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Sleep is a fundamental requirement for living individuals. Emerging evidence suggests that disturbances in sleep and sleep disorders play a role in the morbidity of chronic conditions including obesity and hypertension. This chapter discusses the possibility that the relationship between sleep and CVD may be mediated by inflammatory mechanisms. It examines possible effects of age, gender, ethnicity, etc., on the relationship between sleep and disease progression, along with the role of inflammation in the relationship between known sleep disorders and cardiovascular risk. In particular, the role of inflammatory activation in individuals with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is examined. Whilst evidence may suggest that sleep-curtailment may lead to an increase in the inflammatory processes underlying these diseases, further research is required to determine if biologically restorative sleep can reverse or halt such disease progression.

Sleep is a complex phenotype and as such it is possible that there are numerous genes which may each have a number of effects that control an individual's sleep pattern. An individual's sleep duration and quality may also be influenced by the interaction of their genes with the environment. This chapter considers some of the genes that are known to be involved in normal sleep regulation. In addition, it examines evidence which suggests that there may be a genetic component to the pathology of some of the known sleep disorders including obstructive sleep apnoea, narcolepsy, Kleine–Levin syndrome, and different parasomnias including sleepwalking and restless leg syndrome. As our understanding of the genetic regulation of sleep in health and disease improves it is anticipated that new diagnostic and treatment options including genetic counselling, improved therapeutic regimes and new drug treatments may arise.

A number of sleep-related breathing and respiratory disorders impact our ability to achieve a good night’s sleep. Unfortunately, these disorders are becoming increasingly common—a phenomenon that has been linked to the rising obesity rates in society. In this chapter we aim to provide an overview of how some of the most common disorders (particularly obstructive sleep apnoea) contribute to poor sleep, review how these disorders/diseases impact both the individual and society, and discuss some of the key challenges and hurdles that we, as a society, will need to overcome if we are to maximize sleep quality in the community.

Answer 6.1

This functional appliance is a medium opening activator (MOA).

It is retained by the Adams cribs on the upper first molars and the acrylic capping the lower incisors.

Traditionally, functional appliances have been considered ideal for the treatment of a...