D. Dennis Hudson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195369229
- eISBN:
- 9780199871162
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369229.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
The six panels facing north in the middle‐floor sanctum document the different stages of purification of consciousness within the devotee during the predawn “Brahma's hour.” This chapter examines ...
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The six panels facing north in the middle‐floor sanctum document the different stages of purification of consciousness within the devotee during the predawn “Brahma's hour.” This chapter examines three, which represent Hari's indefatigable churning power (bala). First, the person of four bodies is discussed through the story of Prajapati. The first panel is the story of Gajendra rescued from the jaws of the “Grasper” (graha) by Hari, just as the first step in the devotee's purification is the plea to be rescued from the grasp of ignorance. Next, Rama disciplines Ocean on the way to Lanka; it represents on many levels the disciplining of the devotee's consciousness by the acharya. Next Hari as Ajita churns the Milk Ocean to obtain both poison (swallowed by Shiva) and a pot of amrita (which an asura flies off with), just as the devotee's mind is “churned” by the recitation of mantras.Less
The six panels facing north in the middle‐floor sanctum document the different stages of purification of consciousness within the devotee during the predawn “Brahma's hour.” This chapter examines three, which represent Hari's indefatigable churning power (bala). First, the person of four bodies is discussed through the story of Prajapati. The first panel is the story of Gajendra rescued from the jaws of the “Grasper” (graha) by Hari, just as the first step in the devotee's purification is the plea to be rescued from the grasp of ignorance. Next, Rama disciplines Ocean on the way to Lanka; it represents on many levels the disciplining of the devotee's consciousness by the acharya. Next Hari as Ajita churns the Milk Ocean to obtain both poison (swallowed by Shiva) and a pot of amrita (which an asura flies off with), just as the devotee's mind is “churned” by the recitation of mantras.
Stefan Helmreich, Sophia Roosth, and Michele Friedner
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691164809
- eISBN:
- 9781400873869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691164809.003.0009
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter reports on an oceanographic conference held in Goa, India, just after the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004. It describes the various kinds of time—of the ocean, of ...
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This chapter reports on an oceanographic conference held in Goa, India, just after the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004. It describes the various kinds of time—of the ocean, of scientific research, of disaster, of governance—through which scientists and others grappled with the disaster and its implications. A last-minute addition to the conference schedule, a talk, “The Recent Seismic Event off Sumatra,” was delivered by Satish Singh, a geoscientist from the Institute de Physique du Globe in Paris. In a setting in which “geological time” had been the organizing catchphrase— and an epistemological mooring for scientific objectivity— Singh's talk came closest to summoning up the uncertainties in scale that characterize oscillating ocean time, the at-sea feeling that attention to watery time can engender.Less
This chapter reports on an oceanographic conference held in Goa, India, just after the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004. It describes the various kinds of time—of the ocean, of scientific research, of disaster, of governance—through which scientists and others grappled with the disaster and its implications. A last-minute addition to the conference schedule, a talk, “The Recent Seismic Event off Sumatra,” was delivered by Satish Singh, a geoscientist from the Institute de Physique du Globe in Paris. In a setting in which “geological time” had been the organizing catchphrase— and an epistemological mooring for scientific objectivity— Singh's talk came closest to summoning up the uncertainties in scale that characterize oscillating ocean time, the at-sea feeling that attention to watery time can engender.
Stefan Helmreich, Sophia Roosth, and Michele Friedner
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691164809
- eISBN:
- 9781400873869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691164809.003.0010
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines how digital media represent seawater, relying upon, but also making invisible, the built infrastructures—commercial, political, military—that have permitted the oceanic world to ...
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This chapter examines how digital media represent seawater, relying upon, but also making invisible, the built infrastructures—commercial, political, military—that have permitted the oceanic world to be described as something like a “global ocean” in the first place. Drawing on the work of Charles Sanders Peirce, it explores how Earth and its ocean, as they have been ported into the digital, have become a confusing mixture of different kinds of signs—the sorts Peirce would have called indexes, icons, and symbols. It considers a kindred image-object, Google Ocean, and how Google Earth politics is connected to it, as well as what sort of representation of the planetary sea is in the making in these digital days. It argues that Google Ocean is a mottled mash of icons, indexes, and symbols of the marine and maritime world as well as a simultaneously dystopian and utopian diagram of the sea.Less
This chapter examines how digital media represent seawater, relying upon, but also making invisible, the built infrastructures—commercial, political, military—that have permitted the oceanic world to be described as something like a “global ocean” in the first place. Drawing on the work of Charles Sanders Peirce, it explores how Earth and its ocean, as they have been ported into the digital, have become a confusing mixture of different kinds of signs—the sorts Peirce would have called indexes, icons, and symbols. It considers a kindred image-object, Google Ocean, and how Google Earth politics is connected to it, as well as what sort of representation of the planetary sea is in the making in these digital days. It argues that Google Ocean is a mottled mash of icons, indexes, and symbols of the marine and maritime world as well as a simultaneously dystopian and utopian diagram of the sea.
Javier Arístegui, Susana Agustí, Jack J. Middelburg, and Carlos M. Duarte
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527084
- eISBN:
- 9780191713347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527084.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter reviews the mechanisms of transport and remineralization of organic matter in the dark water-columns and sediments of the oceans. Different approaches to estimating respiration rates are ...
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This chapter reviews the mechanisms of transport and remineralization of organic matter in the dark water-columns and sediments of the oceans. Different approaches to estimating respiration rates are compared, and the discrepancies obtained by different methodologies are discussed. Finally, a respiratory carbon budget is produced for dark ocean areas, which includes vertical and lateral fluxes of organic matter. Overall, direct measurements of respiration, as well as indirect approaches, converge to suggest a total dark ocean respiration of 1.5-1.7 Pmol C/a. Carbon mass balances in the dark ocean suggest that the dark ocean receives 1.5-1.6 Pmol C/a, similar to the estimated respiration, of which >70% is in the form of sinking particles. Almost all the organic matter (~92%) is remineralized in the water column, the burial in sediments accounts for less than 1%. Mesopelagic (150-1000 m) respiration accounts for ~70% of dark ocean respiration, with average integrated rates of 3-4 mol C/m2-a, 6-8 times greater than in the bathypelagic zone. The results show that respiration in dark ocean is a major component of the carbon flux in the biosphere.Less
This chapter reviews the mechanisms of transport and remineralization of organic matter in the dark water-columns and sediments of the oceans. Different approaches to estimating respiration rates are compared, and the discrepancies obtained by different methodologies are discussed. Finally, a respiratory carbon budget is produced for dark ocean areas, which includes vertical and lateral fluxes of organic matter. Overall, direct measurements of respiration, as well as indirect approaches, converge to suggest a total dark ocean respiration of 1.5-1.7 Pmol C/a. Carbon mass balances in the dark ocean suggest that the dark ocean receives 1.5-1.6 Pmol C/a, similar to the estimated respiration, of which >70% is in the form of sinking particles. Almost all the organic matter (~92%) is remineralized in the water column, the burial in sediments accounts for less than 1%. Mesopelagic (150-1000 m) respiration accounts for ~70% of dark ocean respiration, with average integrated rates of 3-4 mol C/m2-a, 6-8 times greater than in the bathypelagic zone. The results show that respiration in dark ocean is a major component of the carbon flux in the biosphere.
Raymond P. Scheindlin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195315424
- eISBN:
- 9780199872039
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315424.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
Nine poems describe Halevi’s ocean voyage and his mental state during its course. They display his ambivalence between missing his family and longing for his goal; his fear that the Holy Land will ...
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Nine poems describe Halevi’s ocean voyage and his mental state during its course. They display his ambivalence between missing his family and longing for his goal; his fear that the Holy Land will not be a sufficient compensation for his losses; and his resolve to put himself fully into God’s hands. Several poems describe storms at sea, the terror they instill, and the opportunity they afford to put one’s trust of God to the test. The final poem is a hymn of thanksgiving for a safe arrival, probably written not on conclusion of the voyage but in anticipation of its successful conclusion.Less
Nine poems describe Halevi’s ocean voyage and his mental state during its course. They display his ambivalence between missing his family and longing for his goal; his fear that the Holy Land will not be a sufficient compensation for his losses; and his resolve to put himself fully into God’s hands. Several poems describe storms at sea, the terror they instill, and the opportunity they afford to put one’s trust of God to the test. The final poem is a hymn of thanksgiving for a safe arrival, probably written not on conclusion of the voyage but in anticipation of its successful conclusion.
Tim R. McClanahan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195319958
- eISBN:
- 9780199869596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195319958.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter describes the oceanography, biogeography, and management of coral reef ecosystems of East Africa. The chapter focuses on the role of marine protected areas and fishing in controlling ...
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This chapter describes the oceanography, biogeography, and management of coral reef ecosystems of East Africa. The chapter focuses on the role of marine protected areas and fishing in controlling their ecology as well as a simulation model of fishing with the expected model and realized effects of fishing on the ecosystem.Less
This chapter describes the oceanography, biogeography, and management of coral reef ecosystems of East Africa. The chapter focuses on the role of marine protected areas and fishing in controlling their ecology as well as a simulation model of fishing with the expected model and realized effects of fishing on the ecosystem.
Stefan Helmreich, Sophia Roosth, and Michele Friedner
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691164809
- eISBN:
- 9781400873869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691164809.003.0011
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines water and seawater as media for modernist and experimental music, representing the ocean as a site of life sublime and endangered. More specifically, it considers the ways that ...
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This chapter examines water and seawater as media for modernist and experimental music, representing the ocean as a site of life sublime and endangered. More specifically, it considers the ways that the underwater realm manifests a scientifically, technologically, and epistemologically apprehensible zone. It does so by auditing underwater music, a genre of twentieth- and twenty-first-century composition performed or recorded under water in settings ranging from swimming pools to the ocean, with playback unfolding above water or beneath. Composers of underwater music are especially curious about scientific accounts of how sound behaves in water and eager to acquire technologies of subaqueous sound production. The chapter shows that listening to underwater music reveals water transforming from the static and sonared seas of Cold War modernism to the dynamic and confusing seas of global warming, from seas sound and sounded to seas unsound.Less
This chapter examines water and seawater as media for modernist and experimental music, representing the ocean as a site of life sublime and endangered. More specifically, it considers the ways that the underwater realm manifests a scientifically, technologically, and epistemologically apprehensible zone. It does so by auditing underwater music, a genre of twentieth- and twenty-first-century composition performed or recorded under water in settings ranging from swimming pools to the ocean, with playback unfolding above water or beneath. Composers of underwater music are especially curious about scientific accounts of how sound behaves in water and eager to acquire technologies of subaqueous sound production. The chapter shows that listening to underwater music reveals water transforming from the static and sonared seas of Cold War modernism to the dynamic and confusing seas of global warming, from seas sound and sounded to seas unsound.
Giancarlo Casale
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377828
- eISBN:
- 9780199775699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377828.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter focuses on Hadim Suleiman Pasha. Ibrahim Pasha's death left the empire with a gaping power vacuum. For nearly a decade thereafter, no other Ottoman figure would dominate affairs of state ...
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This chapter focuses on Hadim Suleiman Pasha. Ibrahim Pasha's death left the empire with a gaping power vacuum. For nearly a decade thereafter, no other Ottoman figure would dominate affairs of state as Ibrahim had during his years in office. But of all the various contenders for power during the period from 1536 to 1544, the one who came closest to qualifying as the empire's new leading statesman was Ibrahim's deputy, Hadim Suleiman Pasha. Hadim Suleiman was able to advance through the ranks of the Ottoman hierarchy primarily as a result of his involvement in the empire's efforts to establish a presence in the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. By 1541, after leading an expedition to India and, in the process, successfully conquering Yemen, he was promoted to the grand vizierate; the first case in Ottoman history in which the Indian Ocean became a springboard for attaining the empire's highest office.Less
This chapter focuses on Hadim Suleiman Pasha. Ibrahim Pasha's death left the empire with a gaping power vacuum. For nearly a decade thereafter, no other Ottoman figure would dominate affairs of state as Ibrahim had during his years in office. But of all the various contenders for power during the period from 1536 to 1544, the one who came closest to qualifying as the empire's new leading statesman was Ibrahim's deputy, Hadim Suleiman Pasha. Hadim Suleiman was able to advance through the ranks of the Ottoman hierarchy primarily as a result of his involvement in the empire's efforts to establish a presence in the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. By 1541, after leading an expedition to India and, in the process, successfully conquering Yemen, he was promoted to the grand vizierate; the first case in Ottoman history in which the Indian Ocean became a springboard for attaining the empire's highest office.
Giancarlo Casale
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377828
- eISBN:
- 9780199775699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377828.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter focuses on Rustem Pasha, who dominated Ottoman political life throughout the middle decades of the 16th century. Nominated to the grand vizierate upon Hadim Suleiman's dismissal in ...
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This chapter focuses on Rustem Pasha, who dominated Ottoman political life throughout the middle decades of the 16th century. Nominated to the grand vizierate upon Hadim Suleiman's dismissal in November of 1544, Rustem went on to hold the position almost continuously until his death seventeen years later. Unlike his predecessor Hadim Suleiman, who had consistently sought to maximize the free flow of trade across Ottoman lands from the Indian Ocean, Rustem professed a deep-seated suspicion of foreign merchants and generally favored an economic policy that subordinated mercantile interests to the needs of supplying the army and provisioning the Ottoman capital. Rather than seeing the flow of goods in and out of the Ottoman Empire as a source of wealth and a reaffirmation of Ottoman prestige, Rustem seems to have viewed international trade primarily as a threat, a drain through which the precious metals and other strategic resources of the empire were being continually sucked away.Less
This chapter focuses on Rustem Pasha, who dominated Ottoman political life throughout the middle decades of the 16th century. Nominated to the grand vizierate upon Hadim Suleiman's dismissal in November of 1544, Rustem went on to hold the position almost continuously until his death seventeen years later. Unlike his predecessor Hadim Suleiman, who had consistently sought to maximize the free flow of trade across Ottoman lands from the Indian Ocean, Rustem professed a deep-seated suspicion of foreign merchants and generally favored an economic policy that subordinated mercantile interests to the needs of supplying the army and provisioning the Ottoman capital. Rather than seeing the flow of goods in and out of the Ottoman Empire as a source of wealth and a reaffirmation of Ottoman prestige, Rustem seems to have viewed international trade primarily as a threat, a drain through which the precious metals and other strategic resources of the empire were being continually sucked away.
Giancarlo Casale
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377828
- eISBN:
- 9780199775699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377828.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter focuses on Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, one of the most compelling personalities of the entire 16th century and the mastermind of the Ottoman Empire's last great push into the Indian Ocean. ...
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This chapter focuses on Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, one of the most compelling personalities of the entire 16th century and the mastermind of the Ottoman Empire's last great push into the Indian Ocean. Much like his well-placed predecessors Ibrahim and Rustem, Sokollu Mehmed was a palace favorite, a member of the Imperial Divan since 1554, and a figure especially close to the sultan's son Selim, whose daughter he married in 1562. Promoted to the grand vizierate just three years later, upon the death of his aged colleague Semiz Ali, Sokollu would thereafter dominate political life in the empire as perhaps no other grand vizier ever had before. His uninterrupted tenure in office eventually spanned fifteen years and the reigns of three successive sultans, before his own death in 1579.Less
This chapter focuses on Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, one of the most compelling personalities of the entire 16th century and the mastermind of the Ottoman Empire's last great push into the Indian Ocean. Much like his well-placed predecessors Ibrahim and Rustem, Sokollu Mehmed was a palace favorite, a member of the Imperial Divan since 1554, and a figure especially close to the sultan's son Selim, whose daughter he married in 1562. Promoted to the grand vizierate just three years later, upon the death of his aged colleague Semiz Ali, Sokollu would thereafter dominate political life in the empire as perhaps no other grand vizier ever had before. His uninterrupted tenure in office eventually spanned fifteen years and the reigns of three successive sultans, before his own death in 1579.
Giancarlo Casale
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377828
- eISBN:
- 9780199775699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377828.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter focuses on events from 1579 to 1589. Ottoman decision makers, particularly those with an interest in the Indian Ocean, realized that in light of the myriad challenges to their rule that ...
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This chapter focuses on events from 1579 to 1589. Ottoman decision makers, particularly those with an interest in the Indian Ocean, realized that in light of the myriad challenges to their rule that emerged around 1579, Sokollu's delicate system of soft empire had become untenable. Instead, a stark choice seemed to present itself: either convert this soft empire into a more traditional system of direct imperial rule in maritime Asia, or stand idly by as Ottoman influence in the region gradually eroded or disappeared entirely.Less
This chapter focuses on events from 1579 to 1589. Ottoman decision makers, particularly those with an interest in the Indian Ocean, realized that in light of the myriad challenges to their rule that emerged around 1579, Sokollu's delicate system of soft empire had become untenable. Instead, a stark choice seemed to present itself: either convert this soft empire into a more traditional system of direct imperial rule in maritime Asia, or stand idly by as Ottoman influence in the region gradually eroded or disappeared entirely.
Paul del Giorgio and Peter Williams (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527084
- eISBN:
- 9780191713347
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527084.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
Respiration represents the major area of ignorance in our understanding of the global carbon cycle. In spite of its obvious ecological and biogeochemical importance, most oceanographic and ...
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Respiration represents the major area of ignorance in our understanding of the global carbon cycle. In spite of its obvious ecological and biogeochemical importance, most oceanographic and limnological textbooks deal with respiration only superficially and as an extension of production and other processes. The objective of this book is to fill this gap and to provide a comprehensive review of respiration in the major aquatic systems of the biosphere. The introductory chapters review the general importance of respiration in aquatic systems, and deal with respiration within four key biological components of aquatic systems: bacteria, algae, heterotrophic protists, and zooplankton. The central chapters of the book review respiration in major aquatic ecosystems: freshwater wetlands, lakes and rivers, estuaries, coastal and open oceans, and pelagic ecosystems, as well as respiration in suboxic environments. For each major ecosystem, the corresponding chapter provides a synthesis of methods used to assess respiration, outlines the existing information and data on respiration, discusses its regulation and links to biotic and abiotic factors, and provides regional and global estimates of the magnitude of respiration. This is followed by a chapter on the modelling of respiration for various components of the plankton. The final chapter provides a general synthesis of the information and data provided throughout the book, and places aquatic respiration within the context of the global carbon budget.Less
Respiration represents the major area of ignorance in our understanding of the global carbon cycle. In spite of its obvious ecological and biogeochemical importance, most oceanographic and limnological textbooks deal with respiration only superficially and as an extension of production and other processes. The objective of this book is to fill this gap and to provide a comprehensive review of respiration in the major aquatic systems of the biosphere. The introductory chapters review the general importance of respiration in aquatic systems, and deal with respiration within four key biological components of aquatic systems: bacteria, algae, heterotrophic protists, and zooplankton. The central chapters of the book review respiration in major aquatic ecosystems: freshwater wetlands, lakes and rivers, estuaries, coastal and open oceans, and pelagic ecosystems, as well as respiration in suboxic environments. For each major ecosystem, the corresponding chapter provides a synthesis of methods used to assess respiration, outlines the existing information and data on respiration, discusses its regulation and links to biotic and abiotic factors, and provides regional and global estimates of the magnitude of respiration. This is followed by a chapter on the modelling of respiration for various components of the plankton. The final chapter provides a general synthesis of the information and data provided throughout the book, and places aquatic respiration within the context of the global carbon budget.
Shin‐ichi Ito, Kenneth A. Rose, Arthur J. Miller, Ken Drinkwater, Keith Brander, James E. Overland, Svein Sundby, Enrique Curchitser, James W. Hurrell, and Yasuhiro Yamanaka
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199558025
- eISBN:
- 9780191721939
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558025.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology, Aquatic Biology
Available evidence of recent climate‐induced physical and chemical changes in the oceans is summarized, including changes in sea temperatures, nutrient supply, mixing and circulation, trace element ...
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Available evidence of recent climate‐induced physical and chemical changes in the oceans is summarized, including changes in sea temperatures, nutrient supply, mixing and circulation, trace element supply, acidification, and sea‐level rise. The biological responses in the marine environment to these documented physical changes are then presented by trophic level. Our ability to project ecosystem responses to likely future global change is discussed, including numerous examples of existing projections for several regions of the world's oceans. This chapter concludes with a discussion of a vision of the next steps that are needed to develop better models capable of improving our projections of ecosystem responses to global change.Less
Available evidence of recent climate‐induced physical and chemical changes in the oceans is summarized, including changes in sea temperatures, nutrient supply, mixing and circulation, trace element supply, acidification, and sea‐level rise. The biological responses in the marine environment to these documented physical changes are then presented by trophic level. Our ability to project ecosystem responses to likely future global change is discussed, including numerous examples of existing projections for several regions of the world's oceans. This chapter concludes with a discussion of a vision of the next steps that are needed to develop better models capable of improving our projections of ecosystem responses to global change.
John C. Wilkinson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199588268
- eISBN:
- 9780191595400
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588268.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter attempts to reconstruct the even more fragmentary history of the 6/12th century, with intermittent Imams and increasing regional dislocation, the end of Ibâḍism in Hadramawt, the rise of ...
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This chapter attempts to reconstruct the even more fragmentary history of the 6/12th century, with intermittent Imams and increasing regional dislocation, the end of Ibâḍism in Hadramawt, the rise of the Nabâhina whose origins are reconsidered, the start of a major incursion of 'Amiri tribes from Bahrayn which was to shift the whole political geography of northern Oman in the ensuing centuries; likewise a major reorientation of Indian Ocean trade with the rise of the Red Sea–Mediterranean axis and expansion of Muslim colonization on the East African coast and a consequent shift of the Omani entrepôt to Qalhât in conjunction with the establishment of Hormuzi power. Yet despite this century being the prelude to Oman's ‘Dark Ages’, it was an era of very active Ibâḍi scholarship and even missionary activities, including a re-conversion of Kilwa which was celebrated by the last major figure treated in this book, al–Qalhâti.Less
This chapter attempts to reconstruct the even more fragmentary history of the 6/12th century, with intermittent Imams and increasing regional dislocation, the end of Ibâḍism in Hadramawt, the rise of the Nabâhina whose origins are reconsidered, the start of a major incursion of 'Amiri tribes from Bahrayn which was to shift the whole political geography of northern Oman in the ensuing centuries; likewise a major reorientation of Indian Ocean trade with the rise of the Red Sea–Mediterranean axis and expansion of Muslim colonization on the East African coast and a consequent shift of the Omani entrepôt to Qalhât in conjunction with the establishment of Hormuzi power. Yet despite this century being the prelude to Oman's ‘Dark Ages’, it was an era of very active Ibâḍi scholarship and even missionary activities, including a re-conversion of Kilwa which was celebrated by the last major figure treated in this book, al–Qalhâti.
Andrew MacDonald
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265314
- eISBN:
- 9780191760402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265314.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter is about the fate of a registration system designed for the exclusion of ‘undesirable’ Indian migrants to South Africa in the first decades of the twentieth century. It traces the ...
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This chapter is about the fate of a registration system designed for the exclusion of ‘undesirable’ Indian migrants to South Africa in the first decades of the twentieth century. It traces the bureaucracy's deployment of residence permits, but shows how these were transacted along the networks established by long-established Indian Ocean merchant houses. This illicit economy provoked important reforms in record-keeping. Yet South Africa's immigration offices remained in disarray for another 15–20 years. The gaps were filled by shrewd criminal touting syndicates within the bureaucracy. More stringent record-keeping was finally in place by the mid-1920s due to help from migrant associations, although this hardly meant that insider subversion had been completely smothered. The chapter argues that South African border controls were not successfully coercive, and suggests that performative histories are important in the study of repressive registration regimes.Less
This chapter is about the fate of a registration system designed for the exclusion of ‘undesirable’ Indian migrants to South Africa in the first decades of the twentieth century. It traces the bureaucracy's deployment of residence permits, but shows how these were transacted along the networks established by long-established Indian Ocean merchant houses. This illicit economy provoked important reforms in record-keeping. Yet South Africa's immigration offices remained in disarray for another 15–20 years. The gaps were filled by shrewd criminal touting syndicates within the bureaucracy. More stringent record-keeping was finally in place by the mid-1920s due to help from migrant associations, although this hardly meant that insider subversion had been completely smothered. The chapter argues that South African border controls were not successfully coercive, and suggests that performative histories are important in the study of repressive registration regimes.
Joshua S. Weitz
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161549
- eISBN:
- 9781400873968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161549.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
This chapter introduces the theoretical and modeling approaches necessary to estimate (i) viral abundance, (ii) viral diversity, and (iii) virus–host interactions. Viruses are extremely abundant in ...
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This chapter introduces the theoretical and modeling approaches necessary to estimate (i) viral abundance, (ii) viral diversity, and (iii) virus–host interactions. Viruses are extremely abundant in the oceans, with estimates of virus-like particle densities ranging from approximately 104 to 108/ml. Virus abundance is estimated to be at its highest in coastal environments, during blooms, and in sediments. Viral diversity remains elusive. Those features of viral diversity that are estimable include Shannon and Simpson diversity, and should be utilized instead of attempting to estimate the total number of virus “species” in the community based on measurements of a small subsample. Viral diversity includes genotypic, genetic, and functional diversity. Individual viruses infect more than one host type, and individual hosts are infected by more than one virus. The cross-infection networks in natural systems include evidence of specialization, as measured by modularity, and hierarchical order, as measured by nestedness.Less
This chapter introduces the theoretical and modeling approaches necessary to estimate (i) viral abundance, (ii) viral diversity, and (iii) virus–host interactions. Viruses are extremely abundant in the oceans, with estimates of virus-like particle densities ranging from approximately 104 to 108/ml. Virus abundance is estimated to be at its highest in coastal environments, during blooms, and in sediments. Viral diversity remains elusive. Those features of viral diversity that are estimable include Shannon and Simpson diversity, and should be utilized instead of attempting to estimate the total number of virus “species” in the community based on measurements of a small subsample. Viral diversity includes genotypic, genetic, and functional diversity. Individual viruses infect more than one host type, and individual hosts are infected by more than one virus. The cross-infection networks in natural systems include evidence of specialization, as measured by modularity, and hierarchical order, as measured by nestedness.
Thomas W. Cronin, Sönke Johnsen, N. Justin Marshall, and Eric J. Warrant
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151847
- eISBN:
- 9781400853021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151847.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter discusses how darkness provides excellent advantages for a wide variety of animals, for the simple reason that vision—a primary sense for predators and foragers alike—becomes severely ...
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This chapter discusses how darkness provides excellent advantages for a wide variety of animals, for the simple reason that vision—a primary sense for predators and foragers alike—becomes severely disabled when faced with a paucity of light. Thus, in a fiercely competitive rainforest, the cover of night provides respite from visually dependent predators and competitors, a fact that has encouraged the evolution of nocturnal activity in many different taxa. In the endlessly dim world of the deep ocean, the cover of darkness is instead permanent, and vision is relentlessly pressed at the limits of the physically possible. In some species the eyes have evolved extreme adaptations for extracting the most fleeting of visual cues. Others have given up the fight altogether, their eyes having regressed to mere vestiges.Less
This chapter discusses how darkness provides excellent advantages for a wide variety of animals, for the simple reason that vision—a primary sense for predators and foragers alike—becomes severely disabled when faced with a paucity of light. Thus, in a fiercely competitive rainforest, the cover of night provides respite from visually dependent predators and competitors, a fact that has encouraged the evolution of nocturnal activity in many different taxa. In the endlessly dim world of the deep ocean, the cover of darkness is instead permanent, and vision is relentlessly pressed at the limits of the physically possible. In some species the eyes have evolved extreme adaptations for extracting the most fleeting of visual cues. Others have given up the fight altogether, their eyes having regressed to mere vestiges.
Manuel Barange, John G. Field, and Will Steffen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199558025
- eISBN:
- 9780191721939
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558025.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology, Aquatic Biology
The world's ocean represents 70% of the earth's surface and contains 97% of the entire planet's water. It is a primary driver in the cycles of water and carbon and, through its huge capacity to store ...
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The world's ocean represents 70% of the earth's surface and contains 97% of the entire planet's water. It is a primary driver in the cycles of water and carbon and, through its huge capacity to store heat, plays a crucial role in the regulation of weather and climate. Its biota secure life: marine phytoplankton is responsible for almost half of the oxygen we inhale, and marine fish and shellfish provides food, employment, and livelihood opportunities to millions of people. Yet the oceans are under increasing pressure: three out of every four fish stocks are either fully exploited or overexploited, and the number of people living within 150 km of the coast is expected to increase to a staggering 6.7 million by 2050. This chapter places the oceans in the context of the earth system, discusses its variability and change, the uses we have of its goods and services, and introduces the challenges of sustainable management. It concludes by explaining how the book addresses the issues raised and introduces the rest of the chapters.Less
The world's ocean represents 70% of the earth's surface and contains 97% of the entire planet's water. It is a primary driver in the cycles of water and carbon and, through its huge capacity to store heat, plays a crucial role in the regulation of weather and climate. Its biota secure life: marine phytoplankton is responsible for almost half of the oxygen we inhale, and marine fish and shellfish provides food, employment, and livelihood opportunities to millions of people. Yet the oceans are under increasing pressure: three out of every four fish stocks are either fully exploited or overexploited, and the number of people living within 150 km of the coast is expected to increase to a staggering 6.7 million by 2050. This chapter places the oceans in the context of the earth system, discusses its variability and change, the uses we have of its goods and services, and introduces the challenges of sustainable management. It concludes by explaining how the book addresses the issues raised and introduces the rest of the chapters.
Geir Ottersen, Nils Chr. Stenseth, and James W. Hurrell
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507499
- eISBN:
- 9780191709845
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507499.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This introductory chapter begins with a brief account of the Atlantic as a whole and how it is linked to other oceans, before focusing on the main currents and hydrography of the North Atlantic. This ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a brief account of the Atlantic as a whole and how it is linked to other oceans, before focusing on the main currents and hydrography of the North Atlantic. This is followed by a brief account of some of the main circulation patterns in the world's oceans and the role of large-scale climate variability. It provides an overview of oceanographic processes that are believed to be of particular importance to marine ecology. Finally, examples are presented to illustrate how diverse the responses of ecology are to atmospheric and ocean climate variability.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a brief account of the Atlantic as a whole and how it is linked to other oceans, before focusing on the main currents and hydrography of the North Atlantic. This is followed by a brief account of some of the main circulation patterns in the world's oceans and the role of large-scale climate variability. It provides an overview of oceanographic processes that are believed to be of particular importance to marine ecology. Finally, examples are presented to illustrate how diverse the responses of ecology are to atmospheric and ocean climate variability.
James W. Hurrell and Robert R. Dickson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507499
- eISBN:
- 9780191709845
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507499.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter provides a broad review of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and its forcing of the North Atlantic Ocean. Of particular interest is the long, irregular amplification of the ...
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This chapter provides a broad review of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and its forcing of the North Atlantic Ocean. Of particular interest is the long, irregular amplification of the oscillation towards one extreme phase during winter over recent decades. This climatic event, which is unprecedented in the modern instrumental record of NAO behaviour, has produced a wide range of effects on North Atlantic ecosystems. Some attention will also be given to the climatic impacts of periods of atypical NAO behaviour, such as the spatial displacement of the main centres of action in some winters, or to periods when other patterns of large-scale Atlantic climate variability are more pronounced.Less
This chapter provides a broad review of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and its forcing of the North Atlantic Ocean. Of particular interest is the long, irregular amplification of the oscillation towards one extreme phase during winter over recent decades. This climatic event, which is unprecedented in the modern instrumental record of NAO behaviour, has produced a wide range of effects on North Atlantic ecosystems. Some attention will also be given to the climatic impacts of periods of atypical NAO behaviour, such as the spatial displacement of the main centres of action in some winters, or to periods when other patterns of large-scale Atlantic climate variability are more pronounced.
