Rodney Barker
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198274957
- eISBN:
- 9780191684104
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198274957.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter provides general conclusions on the study of legitimacy: firstly, a non-normative, descriptive or taxonomic account of legitimacy is worthwhile; secondly, there is a point in separating, ...
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This chapter provides general conclusions on the study of legitimacy: firstly, a non-normative, descriptive or taxonomic account of legitimacy is worthwhile; secondly, there is a point in separating, analytically, political legitimacy from other kinds of authority; thirdly, some explanatory questions about legitimacy can be misplaced, in that the relationship between legitimacy and other features of government is organic rather than mechanical; fourthly, legitimacy is not a relationship spread evenly and uniformly between the state on the one hand and the mass of its subjects on the other; and finally, the paradox of the state is that the chief threat to legitimate obedience can come from the state itself or from its leaders.Less
This chapter provides general conclusions on the study of legitimacy: firstly, a non-normative, descriptive or taxonomic account of legitimacy is worthwhile; secondly, there is a point in separating, analytically, political legitimacy from other kinds of authority; thirdly, some explanatory questions about legitimacy can be misplaced, in that the relationship between legitimacy and other features of government is organic rather than mechanical; fourthly, legitimacy is not a relationship spread evenly and uniformly between the state on the one hand and the mass of its subjects on the other; and finally, the paradox of the state is that the chief threat to legitimate obedience can come from the state itself or from its leaders.
Michael Brydon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199204816
- eISBN:
- 9780191709500
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204816.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The use of Hooker to promote the doctrine of passive obedience placed the Church in an impossible dilemma following the accession of James II. His reign discredited the Restoration political ...
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The use of Hooker to promote the doctrine of passive obedience placed the Church in an impossible dilemma following the accession of James II. His reign discredited the Restoration political understanding of Hooker, and threatened Hooker’s guardianship of the English Church through a resurgent Catholic exploitation of his vagaries. James’s enforced abdication, however, brought Hooker’s previously discounted doctrine of original compact back into favour amongst Whigs and some Tories, and more latitudinarian attitudes developed within the Church.Less
The use of Hooker to promote the doctrine of passive obedience placed the Church in an impossible dilemma following the accession of James II. His reign discredited the Restoration political understanding of Hooker, and threatened Hooker’s guardianship of the English Church through a resurgent Catholic exploitation of his vagaries. James’s enforced abdication, however, brought Hooker’s previously discounted doctrine of original compact back into favour amongst Whigs and some Tories, and more latitudinarian attitudes developed within the Church.
Terryl C. Givens
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195167115
- eISBN:
- 9780199785599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167115.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The Mormon church is authoritarian, hierarchical, and rigid. Priesthood correlation and obedience are watchwords. Politics and individualism can collide. The Prophet is absolute spiritual leader. ...
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The Mormon church is authoritarian, hierarchical, and rigid. Priesthood correlation and obedience are watchwords. Politics and individualism can collide. The Prophet is absolute spiritual leader. Mormon theology, on the other hand, emphasizes moral agency, human freedom, individual initiative, and spiritual independence.Less
The Mormon church is authoritarian, hierarchical, and rigid. Priesthood correlation and obedience are watchwords. Politics and individualism can collide. The Prophet is absolute spiritual leader. Mormon theology, on the other hand, emphasizes moral agency, human freedom, individual initiative, and spiritual independence.
Mikulas Fabry
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199564446
- eISBN:
- 9780191722325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199564446.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 2 examines the emergence of recognition of de facto states. Crafted by early nineteenth‐century American and British foreign policy‐makers in response to unilateral secessions in Latin ...
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Chapter 2 examines the emergence of recognition of de facto states. Crafted by early nineteenth‐century American and British foreign policy‐makers in response to unilateral secessions in Latin America, the de facto standard was a repudiation of dynastic rights and an embodiment of the classical liberal belief that people had a natural right to live under an independent government of their choosing. As a corollary of that right of self‐determination, they had a right vis‐à‐vis international society not to be interfered with as they pursued their choice. The requirement that third parties abstain from intervening in the self‐determination process logically demanded their respect for the self‐determination outcome. The formation of an effective entity in which the population habitually obeyed the new rulers was taken as an authoritative expression of the will of the people to constitute an independent state. In the absence of international agreement as to what constitutes a valid method of ascertaining popular will, it was this inference of popular consent that in the American and British eyes converted the fact of new independent states into the right to independence and external recognition.Less
Chapter 2 examines the emergence of recognition of de facto states. Crafted by early nineteenth‐century American and British foreign policy‐makers in response to unilateral secessions in Latin America, the de facto standard was a repudiation of dynastic rights and an embodiment of the classical liberal belief that people had a natural right to live under an independent government of their choosing. As a corollary of that right of self‐determination, they had a right vis‐à‐vis international society not to be interfered with as they pursued their choice. The requirement that third parties abstain from intervening in the self‐determination process logically demanded their respect for the self‐determination outcome. The formation of an effective entity in which the population habitually obeyed the new rulers was taken as an authoritative expression of the will of the people to constitute an independent state. In the absence of international agreement as to what constitutes a valid method of ascertaining popular will, it was this inference of popular consent that in the American and British eyes converted the fact of new independent states into the right to independence and external recognition.
Rodney Barker
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198274957
- eISBN:
- 9780191684104
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198274957.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This introductory chapter focuses on the importance of studying political legitimacy. It also provides a brief overview of the concepts of legitimacy and legitimate authority and discusses three ...
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This introductory chapter focuses on the importance of studying political legitimacy. It also provides a brief overview of the concepts of legitimacy and legitimate authority and discusses three accounts of justifiable and justified obedience. Legitimacy, in so far as it sustains government, can involve both citizenship and subjection. A study of legitimacy provides an opportunity not only to distinguish between various relations of and within government. It can also be employed to examine the various conceptions of government and politics available within political science.Less
This introductory chapter focuses on the importance of studying political legitimacy. It also provides a brief overview of the concepts of legitimacy and legitimate authority and discusses three accounts of justifiable and justified obedience. Legitimacy, in so far as it sustains government, can involve both citizenship and subjection. A study of legitimacy provides an opportunity not only to distinguish between various relations of and within government. It can also be employed to examine the various conceptions of government and politics available within political science.
David T. Lamb
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231478
- eISBN:
- 9780191710841
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231478.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This chapter discusses how Deuteronomistic redactor (Dtr) has shaped the narrative of Jehu (2 Kgs. 9-10) to portray the ruler favourably. Since Dtr's positive perspective is seen most clearly in the ...
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This chapter discusses how Deuteronomistic redactor (Dtr) has shaped the narrative of Jehu (2 Kgs. 9-10) to portray the ruler favourably. Since Dtr's positive perspective is seen most clearly in the righteous regnal evaluation of Jehu, it is discussed first, despite its location toward the end of the narrative (2 Kgs. 10: 30). The chapter then goes on to investigate Jehu's ancestry in both Hebrew and Assyrian sources. Jehu's anointing and divine election are mentioned at the beginning of the narrative (2 Kgs. 9: 1-13) and therefore they are analyzed next in the chapter. The following two sections discuss Jehu's violent rebellion, which dominates the narrative (2 Kgs. 9: 14-10: 27), and Jehu's contracting borders, which is limited to a few verses (2 Kgs. 10: 32-3). Jehu's Assyrian tribute is then discussed (2.7) before the findings of the chapter are summarized.Less
This chapter discusses how Deuteronomistic redactor (Dtr) has shaped the narrative of Jehu (2 Kgs. 9-10) to portray the ruler favourably. Since Dtr's positive perspective is seen most clearly in the righteous regnal evaluation of Jehu, it is discussed first, despite its location toward the end of the narrative (2 Kgs. 10: 30). The chapter then goes on to investigate Jehu's ancestry in both Hebrew and Assyrian sources. Jehu's anointing and divine election are mentioned at the beginning of the narrative (2 Kgs. 9: 1-13) and therefore they are analyzed next in the chapter. The following two sections discuss Jehu's violent rebellion, which dominates the narrative (2 Kgs. 9: 14-10: 27), and Jehu's contracting borders, which is limited to a few verses (2 Kgs. 10: 32-3). Jehu's Assyrian tribute is then discussed (2.7) before the findings of the chapter are summarized.
Gordon W. Russell
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195189599
- eISBN:
- 9780199868445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189599.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter highlights the role of international and regional cultures in shaping our behaviors toward others. The influence of worthy and unworthy sports heroes on their admirers is examined with ...
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This chapter highlights the role of international and regional cultures in shaping our behaviors toward others. The influence of worthy and unworthy sports heroes on their admirers is examined with regard to aggression. The actions of third parties are shown to be capable of directly or indirectly influencing levels of aggression in others. A large majority of people are shown to be obedient to authority figures, even following orders to ostensibly harm another person. Large-scale disorders are frequently found to have originated with exceedingly petty provocations that escalate to violence. Gender, racial, and occupational groups are often targets for aggression by others holding stereotypical attitudes.Less
This chapter highlights the role of international and regional cultures in shaping our behaviors toward others. The influence of worthy and unworthy sports heroes on their admirers is examined with regard to aggression. The actions of third parties are shown to be capable of directly or indirectly influencing levels of aggression in others. A large majority of people are shown to be obedient to authority figures, even following orders to ostensibly harm another person. Large-scale disorders are frequently found to have originated with exceedingly petty provocations that escalate to violence. Gender, racial, and occupational groups are often targets for aggression by others holding stereotypical attitudes.
Christopher Asprey
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199584703
- eISBN:
- 9780191723209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584703.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter examines Barth's pneumatology in Göttingen from three angles: his opposition to the doctrine of the Spirit in neo-Protestant theology, his Reformed doctrine of the Christian life, and ...
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This chapter examines Barth's pneumatology in Göttingen from three angles: his opposition to the doctrine of the Spirit in neo-Protestant theology, his Reformed doctrine of the Christian life, and sacramental theology. It argues that Barth's opposition to ‘religion’ in modern Protestantism is not based on any dualistic principle, but on his conviction that human beings must relate freely to God. His Reformed instincts lead him to describe the Christian life using the category of obedience, as well as faith; yet he is restricted by the concern that this might result in a form of subjectivism. He attempts to develop a doctrine of baptism that will cover this eventuality, by grounding the Christian subject in an event of grace. However, this will soon be abandoned, for it is only a temporary solution which cannot resolve a dilemma that really stems from a gap in his christology.Less
This chapter examines Barth's pneumatology in Göttingen from three angles: his opposition to the doctrine of the Spirit in neo-Protestant theology, his Reformed doctrine of the Christian life, and sacramental theology. It argues that Barth's opposition to ‘religion’ in modern Protestantism is not based on any dualistic principle, but on his conviction that human beings must relate freely to God. His Reformed instincts lead him to describe the Christian life using the category of obedience, as well as faith; yet he is restricted by the concern that this might result in a form of subjectivism. He attempts to develop a doctrine of baptism that will cover this eventuality, by grounding the Christian subject in an event of grace. However, this will soon be abandoned, for it is only a temporary solution which cannot resolve a dilemma that really stems from a gap in his christology.
Catherine Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199238811
- eISBN:
- 9780191716492
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238811.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
In contrast to the hierarchical cosmoi of Plato and Aristotle, in which superior, intelligent beings moved and direct events in the lower realms, and the Christian world, in which God designated and ...
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In contrast to the hierarchical cosmoi of Plato and Aristotle, in which superior, intelligent beings moved and direct events in the lower realms, and the Christian world, in which God designated and toppled rulers for his own purposes, the Epicureans recognized no superhuman agencies, natural hierarchies, or intrinsic purposes and functions. They explained how conventions of justice and punishment of offenders arose naturally in human societies, putting an end to the condition of war of all against all. Hobbes, reputed as an atheist, was familiar with Lucretius's poem and his account of the emergence of a social contract is similarly naturalistic. The Hobbesian sovereign has no charismatic qualities; it is charged only with maintaining the peace, which for Hobbes implied respecting basic human equality.Less
In contrast to the hierarchical cosmoi of Plato and Aristotle, in which superior, intelligent beings moved and direct events in the lower realms, and the Christian world, in which God designated and toppled rulers for his own purposes, the Epicureans recognized no superhuman agencies, natural hierarchies, or intrinsic purposes and functions. They explained how conventions of justice and punishment of offenders arose naturally in human societies, putting an end to the condition of war of all against all. Hobbes, reputed as an atheist, was familiar with Lucretius's poem and his account of the emergence of a social contract is similarly naturalistic. The Hobbesian sovereign has no charismatic qualities; it is charged only with maintaining the peace, which for Hobbes implied respecting basic human equality.
Meredith Baldwin Weddle
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195131383
- eISBN:
- 9780199834839
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019513138X.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Gathering as a sect in England in the 1650s, Quakers believed that each person had a “light within,” illuminating not only his own evil but also available as an inner Christ to lead him to God's ...
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Gathering as a sect in England in the 1650s, Quakers believed that each person had a “light within,” illuminating not only his own evil but also available as an inner Christ to lead him to God's will. Obedience to God's principles ensured access to continuing revelation and to the possibility of approaching perfection and dwelling in the Kingdom of God on earth. Quakers emphasized some of God's principles and termed them “testimonies.” Although Quakers believed that God instituted worldly government in order to be a “terror to evil‐doers” and a “praise to them that do well,” non‐Quakers mistrusted them and subjected them to strenuous persecution and suffering.Less
Gathering as a sect in England in the 1650s, Quakers believed that each person had a “light within,” illuminating not only his own evil but also available as an inner Christ to lead him to God's will. Obedience to God's principles ensured access to continuing revelation and to the possibility of approaching perfection and dwelling in the Kingdom of God on earth. Quakers emphasized some of God's principles and termed them “testimonies.” Although Quakers believed that God instituted worldly government in order to be a “terror to evil‐doers” and a “praise to them that do well,” non‐Quakers mistrusted them and subjected them to strenuous persecution and suffering.
Carey K. Morewedge, Kurt Gray, and Daniel M. Wegner
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391381
- eISBN:
- 9780199776894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391381.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Social Psychology
People are normally encouraged to engage in premeditation—to think about the potential consequences of their behavior before acting. Indeed, planning, considering, and studying can be important ...
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People are normally encouraged to engage in premeditation—to think about the potential consequences of their behavior before acting. Indeed, planning, considering, and studying can be important precursors to decision-making, and often seem essential for effective action. This view of premeditation is shared by most humans, a kind of universal ideal, and it carries an additional interesting implication: Even the hint that premeditation occurred can serve as a potent cue indicating voluntary action, both to actors and observers. In legal and moral contexts, for example, actors are seen as especially culpable for the consequences of their actions if those consequences were premeditated, whether or not the premeditation influenced the decision. In this chapter, we review evidence indicating that even irrelevant premeditation can lead people to believe that an action's consequences were under personal control. We present research exploring how various forms of premeditation—including foresight, effortful forethought, wishful thinking, and the consideration of multiple possible outcomes of action—may lead actors to prefer and to feel responsible for action outcomes even when this premeditation has no causal relation to the outcomes.Less
People are normally encouraged to engage in premeditation—to think about the potential consequences of their behavior before acting. Indeed, planning, considering, and studying can be important precursors to decision-making, and often seem essential for effective action. This view of premeditation is shared by most humans, a kind of universal ideal, and it carries an additional interesting implication: Even the hint that premeditation occurred can serve as a potent cue indicating voluntary action, both to actors and observers. In legal and moral contexts, for example, actors are seen as especially culpable for the consequences of their actions if those consequences were premeditated, whether or not the premeditation influenced the decision. In this chapter, we review evidence indicating that even irrelevant premeditation can lead people to believe that an action's consequences were under personal control. We present research exploring how various forms of premeditation—including foresight, effortful forethought, wishful thinking, and the consideration of multiple possible outcomes of action—may lead actors to prefer and to feel responsible for action outcomes even when this premeditation has no causal relation to the outcomes.
Frank Graziano
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195136401
- eISBN:
- 9780199835164
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195136403.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This study of the politics of canonization begins with discussion of the changing policies toward beata mysticism that affected Rose of Lima’s cause for canonization. The chapter further explores how ...
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This study of the politics of canonization begins with discussion of the changing policies toward beata mysticism that affected Rose of Lima’s cause for canonization. The chapter further explores how intimate relation with Christ through mysticism created an alternative, extra-institutional channel to deity that was implicitly subversive to Catholic hierarchy and bureaucracy. The concluding sections treat Rose of Lima’s tacit and sometimes excessive obedience as a strategy to subvert authority and her identity as a mujer varonil or Virgin warrior that was later adapted for diverse military purposes.Less
This study of the politics of canonization begins with discussion of the changing policies toward beata mysticism that affected Rose of Lima’s cause for canonization. The chapter further explores how intimate relation with Christ through mysticism created an alternative, extra-institutional channel to deity that was implicitly subversive to Catholic hierarchy and bureaucracy. The concluding sections treat Rose of Lima’s tacit and sometimes excessive obedience as a strategy to subvert authority and her identity as a mujer varonil or Virgin warrior that was later adapted for diverse military purposes.
G. Geltner
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199639458
- eISBN:
- 9780191741098
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199639458.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter tracks religious mendicants’ gross misbehavior as it emerges mostly from the orders’ internal documents. Rather than taking polemicists and other authors at their word, it carefully ...
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This chapter tracks religious mendicants’ gross misbehavior as it emerges mostly from the orders’ internal documents. Rather than taking polemicists and other authors at their word, it carefully gauges the frequency and profile of deviance among the brethren, especially but not exclusively Dominicans. Given the brethren’s strong presence in urban centers and in episcopal and secular courts, their misconduct was hard to conceal and even harder to dismiss in light of the ideals they stood for: humility, obedience, and poverty. Deviance, in turn, exacerbated pressures created by the friars’ growing number of antagonists, both within and outside the church, who were able to manipulate potentially isolated events to their own benefit in the context of local and regional power struggles.Less
This chapter tracks religious mendicants’ gross misbehavior as it emerges mostly from the orders’ internal documents. Rather than taking polemicists and other authors at their word, it carefully gauges the frequency and profile of deviance among the brethren, especially but not exclusively Dominicans. Given the brethren’s strong presence in urban centers and in episcopal and secular courts, their misconduct was hard to conceal and even harder to dismiss in light of the ideals they stood for: humility, obedience, and poverty. Deviance, in turn, exacerbated pressures created by the friars’ growing number of antagonists, both within and outside the church, who were able to manipulate potentially isolated events to their own benefit in the context of local and regional power struggles.
Karen J. Alter
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691154749
- eISBN:
- 9781400848683
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691154749.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter analyzes four additional case studies of international courts (ICs) reviewing state practices. In their constitutional review role, ICs hold international and state actors accountable to ...
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This chapter analyzes four additional case studies of international courts (ICs) reviewing state practices. In their constitutional review role, ICs hold international and state actors accountable to constitutional procedural and rule of law expectations, invalidating legislative acts that conflict with higher order legal requirements. Constitutional review is perhaps the most controversial IC role in that it involves ICs confronting highly legitimated actors and rejecting policies that may have been legally enacted. The discussion of constitutional review authority in action explores how local cultures of constitutional obedience condition whether IC constitutional rulings are seen as rendering unconstitutional acts null and void. However, like their domestic counterparts, ICs cannot really force governments to comply with their ruling.Less
This chapter analyzes four additional case studies of international courts (ICs) reviewing state practices. In their constitutional review role, ICs hold international and state actors accountable to constitutional procedural and rule of law expectations, invalidating legislative acts that conflict with higher order legal requirements. Constitutional review is perhaps the most controversial IC role in that it involves ICs confronting highly legitimated actors and rejecting policies that may have been legally enacted. The discussion of constitutional review authority in action explores how local cultures of constitutional obedience condition whether IC constitutional rulings are seen as rendering unconstitutional acts null and void. However, like their domestic counterparts, ICs cannot really force governments to comply with their ruling.
Alexandra Gajda
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199699681
- eISBN:
- 9780191739057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199699681.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Chapter 5 examines contemporary responses to the decline of Essex’s career, both positive and negative. It reconsiders the substance of his fabled popularity, and the growing divisions between those ...
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Chapter 5 examines contemporary responses to the decline of Essex’s career, both positive and negative. It reconsiders the substance of his fabled popularity, and the growing divisions between those who were warily critical towards the earl’s behaviour and mentality, and those who adopted Essex’s own concept of his sufferings. Detractors, including his client and advisor Francis Bacon, were increasingly troubled by the earl’s public expression of unseemly attitudes towards political obedience, and the codes of virtue and honour to which he adhered. Meanwhile, surviving evidence of the attitudes of Essex’s more ardent partisans is surprisingly provocative in its defence of his rightful role in the polity, and even its description of the queen’s involvement in Essex’s plight. The vehement denunciation by queen and regime of Essex’s popular reputation prefigured the development of deeper suspicions of the earl’s instability and of his future ambitions.Less
Chapter 5 examines contemporary responses to the decline of Essex’s career, both positive and negative. It reconsiders the substance of his fabled popularity, and the growing divisions between those who were warily critical towards the earl’s behaviour and mentality, and those who adopted Essex’s own concept of his sufferings. Detractors, including his client and advisor Francis Bacon, were increasingly troubled by the earl’s public expression of unseemly attitudes towards political obedience, and the codes of virtue and honour to which he adhered. Meanwhile, surviving evidence of the attitudes of Essex’s more ardent partisans is surprisingly provocative in its defence of his rightful role in the polity, and even its description of the queen’s involvement in Essex’s plight. The vehement denunciation by queen and regime of Essex’s popular reputation prefigured the development of deeper suspicions of the earl’s instability and of his future ambitions.
James Daybell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199259915
- eISBN:
- 9780191717437
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259915.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter studies letters for what they tell us about women's social relations. By analysing how women wrote to a range of individuals, it investigates the balance of power within a range of ...
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This chapter studies letters for what they tell us about women's social relations. By analysing how women wrote to a range of individuals, it investigates the balance of power within a range of relationships. Central here is the degree to which the manner of women's writing was affected by the gender of recipients. How far in practice were women subservient in their writing to men other than their husbands and fathers? Did letters to male correspondents differ significantly from those to female correspondents? It argues that rank, family and social status, and local influence had as much impact, if not more, than gender on levels of power and authority observable in women's letters. Thus, while a woman might be deferential in letters to her husband, she could usually expect respect from sons and obedience from male servants and tenants, and could thus correspond with an aura of confidence and command.Less
This chapter studies letters for what they tell us about women's social relations. By analysing how women wrote to a range of individuals, it investigates the balance of power within a range of relationships. Central here is the degree to which the manner of women's writing was affected by the gender of recipients. How far in practice were women subservient in their writing to men other than their husbands and fathers? Did letters to male correspondents differ significantly from those to female correspondents? It argues that rank, family and social status, and local influence had as much impact, if not more, than gender on levels of power and authority observable in women's letters. Thus, while a woman might be deferential in letters to her husband, she could usually expect respect from sons and obedience from male servants and tenants, and could thus correspond with an aura of confidence and command.
Garrett Barden and Tim Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199592685
- eISBN:
- 9780191595653
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592685.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter sets out a theory of law and force or coercion. It distinguishes between direct and indirect force and discusses force, direct or indirect, exerted by another's action. It first examines ...
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This chapter sets out a theory of law and force or coercion. It distinguishes between direct and indirect force and discusses force, direct or indirect, exerted by another's action. It first examines the force of law in the specialized sense of legislation; then the force of the living or communal moral law; and, following that, the force of threat. The chapter discusses different possible reasons for obedience and distinguishes between autonomy and heteronomy. It considers the criterion of effectiveness as a measure of the severity of a threat. The function of the threat of undesired consequence following non-compliance is to make compliance more likely. Whether or not it is effective depends entirely on the person against whom it is directed. Finally, the chapter considers another criterion as a measure of the severity of a threat — that of taking into account the interest of the person subjected to a threat.Less
This chapter sets out a theory of law and force or coercion. It distinguishes between direct and indirect force and discusses force, direct or indirect, exerted by another's action. It first examines the force of law in the specialized sense of legislation; then the force of the living or communal moral law; and, following that, the force of threat. The chapter discusses different possible reasons for obedience and distinguishes between autonomy and heteronomy. It considers the criterion of effectiveness as a measure of the severity of a threat. The function of the threat of undesired consequence following non-compliance is to make compliance more likely. Whether or not it is effective depends entirely on the person against whom it is directed. Finally, the chapter considers another criterion as a measure of the severity of a threat — that of taking into account the interest of the person subjected to a threat.
Ekkehart Schlicht
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292241
- eISBN:
- 9780191596865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292244.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics, History of Economic Thought
Rules are cognitive entities that carry behavioural consequences. Phenomena of commitment, obedience, status quo preference, and reciprocity are brought about by rule preference, viz. the desire of ...
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Rules are cognitive entities that carry behavioural consequences. Phenomena of commitment, obedience, status quo preference, and reciprocity are brought about by rule preference, viz. the desire of men to act sensibly and in a justifiable way.Less
Rules are cognitive entities that carry behavioural consequences. Phenomena of commitment, obedience, status quo preference, and reciprocity are brought about by rule preference, viz. the desire of men to act sensibly and in a justifiable way.
Mark Philp and Z. A. Pelczynski
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199645060
- eISBN:
- 9780191741616
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199645060.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
The chapter examines the principles underlying Hobbes’s account of absolute sovereignty and our duty of obedience to it. Hobbes’s concerns about uncertainty generating controversy are over-stated, ...
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The chapter examines the principles underlying Hobbes’s account of absolute sovereignty and our duty of obedience to it. Hobbes’s concerns about uncertainty generating controversy are over-stated, although he identifies a central problem for more complex systems. But there is a deeper problem for absolutism in Hobbes’s suggestion that we are obliged to keep the laws of nature when safe to do so, since that implies that obedience to the sovereign is also constrained by the laws of nature. This means that much turns on how we understand the nature of a final arbiter and his decisions.Less
The chapter examines the principles underlying Hobbes’s account of absolute sovereignty and our duty of obedience to it. Hobbes’s concerns about uncertainty generating controversy are over-stated, although he identifies a central problem for more complex systems. But there is a deeper problem for absolutism in Hobbes’s suggestion that we are obliged to keep the laws of nature when safe to do so, since that implies that obedience to the sovereign is also constrained by the laws of nature. This means that much turns on how we understand the nature of a final arbiter and his decisions.
Samuel K. Cohn
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574025
- eISBN:
- 9780191722530
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574025.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
The book concludes by stressing that epidemics do not necessarily lead to transcendental religiosity and weakening of states. Italy's most feared plague of the sixteenth century (1575–8) had the ...
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The book concludes by stressing that epidemics do not necessarily lead to transcendental religiosity and weakening of states. Italy's most feared plague of the sixteenth century (1575–8) had the opposite effect. The mobilization of massive resources to combat it and the successful encouragement and coercion of clergy and health workers to remain at their posts fuelled the growth of the new Counter‐Reformation Church and secular states alike across Italy. This success led to the glorification of individual rulers and instructed on the need and value of subjects to obey, thereby boosting absolutist authority at the end of the sixteenth century and into the next. The epilogue explores these links in the history of medicine and culture across the Alps and into health policy beyond plague.Less
The book concludes by stressing that epidemics do not necessarily lead to transcendental religiosity and weakening of states. Italy's most feared plague of the sixteenth century (1575–8) had the opposite effect. The mobilization of massive resources to combat it and the successful encouragement and coercion of clergy and health workers to remain at their posts fuelled the growth of the new Counter‐Reformation Church and secular states alike across Italy. This success led to the glorification of individual rulers and instructed on the need and value of subjects to obey, thereby boosting absolutist authority at the end of the sixteenth century and into the next. The epilogue explores these links in the history of medicine and culture across the Alps and into health policy beyond plague.
