset. With the very rapid onsets (1 ms) he said he had a ‘feeling of movement a couple of times’, but for slower rates onset there was no reported experience. Thus, first-order transients are not necessary for D. B.'s capacity to detect as such although they may be a necessary condition for an experience of change.
Margaret Lock
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149783
- eISBN:
- 9781400848461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149783.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter introduces Alzheimer genetics, including an account of the genes associated with rare, familial, early-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). Discussion is included about why such patients are ...
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This chapter introduces Alzheimer genetics, including an account of the genes associated with rare, familial, early-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). Discussion is included about why such patients are thought of as excellent research subjects in the search for a “cure” not only for early-onset AD but also for the much more common form of late-onset Alzheimer's. The chapter examines the recruitment of a group of Colombian research subjects who come from families with early-onset AD. It then turns to the susceptibility gene, APOE, the ε4 variation of which is associated with increased risk for late-onset AD. Epidemiological research makes it clear that the way in which the APOE genotype functions is elusive because its effects are modified by the presence of other genes and by environmental variables.Less
This chapter introduces Alzheimer genetics, including an account of the genes associated with rare, familial, early-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). Discussion is included about why such patients are thought of as excellent research subjects in the search for a “cure” not only for early-onset AD but also for the much more common form of late-onset Alzheimer's. The chapter examines the recruitment of a group of Colombian research subjects who come from families with early-onset AD. It then turns to the susceptibility gene, APOE, the ε4 variation of which is associated with increased risk for late-onset AD. Epidemiological research makes it clear that the way in which the APOE genotype functions is elusive because its effects are modified by the presence of other genes and by environmental variables.
Stephen G. Tibbetts
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter discusses the current state of scientific knowledge on the importance of early onset in the etiology of persistent offending. After reviewing the evidence showing the importance of early ...
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This chapter discusses the current state of scientific knowledge on the importance of early onset in the etiology of persistent offending. After reviewing the evidence showing the importance of early onset in predicting persistent, serious offending, a discussion of issues involving the definition, measurement, and prevalence of early onset is provided. The majority of the chapter examines the predictors of early onset, with an emphasis on interactions between biological and environmental factors. The general conclusion of the review is that a multitude of physiological and environmental factors have consistently been linked with early onset, and that the highest risk for early onset occurs when such physiological perinatal problems occur in conjunction with environmental or social predictors throughout early development. Strategies for intervention and policy implications are also discussed.Less
This chapter discusses the current state of scientific knowledge on the importance of early onset in the etiology of persistent offending. After reviewing the evidence showing the importance of early onset in predicting persistent, serious offending, a discussion of issues involving the definition, measurement, and prevalence of early onset is provided. The majority of the chapter examines the predictors of early onset, with an emphasis on interactions between biological and environmental factors. The general conclusion of the review is that a multitude of physiological and environmental factors have consistently been linked with early onset, and that the highest risk for early onset occurs when such physiological perinatal problems occur in conjunction with environmental or social predictors throughout early development. Strategies for intervention and policy implications are also discussed.
San Duanmu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199267590
- eISBN:
- 9780191708367
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267590.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology, Theoretical Linguistics
Chinese is well known for having a simple syllable structure, clear syllable boundaries, and a small syllable inventory. This chapter examines what its structure is and what constraints influence ...
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Chinese is well known for having a simple syllable structure, clear syllable boundaries, and a small syllable inventory. This chapter examines what its structure is and what constraints influence occurring and non‐occurring syllables.Less
Chinese is well known for having a simple syllable structure, clear syllable boundaries, and a small syllable inventory. This chapter examines what its structure is and what constraints influence occurring and non‐occurring syllables.
San Duanmu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199267590
- eISBN:
- 9780191708367
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267590.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter offers an analysis of distribution patterns of sounds and syllables in Standard Chinese, including sound frequencies and onset, rhyme, syllable, and tonal frequencies. It also discusses ...
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This chapter offers an analysis of distribution patterns of sounds and syllables in Standard Chinese, including sound frequencies and onset, rhyme, syllable, and tonal frequencies. It also discusses reasons for the many non‐occurring syllables, the [ɚ]‐suffix, syllabic consonants, homophone density, and syllable loss.Less
This chapter offers an analysis of distribution patterns of sounds and syllables in Standard Chinese, including sound frequencies and onset, rhyme, syllable, and tonal frequencies. It also discusses reasons for the many non‐occurring syllables, the [ɚ]‐suffix, syllabic consonants, homophone density, and syllable loss.
San Duanmu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199267590
- eISBN:
- 9780191708367
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267590.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter investigates the maximal syllable size in English. It shows that given the concepts of a potential V, the affix rule, and complex sounds, the maximal syllable in English is CVX. The ...
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This chapter investigates the maximal syllable size in English. It shows that given the concepts of a potential V, the affix rule, and complex sounds, the maximal syllable in English is CVX. The analysis is checked against an exhaustive examination of the CELEX lexicon of English.Less
This chapter investigates the maximal syllable size in English. It shows that given the concepts of a potential V, the affix rule, and complex sounds, the maximal syllable in English is CVX. The analysis is checked against an exhaustive examination of the CELEX lexicon of English.
San Duanmu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199267590
- eISBN:
- 9780191708367
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267590.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter offers an exhaustive analysis of German words in the CELEX lexicon. It shows that given the concepts of a potential V, the affix rule, and complex sounds, the maximal syllable in German ...
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This chapter offers an exhaustive analysis of German words in the CELEX lexicon. It shows that given the concepts of a potential V, the affix rule, and complex sounds, the maximal syllable in German is CVX.Less
This chapter offers an exhaustive analysis of German words in the CELEX lexicon. It shows that given the concepts of a potential V, the affix rule, and complex sounds, the maximal syllable in German is CVX.
San Duanmu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199267590
- eISBN:
- 9780191708367
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267590.003.0011
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter analyzes Jiarong, a Tibeto‐Burman language that was thought to be quite unusual in having large onset and coda clusters that violate expected sonority contours. It shows that, given the ...
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This chapter analyzes Jiarong, a Tibeto‐Burman language that was thought to be quite unusual in having large onset and coda clusters that violate expected sonority contours. It shows that, given the concepts of a potential V, the affix rule, and complex sounds, the maximal syllable in Jiarong is CVX.Less
This chapter analyzes Jiarong, a Tibeto‐Burman language that was thought to be quite unusual in having large onset and coda clusters that violate expected sonority contours. It shows that, given the concepts of a potential V, the affix rule, and complex sounds, the maximal syllable in Jiarong is CVX.
Stephen Handel
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195169645
- eISBN:
- 9780199786732
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195169645.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The sound reaching the observer is the result of the discrete frequency source excitation being filtered by the sound body resonances, analogous to that for color stimuli. However, the interactive ...
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The sound reaching the observer is the result of the discrete frequency source excitation being filtered by the sound body resonances, analogous to that for color stimuli. However, the interactive coupling between the source frequencies and sound body resonances creates a complex acoustic stimulus that changes across time. The spectral centroids and the onset transients of sounds determine the judged similarities among timbres. The ability to identify properties of objects (e.g., hardness and shape), and the ability to detect the identity of singers and instruments at different frequencies (i.e., constancy) depends on the overall context.Less
The sound reaching the observer is the result of the discrete frequency source excitation being filtered by the sound body resonances, analogous to that for color stimuli. However, the interactive coupling between the source frequencies and sound body resonances creates a complex acoustic stimulus that changes across time. The spectral centroids and the onset transients of sounds determine the judged similarities among timbres. The ability to identify properties of objects (e.g., hardness and shape), and the ability to detect the identity of singers and instruments at different frequencies (i.e., constancy) depends on the overall context.
Stephen Handel
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195169645
- eISBN:
- 9780199786732
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195169645.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The proximal stimulation at ear and eye is neutral, the excitations from different sources are intermixed, and the excitations can be organized in several ways to yield different percepts. The ...
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The proximal stimulation at ear and eye is neutral, the excitations from different sources are intermixed, and the excitations can be organized in several ways to yield different percepts. The Gestalt psychologists proposed laws of organization due to cortical field forces that acted to knit the visual excitations into continuous enclosed objects. The resulting objects were described as the “simplest” possible, termed prägnanz, although prägnanz was never clearly defined. Similar laws of organization have been proposed for auditory excitation. The most important is onset synchrony, namely auditory excitations that start at the same time are assumed to come from one source. When there is simultaneous auditory and visual excitation, the normal unity assumption is that both excitations come from the same source. If there is a conflict in the two excitations, the compellingness and reliability of the excitations will determine how each is weighted in importance.Less
The proximal stimulation at ear and eye is neutral, the excitations from different sources are intermixed, and the excitations can be organized in several ways to yield different percepts. The Gestalt psychologists proposed laws of organization due to cortical field forces that acted to knit the visual excitations into continuous enclosed objects. The resulting objects were described as the “simplest” possible, termed prägnanz, although prägnanz was never clearly defined. Similar laws of organization have been proposed for auditory excitation. The most important is onset synchrony, namely auditory excitations that start at the same time are assumed to come from one source. When there is simultaneous auditory and visual excitation, the normal unity assumption is that both excitations come from the same source. If there is a conflict in the two excitations, the compellingness and reliability of the excitations will determine how each is weighted in importance.
Michele Zappella
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195182224
- eISBN:
- 9780199786701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182224.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter reviews reports of reversible autistic behavior. Children who may experience a reversal of autistic symptoms include the following: (i) those who experience profound deprivation in early ...
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This chapter reviews reports of reversible autistic behavior. Children who may experience a reversal of autistic symptoms include the following: (i) those who experience profound deprivation in early infancy — frequently due to institutionalization in extremely poor conditions — of food, hygienic conditions, and an extensive absence or poor quality of human interactions; (ii) those with early onset bipolar disorders (BPD) with autism; and (iii) those with autism following intrauterine infections, such as rubella infection; following vaccination programs, this condition is now rare. Two sets of disorders are of particular relevance to the clinician as, if appropriately identified, they can lead to profound behavioral changes in a given child. These are early onset epilepsy and dysmaturational syndrome.Less
This chapter reviews reports of reversible autistic behavior. Children who may experience a reversal of autistic symptoms include the following: (i) those who experience profound deprivation in early infancy — frequently due to institutionalization in extremely poor conditions — of food, hygienic conditions, and an extensive absence or poor quality of human interactions; (ii) those with early onset bipolar disorders (BPD) with autism; and (iii) those with autism following intrauterine infections, such as rubella infection; following vaccination programs, this condition is now rare. Two sets of disorders are of particular relevance to the clinician as, if appropriately identified, they can lead to profound behavioral changes in a given child. These are early onset epilepsy and dysmaturational syndrome.
Joanne Savage (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This volume addresses one of the most pressing problems of modern criminology: Why do some individuals become chronic, persistent offenders? Chronic offenders are responsible for the majority of ...
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This volume addresses one of the most pressing problems of modern criminology: Why do some individuals become chronic, persistent offenders? Chronic offenders are responsible for the majority of serious crimes committed and understanding which individuals will become chronic offenders is an important step in developing interventions that will work. Unfortunately, much of the research on causes of offending does not distinguish between minor, short-term delinquency and long-term patterns of serious criminality. The volume was inspired by a desire to bridge the gap between two sets of literature that can help us shed light on this problem: criminological research on offending trajectories and research on risk factors for offending in the field of developmental psychology. Chapters cover topics such as families and parenting, poverty, stressful life events, social support, biology and genetics, early onset, foster care, educational programs for juvenile offenders, deterrence, and chronic offending among females. Several authors also share new theoretical approaches to understanding persistence and chronicity in offending, including an expansion of the conceptualization of the etiology of self-control, a discussion of offender resistance to social control, a dynamic developmental systems approach to understanding offending in young adulthood, and the application of Wikström's situational action theory to persistent offending.Less
This volume addresses one of the most pressing problems of modern criminology: Why do some individuals become chronic, persistent offenders? Chronic offenders are responsible for the majority of serious crimes committed and understanding which individuals will become chronic offenders is an important step in developing interventions that will work. Unfortunately, much of the research on causes of offending does not distinguish between minor, short-term delinquency and long-term patterns of serious criminality. The volume was inspired by a desire to bridge the gap between two sets of literature that can help us shed light on this problem: criminological research on offending trajectories and research on risk factors for offending in the field of developmental psychology. Chapters cover topics such as families and parenting, poverty, stressful life events, social support, biology and genetics, early onset, foster care, educational programs for juvenile offenders, deterrence, and chronic offending among females. Several authors also share new theoretical approaches to understanding persistence and chronicity in offending, including an expansion of the conceptualization of the etiology of self-control, a discussion of offender resistance to social control, a dynamic developmental systems approach to understanding offending in young adulthood, and the application of Wikström's situational action theory to persistent offending.
Patrick Sylvers, Stacy R. Ryan, S. Amanda Alden, and Patricia A. Brennan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter orients the reader to the current biological models of delinquent psychopathology and provides an overview of the biological literature; including heritability, psychophysiology, ...
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This chapter orients the reader to the current biological models of delinquent psychopathology and provides an overview of the biological literature; including heritability, psychophysiology, neurobiology, and endocrinology related to the development of persistent criminal behavior in children and adolescents. The four areas of crime-related psychopathology discussed are early-onset conduct disorder, juvenile psychopathy, bullying, and sex offending. Research is presented in connection with widely accepted biological models of behavior. This chapter also highlights the strengths and limitations of the existing literature, consolidates this literature to identify patterns of convergence and divergence across disorders, and suggests areas for future research.Less
This chapter orients the reader to the current biological models of delinquent psychopathology and provides an overview of the biological literature; including heritability, psychophysiology, neurobiology, and endocrinology related to the development of persistent criminal behavior in children and adolescents. The four areas of crime-related psychopathology discussed are early-onset conduct disorder, juvenile psychopathy, bullying, and sex offending. Research is presented in connection with widely accepted biological models of behavior. This chapter also highlights the strengths and limitations of the existing literature, consolidates this literature to identify patterns of convergence and divergence across disorders, and suggests areas for future research.
Joanne Savage
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0020
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter integrates what was learned from the chapters of the book with the scholarly literature and propose suggestions for future research and policy. The chapter encourages future researchers ...
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This chapter integrates what was learned from the chapters of the book with the scholarly literature and propose suggestions for future research and policy. The chapter encourages future researchers to study topics such as early onset and family factors in greater depth, so we can understand the meaning of their impact. Examples are provided. The chapter discusses situational factors such as family and neighborhoods, and peers. Nuances, such as interaction effects, indirect effects, and reciprocal causation, are emphasized. Several issues, which are often overlooked, such as resilience and reentry, are explored as well as avenues for conceptualizing the problem of persistent offending more holistically. Here, the chapter recommends some links to developmental psychology. Finally, the chapter discusses policy implications including interventions, developmental prevention, criminal justice intervention, and informal social control.Less
This chapter integrates what was learned from the chapters of the book with the scholarly literature and propose suggestions for future research and policy. The chapter encourages future researchers to study topics such as early onset and family factors in greater depth, so we can understand the meaning of their impact. Examples are provided. The chapter discusses situational factors such as family and neighborhoods, and peers. Nuances, such as interaction effects, indirect effects, and reciprocal causation, are emphasized. Several issues, which are often overlooked, such as resilience and reentry, are explored as well as avenues for conceptualizing the problem of persistent offending more holistically. Here, the chapter recommends some links to developmental psychology. Finally, the chapter discusses policy implications including interventions, developmental prevention, criminal justice intervention, and informal social control.
Rodney Sampson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199541157
- eISBN:
- 9780191716096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541157.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology
Basic structural properties underlying the different categories of vowel prosthesis are enumerated and compared, revealing important characteristics shared by all categories. Of central importance is ...
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Basic structural properties underlying the different categories of vowel prosthesis are enumerated and compared, revealing important characteristics shared by all categories. Of central importance is syllabic structure, and areas of further research into the syllable and its evolving architecture are identified. Finally, the significance of sociolinguistic forces as well as structural factors in shaping developments is reiterated.Less
Basic structural properties underlying the different categories of vowel prosthesis are enumerated and compared, revealing important characteristics shared by all categories. Of central importance is syllabic structure, and areas of further research into the syllable and its evolving architecture are identified. Finally, the significance of sociolinguistic forces as well as structural factors in shaping developments is reiterated.
Georgia Zara
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199917938
- eISBN:
- 9780199950430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917938.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter focuses on the much neglected criminal career aspect of adult-onset offenders. It stresses that risk factors do not always need to have an immediate and direct effect, that some early ...
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This chapter focuses on the much neglected criminal career aspect of adult-onset offenders. It stresses that risk factors do not always need to have an immediate and direct effect, that some early risk factors have a long-term impact, that many factors play a protective role in childhood and adulthood, but that this protective effect may cease in adulthood, that psychological insulation or resilience toward antisocial and criminogenic factors may not last long, and that delinquency abstention is not necessarily a sign of good adjustment in adolescence. Using data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, the chapter presents important findings and formulates an agenda for future work on adult-onset offending.Less
This chapter focuses on the much neglected criminal career aspect of adult-onset offenders. It stresses that risk factors do not always need to have an immediate and direct effect, that some early risk factors have a long-term impact, that many factors play a protective role in childhood and adulthood, but that this protective effect may cease in adulthood, that psychological insulation or resilience toward antisocial and criminogenic factors may not last long, and that delinquency abstention is not necessarily a sign of good adjustment in adolescence. Using data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, the chapter presents important findings and formulates an agenda for future work on adult-onset offending.
Kristján Árnason
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199229314
- eISBN:
- 9780191728464
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199229314.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology, Language Families
The chapter focuses on syllable structure and phonotactics, starting with Icelandic and discussing the motivation for assuming the syllable and subsyllabic constituents as structural entities. Among ...
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The chapter focuses on syllable structure and phonotactics, starting with Icelandic and discussing the motivation for assuming the syllable and subsyllabic constituents as structural entities. Among phenomena relevant in these considerations are the Icelandic length rule and the so‐called half length and overlength, both relevant to the way stress is realized. Faroese syllable structure is then discussed from the same point of view, and a template for the length rule in Faroese as it functions in full syllables is presented. Half length and overlength are also shown to occur in Faroese. There is a special discussion of the status of full syllables and restricted syllables in the phonological hierarchy. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to consonantal phonotactics, giving an overview of the permissible onsets and codas in each language. There is a special section on the analysis of gemination of glides and consonants.Less
The chapter focuses on syllable structure and phonotactics, starting with Icelandic and discussing the motivation for assuming the syllable and subsyllabic constituents as structural entities. Among phenomena relevant in these considerations are the Icelandic length rule and the so‐called half length and overlength, both relevant to the way stress is realized. Faroese syllable structure is then discussed from the same point of view, and a template for the length rule in Faroese as it functions in full syllables is presented. Half length and overlength are also shown to occur in Faroese. There is a special discussion of the status of full syllables and restricted syllables in the phonological hierarchy. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to consonantal phonotactics, giving an overview of the permissible onsets and codas in each language. There is a special section on the analysis of gemination of glides and consonants.
Helmut Satz
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- March 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198853398
- eISBN:
- 9780191888052
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198853398.003.0003
- Subject:
- Physics, Soft Matter / Biological Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Placing identical finite sized objects randomly in a plane leads first to cluster formation, eventually to the formation of overall connection: this process is denoted as percolation. It is a ...
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Placing identical finite sized objects randomly in a plane leads first to cluster formation, eventually to the formation of overall connection: this process is denoted as percolation. It is a geometric form of critical behavior, occurring with an abrupt onset. Such phenomena form the basis of many transitions, from Galaxy formation to the onset of electrical conductivity. The formation of locust swarms can be considered as such a process.Less
Placing identical finite sized objects randomly in a plane leads first to cluster formation, eventually to the formation of overall connection: this process is denoted as percolation. It is a geometric form of critical behavior, occurring with an abrupt onset. Such phenomena form the basis of many transitions, from Galaxy formation to the onset of electrical conductivity. The formation of locust swarms can be considered as such a process.
Helmut Satz
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- March 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198853398
- eISBN:
- 9780191888052
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198853398.003.0006
- Subject:
- Physics, Soft Matter / Biological Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Following the seminal work of T. Vicsek et al. (Budapest), mathematical models are formulated, based on next neighbor interactions (alignment of flight direction) leading to global correlations. ...
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Following the seminal work of T. Vicsek et al. (Budapest), mathematical models are formulated, based on next neighbor interactions (alignment of flight direction) leading to global correlations. Computer simulations of these models lead to behavior patterns very much like those observed in empirical studies of bird flocks. In particular, a transition from random motion to flock behavior is observed for sufficiently precise flight alignment, corresponding to sufficiently low temperature in spin systems.Less
Following the seminal work of T. Vicsek et al. (Budapest), mathematical models are formulated, based on next neighbor interactions (alignment of flight direction) leading to global correlations. Computer simulations of these models lead to behavior patterns very much like those observed in empirical studies of bird flocks. In particular, a transition from random motion to flock behavior is observed for sufficiently precise flight alignment, corresponding to sufficiently low temperature in spin systems.
Cathryn Yang and Andy Castro
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748640300
- eISBN:
- 9780748671380
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748640300.003.0012
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Applied Linguistics and Pedagogy
Levenshtein distance, also known as string edit distance, correlates strongly with both perceived distance and intelligibility in various Indo-European languages. This chapter describes the ...
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Levenshtein distance, also known as string edit distance, correlates strongly with both perceived distance and intelligibility in various Indo-European languages. This chapter describes the application of Levenshtein distance to dialect data from Bai, a Sino-Tibetan language, and Hongshuihe Zhuang, a Tai language. In applying Levenshtein distance to languages with contour tone systems, the chapter asks the following questions: How much variation in intelligibility can tone alone explain? Which representation of tone results in the Levenshtein distance that shows the strongest correlation with intelligibility test results? The chapter evaluates six representations of tone: onset, contour and offset; onset and contour only; contour and offset only; target approximation, autosegments of H (high) and L (low), and Chao's (1930) pitch numbers. For both languages, the more fully explicit onset-contour-offset and onset-contour representations show significantly stronger inverse correlations with intelligibility. This suggests that, for cross-dialectal listeners, the optimal representation of tone in Levenshtein distance should be at a phonetically explicit level and include information on both onset and contour.Less
Levenshtein distance, also known as string edit distance, correlates strongly with both perceived distance and intelligibility in various Indo-European languages. This chapter describes the application of Levenshtein distance to dialect data from Bai, a Sino-Tibetan language, and Hongshuihe Zhuang, a Tai language. In applying Levenshtein distance to languages with contour tone systems, the chapter asks the following questions: How much variation in intelligibility can tone alone explain? Which representation of tone results in the Levenshtein distance that shows the strongest correlation with intelligibility test results? The chapter evaluates six representations of tone: onset, contour and offset; onset and contour only; contour and offset only; target approximation, autosegments of H (high) and L (low), and Chao's (1930) pitch numbers. For both languages, the more fully explicit onset-contour-offset and onset-contour representations show significantly stronger inverse correlations with intelligibility. This suggests that, for cross-dialectal listeners, the optimal representation of tone in Levenshtein distance should be at a phonetically explicit level and include information on both onset and contour.
