Sydney D. Bailey and Sam Daws
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280736
- eISBN:
- 9780191598746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280734.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Looks at the people that make up the UN Security Council. It starts with sections on the Secretary‐General and the President, and goes on to discuss permanent members (of which there are five — from ...
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Looks at the people that make up the UN Security Council. It starts with sections on the Secretary‐General and the President, and goes on to discuss permanent members (of which there are five — from China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States) and non‐permanent members, of which details are given for each year from 1946 to 1997. The next section gives details of other participants in the UN Security Council: UN member states that are non‐members of the Council; the PLO/Permanent Observer for Palestine; the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; UN member states that are non‐members of the Council in informal consultations of the whole; troop‐contributing states; individuals and regional organizations. The next two sections of the chapter discuss permanent missions of member states to the Council, and groups (bodies of UN members) within the Council with certain ideological or regional interests. The remaining sections discuss regionalism, credentials, the representation of China and diplomatic precedence.Less
Looks at the people that make up the UN Security Council. It starts with sections on the Secretary‐General and the President, and goes on to discuss permanent members (of which there are five — from China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States) and non‐permanent members, of which details are given for each year from 1946 to 1997. The next section gives details of other participants in the UN Security Council: UN member states that are non‐members of the Council; the PLO/Permanent Observer for Palestine; the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; UN member states that are non‐members of the Council in informal consultations of the whole; troop‐contributing states; individuals and regional organizations. The next two sections of the chapter discuss permanent missions of member states to the Council, and groups (bodies of UN members) within the Council with certain ideological or regional interests. The remaining sections discuss regionalism, credentials, the representation of China and diplomatic precedence.
D. D. Raphael
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199213337
- eISBN:
- 9780191707544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213337.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
Smith's theory of the impartial spectator is superior to a recent theory with which it has been compared, Roderick Firth's ‘ideal observer’ theory of moral judgement. Smith's notion has also been ...
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Smith's theory of the impartial spectator is superior to a recent theory with which it has been compared, Roderick Firth's ‘ideal observer’ theory of moral judgement. Smith's notion has also been interpreted, mistakenly, by John Rawls as a device of utilitarian theory. It can, however, be justly criticized as unduly complicated.Less
Smith's theory of the impartial spectator is superior to a recent theory with which it has been compared, Roderick Firth's ‘ideal observer’ theory of moral judgement. Smith's notion has also been interpreted, mistakenly, by John Rawls as a device of utilitarian theory. It can, however, be justly criticized as unduly complicated.
Tim Bayne
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199215386
- eISBN:
- 9780191594786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215386.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, General
This chapter examines the claim that the unity of consciousness is lost in the context of forms of hypnosis that involve a ‘hidden observer.’ According to a number of theorists—most notably ...
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This chapter examines the claim that the unity of consciousness is lost in the context of forms of hypnosis that involve a ‘hidden observer.’ According to a number of theorists—most notably Hilgard—some hypnotized subjects have two streams of consciousness at once: a ‘covert’ stream that is accessible only by way of ‘hidden observer’ probes, and an overt stream that is accessible in the normal ways. The evidence in favour of this ‘two‐streams’ model of the hidden observer is examined and found to be quite strong. However, an even more plausible account of the hidden observer holds that hidden observer subjects have a single stream of consciousness that switches back and forth between ‘overt’ and ‘covert’ states. The hidden observer prompt changes the content of the patient's experience by directing his or her attention to stimuli that had previously been neglected.Less
This chapter examines the claim that the unity of consciousness is lost in the context of forms of hypnosis that involve a ‘hidden observer.’ According to a number of theorists—most notably Hilgard—some hypnotized subjects have two streams of consciousness at once: a ‘covert’ stream that is accessible only by way of ‘hidden observer’ probes, and an overt stream that is accessible in the normal ways. The evidence in favour of this ‘two‐streams’ model of the hidden observer is examined and found to be quite strong. However, an even more plausible account of the hidden observer holds that hidden observer subjects have a single stream of consciousness that switches back and forth between ‘overt’ and ‘covert’ states. The hidden observer prompt changes the content of the patient's experience by directing his or her attention to stimuli that had previously been neglected.
Roy Sorensen
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275731
- eISBN:
- 9780191706103
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275731.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
A meta-conception is a hypothetical one. It answers a question by imagining someone (usually a more able conceiver) answering that question via an act of imagination. Thus, meta-conceptions stand to ...
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A meta-conception is a hypothetical one. It answers a question by imagining someone (usually a more able conceiver) answering that question via an act of imagination. Thus, meta-conceptions stand to thought experiments as thought experiments stand to executed experiments. If conceivability entails possibility, then meta-conceiving entails possibility. Meta-conceptions would then work as well as thought experiments. But they do not work as well, giving fresh doubt about ‘Conceivability entails possibility’. Some of what passes for conceiving is really meta-conceiving, so these concerns affect modal epistemology. This chapter considers meta-conceptions as legitimate modes of inquiry but ranks them lower than thought experiments.Less
A meta-conception is a hypothetical one. It answers a question by imagining someone (usually a more able conceiver) answering that question via an act of imagination. Thus, meta-conceptions stand to thought experiments as thought experiments stand to executed experiments. If conceivability entails possibility, then meta-conceiving entails possibility. Meta-conceptions would then work as well as thought experiments. But they do not work as well, giving fresh doubt about ‘Conceivability entails possibility’. Some of what passes for conceiving is really meta-conceiving, so these concerns affect modal epistemology. This chapter considers meta-conceptions as legitimate modes of inquiry but ranks them lower than thought experiments.
Michael S. Landy, Martin S. Banks, and David C. Knill
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195387247
- eISBN:
- 9780199918379
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387247.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter provides a general introduction to the field of cue combination from the perspective of optimal cue integration. It works through a number of qualitatively different problems and ...
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This chapter provides a general introduction to the field of cue combination from the perspective of optimal cue integration. It works through a number of qualitatively different problems and illustrate how building ideal observers helps formulate the scientific questions that need to be answered in order to understand how the brain solves these problems. It begins with a simple example of integration leading to a linear model of cue integration. This is followed by a summary of a general approach to optimality: Bayesian estimation and decision theory. It then reviews situations in which realistic generative models of sensory data lead to nonlinear ideal-observer models. Subsequent sections review empirical studies of cue combination and issues they raise, as well as open questions in the field.Less
This chapter provides a general introduction to the field of cue combination from the perspective of optimal cue integration. It works through a number of qualitatively different problems and illustrate how building ideal observers helps formulate the scientific questions that need to be answered in order to understand how the brain solves these problems. It begins with a simple example of integration leading to a linear model of cue integration. This is followed by a summary of a general approach to optimality: Bayesian estimation and decision theory. It then reviews situations in which realistic generative models of sensory data lead to nonlinear ideal-observer models. Subsequent sections review empirical studies of cue combination and issues they raise, as well as open questions in the field.
Melchi M. Michel, Anne-Marie Brouwer, Robert A. Jacobs, and David C. Knill
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195387247
- eISBN:
- 9780199918379
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387247.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter describes two research projects that evaluated whether people's judgments are predicted by those of the standard ideal observer in more complex situations. The first project, conducted ...
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This chapter describes two research projects that evaluated whether people's judgments are predicted by those of the standard ideal observer in more complex situations. The first project, conducted by Michel and Jacobs (2008), examined how people learn to combine information from arbitrary visual features when performing a set of perceptual discrimination tasks. The second project, conducted by Brouwer and Knill (2007, 2009), examined how people combine location information from vision and memory in a sensorimotor task.Less
This chapter describes two research projects that evaluated whether people's judgments are predicted by those of the standard ideal observer in more complex situations. The first project, conducted by Michel and Jacobs (2008), examined how people learn to combine information from arbitrary visual features when performing a set of perceptual discrimination tasks. The second project, conducted by Brouwer and Knill (2007, 2009), examined how people combine location information from vision and memory in a sensorimotor task.
Judith N. McArthur and Harold L. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195304862
- eISBN:
- 9780199871537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304862.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Despite the perception that the national women's movement was moribund, a promising Left Feminist movement was emerging when World War II ended. Cunningham was a leader of this movement in Texas, ...
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Despite the perception that the national women's movement was moribund, a promising Left Feminist movement was emerging when World War II ended. Cunningham was a leader of this movement in Texas, fighting for women's employment opportunities, equal pay, price controls on consumer goods, and sharing its opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment because it would invalidate protective legislation for women. Cunningham established new organizations such as the People's Legislative Committee and the Texas Democratic Women's State Committee and, with Frankie Randolph, founded the Texas Observer, in an attempt to elect left-liberals like Bob Eckhardt and Ralph Yarborough to office, who would support reform. Cunningham felt betrayed by Lyndon Johnson when he joined with conservative Democrats in 1956 to prevent the left-liberals from gaining control of the Texas Democratic Party.Less
Despite the perception that the national women's movement was moribund, a promising Left Feminist movement was emerging when World War II ended. Cunningham was a leader of this movement in Texas, fighting for women's employment opportunities, equal pay, price controls on consumer goods, and sharing its opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment because it would invalidate protective legislation for women. Cunningham established new organizations such as the People's Legislative Committee and the Texas Democratic Women's State Committee and, with Frankie Randolph, founded the Texas Observer, in an attempt to elect left-liberals like Bob Eckhardt and Ralph Yarborough to office, who would support reform. Cunningham felt betrayed by Lyndon Johnson when he joined with conservative Democrats in 1956 to prevent the left-liberals from gaining control of the Texas Democratic Party.
Henry E. Allison
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199532889
- eISBN:
- 9780191714450
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199532889.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter deals with the two sections that Hume devotes to the mind or self: the first to its nature (material or immaterial), the second to its identity (personal identity). Hume's account of the ...
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This chapter deals with the two sections that Hume devotes to the mind or self: the first to its nature (material or immaterial), the second to its identity (personal identity). Hume's account of the first is seen to involve a dialectic issuing in a sceptical impasse, wherein each party successfully yields the same weapons against the other. The discussion of personal identity considers both Hume's analysis in the text and his second thoughts in the Appendix. It argues that Hume's problems stem from application of a third-person analysis (that of an observer), which is appropriate for considering the identity of objects to the identity of the mind or self, where a first-person approach is required. Finally, it is suggested that Hume'second thoughts may have arisen from a belated awareness of this.Less
This chapter deals with the two sections that Hume devotes to the mind or self: the first to its nature (material or immaterial), the second to its identity (personal identity). Hume's account of the first is seen to involve a dialectic issuing in a sceptical impasse, wherein each party successfully yields the same weapons against the other. The discussion of personal identity considers both Hume's analysis in the text and his second thoughts in the Appendix. It argues that Hume's problems stem from application of a third-person analysis (that of an observer), which is appropriate for considering the identity of objects to the identity of the mind or self, where a first-person approach is required. Finally, it is suggested that Hume'second thoughts may have arisen from a belated awareness of this.
Robert Rosenthal
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195385540
- eISBN:
- 9780199869824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385540.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter discusses some of the disciplines that have shown a self-conscious awareness of the problem of observer effects. These include the physical sciences, biological sciences, behavioral ...
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This chapter discusses some of the disciplines that have shown a self-conscious awareness of the problem of observer effects. These include the physical sciences, biological sciences, behavioral sciences.Less
This chapter discusses some of the disciplines that have shown a self-conscious awareness of the problem of observer effects. These include the physical sciences, biological sciences, behavioral sciences.
Graciana del Castillo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237739
- eISBN:
- 9780191717239
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237739.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, International
In El Salvador, the UN mediated a peace agreement and ONUSAL played a major supporting role in its implementation. An elected government made all executive decisions and set priorities for economic ...
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In El Salvador, the UN mediated a peace agreement and ONUSAL played a major supporting role in its implementation. An elected government made all executive decisions and set priorities for economic reconstruction, in consultation with the FMLN. Many consider El Salvador's war-to-peace transition the most successful in the post-Cold War period, owing to its emphasis on DDR programs and to a clear exit strategy for ONUSAL as the country moved into normal development. This chapter illustrates how a business-as-usual approach by the UN and the IMF led to confrontations as the separate economic and peace processes moved forward and how the FMLN stopped demobilization, blaming the government for delays in the arms-for-land program. The chapter analyzes how public debate led to better coordination and greater fiscal flexibility in the IMF-supported program, avoiding the return to war. The chapter also looks at the UN performance in economic reconstruction and draws lessons.Less
In El Salvador, the UN mediated a peace agreement and ONUSAL played a major supporting role in its implementation. An elected government made all executive decisions and set priorities for economic reconstruction, in consultation with the FMLN. Many consider El Salvador's war-to-peace transition the most successful in the post-Cold War period, owing to its emphasis on DDR programs and to a clear exit strategy for ONUSAL as the country moved into normal development. This chapter illustrates how a business-as-usual approach by the UN and the IMF led to confrontations as the separate economic and peace processes moved forward and how the FMLN stopped demobilization, blaming the government for delays in the arms-for-land program. The chapter analyzes how public debate led to better coordination and greater fiscal flexibility in the IMF-supported program, avoiding the return to war. The chapter also looks at the UN performance in economic reconstruction and draws lessons.
Reba N. Soffer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199208111
- eISBN:
- 9780191709210
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208111.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas
Emerging as the first of a new generation of conservative polemicists in 1913, Feiling continued writing as a paternalistic Tory democrat for the rest of his life. His successive repetitions of ...
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Emerging as the first of a new generation of conservative polemicists in 1913, Feiling continued writing as a paternalistic Tory democrat for the rest of his life. His successive repetitions of conservative ideas were cited and repeated by conservative intellectuals and politicians in both Britain and America through the 1960s. He reached an influential public through his training of Conservative politicians at Oxford, his columns for The Observer, his lectures throughout the country and on the BBC, and his historical and political writing, which provided 20th‐century British conservative thought with a moral, romantic, and philosophical basis.Less
Emerging as the first of a new generation of conservative polemicists in 1913, Feiling continued writing as a paternalistic Tory democrat for the rest of his life. His successive repetitions of conservative ideas were cited and repeated by conservative intellectuals and politicians in both Britain and America through the 1960s. He reached an influential public through his training of Conservative politicians at Oxford, his columns for The Observer, his lectures throughout the country and on the BBC, and his historical and political writing, which provided 20th‐century British conservative thought with a moral, romantic, and philosophical basis.
David Hodgson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199845309
- eISBN:
- 9780199932269
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199845309.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, General
In Chapter 7, I consider whether the general picture of the world suggested by the physical sciences is compatible with my position. I argue that the best contemporary physical theories support two ...
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In Chapter 7, I consider whether the general picture of the world suggested by the physical sciences is compatible with my position. I argue that the best contemporary physical theories support two propositions favourable to my contentions, namely that causation is not local and that the world is not deterministic, and I contend that the Conway/Kochen free will theorem strongly supports rejection of determinism. I also argue that the so-called block universe view, denying reality to the passage of time and suggesting an unchanging (and in that sense deterministic) universe, is not reasonably tenable.Less
In Chapter 7, I consider whether the general picture of the world suggested by the physical sciences is compatible with my position. I argue that the best contemporary physical theories support two propositions favourable to my contentions, namely that causation is not local and that the world is not deterministic, and I contend that the Conway/Kochen free will theorem strongly supports rejection of determinism. I also argue that the so-called block universe view, denying reality to the passage of time and suggesting an unchanging (and in that sense deterministic) universe, is not reasonably tenable.
Thomas D. Wickens
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195092509
- eISBN:
- 9780199893812
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195092509.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Likelihoods — the probabilities treated as a function of their parameters — are a key concept in statistical decision theory. When applied to signal detection, they give a general method for ...
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Likelihoods — the probabilities treated as a function of their parameters — are a key concept in statistical decision theory. When applied to signal detection, they give a general method for evaluating evidence and determining optimal performance. This chapter describes the likelihood approach to signal-detection theory and how to analyze non-Gaussian distributions of evidence. The theory of the ideal observer is extended to Bayesian methods.Less
Likelihoods — the probabilities treated as a function of their parameters — are a key concept in statistical decision theory. When applied to signal detection, they give a general method for evaluating evidence and determining optimal performance. This chapter describes the likelihood approach to signal-detection theory and how to analyze non-Gaussian distributions of evidence. The theory of the ideal observer is extended to Bayesian methods.
Michael Munowitz
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195167375
- eISBN:
- 9780199787104
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167375.003.0003
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
No observer is without bias. Physical observations are always made within some arbitrarily drawn reference frame, and any objective description of nature must necessarily be independent of the ...
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No observer is without bias. Physical observations are always made within some arbitrarily drawn reference frame, and any objective description of nature must necessarily be independent of the relative displacement, rotation, velocity, and time origin of one observer relative to another. The reconciliation of different observational perspectives is the first step towards understanding the constraints imposed on natural law by the principles of relativity and invariance, symmetry, and mechanical conservation.Less
No observer is without bias. Physical observations are always made within some arbitrarily drawn reference frame, and any objective description of nature must necessarily be independent of the relative displacement, rotation, velocity, and time origin of one observer relative to another. The reconciliation of different observational perspectives is the first step towards understanding the constraints imposed on natural law by the principles of relativity and invariance, symmetry, and mechanical conservation.
Michael Munowitz
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195167375
- eISBN:
- 9780199787104
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167375.003.0005
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
Newtonian mechanics is revisited in the light of Einsteinian relativity, and the repercussions shake physics to its core. Special relativity, by placing all inertial observers on the same footing, ...
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Newtonian mechanics is revisited in the light of Einsteinian relativity, and the repercussions shake physics to its core. Special relativity, by placing all inertial observers on the same footing, leads to the equivalence of mass and energy: E = mc2 . General relativity, by granting the same rights to observers even in accelerated reference frames, leads to a revolutionary new theory of gravity: a force-free warping of space-time in the presence of mass.Less
Newtonian mechanics is revisited in the light of Einsteinian relativity, and the repercussions shake physics to its core. Special relativity, by placing all inertial observers on the same footing, leads to the equivalence of mass and energy: E = mc2 . General relativity, by granting the same rights to observers even in accelerated reference frames, leads to a revolutionary new theory of gravity: a force-free warping of space-time in the presence of mass.
Katharina Volk
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199265220
- eISBN:
- 9780191708800
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199265220.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
The chapter dicusses the system of astrology that Manilius describes in Books 2-5 of his Astronomica. It begins with an exposition of the tenets of ancient astrology, pointing out that Manilius' ...
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The chapter dicusses the system of astrology that Manilius describes in Books 2-5 of his Astronomica. It begins with an exposition of the tenets of ancient astrology, pointing out that Manilius' astrology is both ‘strong’ (the stars hold the key to every aspect of our fate) and ‘hard’ (the stars themselves cause this fate). A brief history of ancient astrology from Mesopotamia via Hellenistic Greece to Rome is followed by a detailed examination of Manilius' text: the poet treats first the three astrologically significant circles (zodiac, fixed circle of the observer, and circle of lots) and then the influences of the heavenly bodies—in particular the signs of the zodiac and the paranatellonta—on human beings. The chapter concludes with an examination of the idiosyncrasies of Manilius' astrology, a topic that harks back to the puzzle of the planets discussed at the end of Chapter 1.Less
The chapter dicusses the system of astrology that Manilius describes in Books 2-5 of his Astronomica. It begins with an exposition of the tenets of ancient astrology, pointing out that Manilius' astrology is both ‘strong’ (the stars hold the key to every aspect of our fate) and ‘hard’ (the stars themselves cause this fate). A brief history of ancient astrology from Mesopotamia via Hellenistic Greece to Rome is followed by a detailed examination of Manilius' text: the poet treats first the three astrologically significant circles (zodiac, fixed circle of the observer, and circle of lots) and then the influences of the heavenly bodies—in particular the signs of the zodiac and the paranatellonta—on human beings. The chapter concludes with an examination of the idiosyncrasies of Manilius' astrology, a topic that harks back to the puzzle of the planets discussed at the end of Chapter 1.
Sylvia Harcstark Myers
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198117674
- eISBN:
- 9780191671043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198117674.003.0015
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry, Women's Literature
This chapter discusses the power of publicity and its contributions to ‘bluestocking fame’. Discussions on observation, the observers, and the observed are included in this chapter. However, it is ...
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This chapter discusses the power of publicity and its contributions to ‘bluestocking fame’. Discussions on observation, the observers, and the observed are included in this chapter. However, it is noted that by the late eighteenth century the bluestocking circle was slowly disappearing and was considered no longer viable. This may have been due to the arrival of the French Revolution.Less
This chapter discusses the power of publicity and its contributions to ‘bluestocking fame’. Discussions on observation, the observers, and the observed are included in this chapter. However, it is noted that by the late eighteenth century the bluestocking circle was slowly disappearing and was considered no longer viable. This may have been due to the arrival of the French Revolution.
Stewart Gordon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195177435
- eISBN:
- 9780199864690
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177435.003.10
- Subject:
- Music, Performing Practice/Studies
This chapter explains techniques for dealing with pre-performance anxiety, or stage fright. They include defining residual tension, the use of diversion, the value of dress rehearsals, playing it to ...
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This chapter explains techniques for dealing with pre-performance anxiety, or stage fright. They include defining residual tension, the use of diversion, the value of dress rehearsals, playing it to the hilt, and of enlisting observers. Practical advice as to how to spend the hours immediately preceding the performance is offered.Less
This chapter explains techniques for dealing with pre-performance anxiety, or stage fright. They include defining residual tension, the use of diversion, the value of dress rehearsals, playing it to the hilt, and of enlisting observers. Practical advice as to how to spend the hours immediately preceding the performance is offered.
Gabriel Sheffer
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198279945
- eISBN:
- 9780191684326
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198279945.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Out of political necessity and some mutual respect, Shertok and Ben–Gurion strove to maintain their troubled coalition, but it was inevitable that the two would continue to clash. The next ...
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Out of political necessity and some mutual respect, Shertok and Ben–Gurion strove to maintain their troubled coalition, but it was inevitable that the two would continue to clash. The next disagreement between the two concerned Ben–Gurion's dissatisfaction with the ceasefire and his impatience to resume the war. He asserted then that Israel's most dangerous enemy was a truce without an end. According to him, it placed a question mark over the existence of the state in the conscience of the world, it meant the presence of UN observers in Israel, and it enabled the Arabs to prepare and choose their own time for an offensive against the Jewish state. Boasting about the immense increase in Israel's military might during the cease-fire, the prime minister and minister of defence firmly believed that most of Israel's security problems could, and should, be solved through the application of that force. He was therefore only seeking a pretext to unleash a spectacular military operation.Less
Out of political necessity and some mutual respect, Shertok and Ben–Gurion strove to maintain their troubled coalition, but it was inevitable that the two would continue to clash. The next disagreement between the two concerned Ben–Gurion's dissatisfaction with the ceasefire and his impatience to resume the war. He asserted then that Israel's most dangerous enemy was a truce without an end. According to him, it placed a question mark over the existence of the state in the conscience of the world, it meant the presence of UN observers in Israel, and it enabled the Arabs to prepare and choose their own time for an offensive against the Jewish state. Boasting about the immense increase in Israel's military might during the cease-fire, the prime minister and minister of defence firmly believed that most of Israel's security problems could, and should, be solved through the application of that force. He was therefore only seeking a pretext to unleash a spectacular military operation.
Erich Joos
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199544318
- eISBN:
- 9780191701351
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544318.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Philosophy of Religion
A thoroughgoing and consistent application of quantum theory shows that the connection between classical and quantum physics is very different from what can be found in standard textbooks. In the ...
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A thoroughgoing and consistent application of quantum theory shows that the connection between classical and quantum physics is very different from what can be found in standard textbooks. In the last two decades it has been shown that the elements of classical physics emerge through an irreversible quantum process called ‘decoherence’. According to decoherence theories, quantum objects acquire classical properties only through interactions with their natural environment as a consequence of the holistic features of quantum theory. In view of the interpretation problem of quantum theory, only two directions out of the host of proposals suggested in the course of time appear to remain consistent solutions. Whatever solution is preferred, the message of decoherence remains the same: classical notions are not needed as the starting point for physics. Instead, these emerge through the dynamical process of decoherence from the quantum substrate.Less
A thoroughgoing and consistent application of quantum theory shows that the connection between classical and quantum physics is very different from what can be found in standard textbooks. In the last two decades it has been shown that the elements of classical physics emerge through an irreversible quantum process called ‘decoherence’. According to decoherence theories, quantum objects acquire classical properties only through interactions with their natural environment as a consequence of the holistic features of quantum theory. In view of the interpretation problem of quantum theory, only two directions out of the host of proposals suggested in the course of time appear to remain consistent solutions. Whatever solution is preferred, the message of decoherence remains the same: classical notions are not needed as the starting point for physics. Instead, these emerge through the dynamical process of decoherence from the quantum substrate.
