Arie Morgenstern
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305784
- eISBN:
- 9780199784820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305787.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
Profound changes in late 18th- and early 19th-century European and Jewish history persuaded many traditional Jews around the world that the redemption was at hand and that they were living in the ...
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Profound changes in late 18th- and early 19th-century European and Jewish history persuaded many traditional Jews around the world that the redemption was at hand and that they were living in the times of the “Footsteps of the Messiah”. Among the changes in response to that sense was a growth in messianic activism, especially on the part of the Perushim; the activism was grounded in the belief that it was proper for Jews to take steps, both spiritual and practical, to hasten the End-time. Those steps included an effort to locate the lost Ten Tribes of Israel, whose discovery would be seen as a further harbinger of the Messiah’s imminent appearance.Less
Profound changes in late 18th- and early 19th-century European and Jewish history persuaded many traditional Jews around the world that the redemption was at hand and that they were living in the times of the “Footsteps of the Messiah”. Among the changes in response to that sense was a growth in messianic activism, especially on the part of the Perushim; the activism was grounded in the belief that it was proper for Jews to take steps, both spiritual and practical, to hasten the End-time. Those steps included an effort to locate the lost Ten Tribes of Israel, whose discovery would be seen as a further harbinger of the Messiah’s imminent appearance.
Arie Morgenstern
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305784
- eISBN:
- 9780199784820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305787.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
The Vilna Ga’on, an extraordinary Talmudic scholar, inspired in his disciples a sense that he was a supernatural phenomenon, with a messianic mission to redeem the Jewish nation by disseminating the ...
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The Vilna Ga’on, an extraordinary Talmudic scholar, inspired in his disciples a sense that he was a supernatural phenomenon, with a messianic mission to redeem the Jewish nation by disseminating the true knowledge of Torah and by settling the Land of Israel. Although he himself never succeeded in immigrating to the Land, many of his disciples did so. They had a profound sense that the End of Days was approaching, and they developed the doctrine that redemption was not contingent on repentance but would come at its appointed time no matter what; repentance bore only on how it was to come about and on whether it might be accelerated. They likewise regarded as no longer applicable the prohibition in the “Three Oaths” against efforts on Israel’s part to hasten the End (“ascending the wall”). Rejecting the traditional emphasis on passivity, they held that the awakening above (i.e., God’s redemptive actions) could be triggered by the awakening from below (human actions directed toward hastening redemption), such as settling the Land of Israel and rebuilding it in order to “raise the Shekhinah from its ashes”.Less
The Vilna Ga’on, an extraordinary Talmudic scholar, inspired in his disciples a sense that he was a supernatural phenomenon, with a messianic mission to redeem the Jewish nation by disseminating the true knowledge of Torah and by settling the Land of Israel. Although he himself never succeeded in immigrating to the Land, many of his disciples did so. They had a profound sense that the End of Days was approaching, and they developed the doctrine that redemption was not contingent on repentance but would come at its appointed time no matter what; repentance bore only on how it was to come about and on whether it might be accelerated. They likewise regarded as no longer applicable the prohibition in the “Three Oaths” against efforts on Israel’s part to hasten the End (“ascending the wall”). Rejecting the traditional emphasis on passivity, they held that the awakening above (i.e., God’s redemptive actions) could be triggered by the awakening from below (human actions directed toward hastening redemption), such as settling the Land of Israel and rebuilding it in order to “raise the Shekhinah from its ashes”.
Antony Black
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199533206
- eISBN:
- 9780191714498
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533206.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Islam retained clans and often tribes whereas Europe moved towards nuclear families. In Europe, significant social and political relationships were based on oath rather than kinship, whether between ...
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Islam retained clans and often tribes whereas Europe moved towards nuclear families. In Europe, significant social and political relationships were based on oath rather than kinship, whether between lords and followers (‘feudalism’) or among householders in city communities. Church and 'umma remained as universal societies. In Europe, territorial units of government became more entrenched, and, unlike in Islam, the nation sometimes became a political unit. Islam was well-disposed towards commerce. In Europe, the idea of the corporation as a legal body with specific legitimate powers favoured the city-state. In both societies, social inequalities and classes were justified, in Christendom by the organic metpahor, in Islam by a theory of the four social ‘orders’.Less
Islam retained clans and often tribes whereas Europe moved towards nuclear families. In Europe, significant social and political relationships were based on oath rather than kinship, whether between lords and followers (‘feudalism’) or among householders in city communities. Church and 'umma remained as universal societies. In Europe, territorial units of government became more entrenched, and, unlike in Islam, the nation sometimes became a political unit. Islam was well-disposed towards commerce. In Europe, the idea of the corporation as a legal body with specific legitimate powers favoured the city-state. In both societies, social inequalities and classes were justified, in Christendom by the organic metpahor, in Islam by a theory of the four social ‘orders’.
Sanford Levinson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691152400
- eISBN:
- 9781400839872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691152400.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter presents an extended treatment of our feelings about a variety of oaths and affirmations. Oaths are a mixture of pure form and substantive content. Their formal nature may remind us of ...
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This chapter presents an extended treatment of our feelings about a variety of oaths and affirmations. Oaths are a mixture of pure form and substantive content. Their formal nature may remind us of the “contentless” seals formerly used to give legal validity to contracts. Vows also signify a desire to be considered a member of a particular community and a willingness to remain within its boundaries. This chapter focuses on the American political community and its extraction of loyalty oaths attesting to a shared commitment to certain beliefs—usually involving the legitimacy of the state, its particular political structure, or its ideological aspirations. It also considers two other kinds of communities. One is the classical religious faith community. The other is the marriage by which two individuals join together in constituting a special kind of common enterprise.Less
This chapter presents an extended treatment of our feelings about a variety of oaths and affirmations. Oaths are a mixture of pure form and substantive content. Their formal nature may remind us of the “contentless” seals formerly used to give legal validity to contracts. Vows also signify a desire to be considered a member of a particular community and a willingness to remain within its boundaries. This chapter focuses on the American political community and its extraction of loyalty oaths attesting to a shared commitment to certain beliefs—usually involving the legitimacy of the state, its particular political structure, or its ideological aspirations. It also considers two other kinds of communities. One is the classical religious faith community. The other is the marriage by which two individuals join together in constituting a special kind of common enterprise.
Steven K. Green
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195399677
- eISBN:
- 9780199777150
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195399677.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity, Religion and Society
This chapter examines the Christian-nation maxim’s antebellum application in three areas—blasphemy laws (the trial of Abner Kneeland), oath requirements, and Sunday laws—and how those uses affected ...
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This chapter examines the Christian-nation maxim’s antebellum application in three areas—blasphemy laws (the trial of Abner Kneeland), oath requirements, and Sunday laws—and how those uses affected legal attitudes toward disestablishment. The chapter also discusses Justice Story’s evolving view of America’s Christian nationhood, including his dispute with Jefferson, and how he understood the relation between the maxim and disestablishment as evinced in his decisions and Commentaries. Less
This chapter examines the Christian-nation maxim’s antebellum application in three areas—blasphemy laws (the trial of Abner Kneeland), oath requirements, and Sunday laws—and how those uses affected legal attitudes toward disestablishment. The chapter also discusses Justice Story’s evolving view of America’s Christian nationhood, including his dispute with Jefferson, and how he understood the relation between the maxim and disestablishment as evinced in his decisions and Commentaries.
Steven K. Green
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195399677
- eISBN:
- 9780199777150
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195399677.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity, Religion and Society
This chapter traces the decline of the maxim of Christianity’s incorporation into the law. It discusses the transformation in attitudes during the antebellum era through the impact of movements ...
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This chapter traces the decline of the maxim of Christianity’s incorporation into the law. It discusses the transformation in attitudes during the antebellum era through the impact of movements toward codification and making the law “scientific.” These developments influenced jurists’ attitudes about the law’s immutability and its relation to Christian principles. The chapter traces the gradual rejection of the maxim by judges in legal areas such as profane swearing, oaths, probate law, church property disputes, and Sunday law enforcement.Less
This chapter traces the decline of the maxim of Christianity’s incorporation into the law. It discusses the transformation in attitudes during the antebellum era through the impact of movements toward codification and making the law “scientific.” These developments influenced jurists’ attitudes about the law’s immutability and its relation to Christian principles. The chapter traces the gradual rejection of the maxim by judges in legal areas such as profane swearing, oaths, probate law, church property disputes, and Sunday law enforcement.
George F. DeMartino
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199730568
- eISBN:
- 9780199896776
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730568.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Economists alter the course of economic affairs and thereby affect the life chances of current and future generations. They do this through their scholarship and teaching, and through their ...
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Economists alter the course of economic affairs and thereby affect the life chances of current and future generations. They do this through their scholarship and teaching, and through their leadership of and staff-level positions in important government and multilateral agencies, consulting firms, investment banks and other economic institutions. And yet, the economics profession consistently has refused to explore the ethical aspects of its work. There is no field of professional economic ethics. As a consequence, economists are largely unprepared for the ethical challenges they face in their work. This book challenges the economic orthodoxy on the matter of professional ethics. It builds the case for professional economic ethics step by step—first by rebutting the economist’s arguments against and then by presenting an escalating positive case for professional economic ethics. The book surveys what economists do and demonstrates that this work is ethically fraught. It explores the principles, questions and debates that inform professional ethics in other fields, and identifies the lessons that economics can take from the best established bodies of professional ethics. The book demonstrates that in the absence of professional ethics, well-meaning economists have committed basic, preventable ethical errors that have caused severe harm for societies across the globe. The book investigates the reforms in economic education that would be necessary were the profession to recognize its professional ethical obligations; and it concludes with the Economist’s Oath that draws on the book’s central insights and highlights the virtues that are required of the “ethical economist.”Less
Economists alter the course of economic affairs and thereby affect the life chances of current and future generations. They do this through their scholarship and teaching, and through their leadership of and staff-level positions in important government and multilateral agencies, consulting firms, investment banks and other economic institutions. And yet, the economics profession consistently has refused to explore the ethical aspects of its work. There is no field of professional economic ethics. As a consequence, economists are largely unprepared for the ethical challenges they face in their work. This book challenges the economic orthodoxy on the matter of professional ethics. It builds the case for professional economic ethics step by step—first by rebutting the economist’s arguments against and then by presenting an escalating positive case for professional economic ethics. The book surveys what economists do and demonstrates that this work is ethically fraught. It explores the principles, questions and debates that inform professional ethics in other fields, and identifies the lessons that economics can take from the best established bodies of professional ethics. The book demonstrates that in the absence of professional ethics, well-meaning economists have committed basic, preventable ethical errors that have caused severe harm for societies across the globe. The book investigates the reforms in economic education that would be necessary were the profession to recognize its professional ethical obligations; and it concludes with the Economist’s Oath that draws on the book’s central insights and highlights the virtues that are required of the “ethical economist.”
Angelos Chaniotis
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265062
- eISBN:
- 9780191754173
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265062.003.0014
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter explores how the gamut of responses to the presence of an inscription has to include not just sight and touch but also imagination and vocalisation. Being meant to be read aloud, they ...
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This chapter explores how the gamut of responses to the presence of an inscription has to include not just sight and touch but also imagination and vocalisation. Being meant to be read aloud, they convey a reader's voice as well as that of the inscription itself or that of the dead person commemorated on a gravestone. Even more immediate is the potential impact when a person's actual words are preserved and displayed. They may be in direct speech, illustrated by letters and confessions, or in indirect speech as records of manumissions, minutes of meetings, or jokes. They may alternatively be performative speech, in the form of acclamations, formal declarations, oaths, prayers or hymns; and can equally be reports of oral events such as meetings or even public demonstrations. They can also be couched in various forms of emotional language, whether uttered by individuals (graffiti, prayers or the edicts of angry rulers) or more collectively and formally in secular or religious acclamations, and even in decrees of state. A final section emphasises the need for practitioners of the discipline of epigraphy to be missionaries — to spread the word about the value of visible words.Less
This chapter explores how the gamut of responses to the presence of an inscription has to include not just sight and touch but also imagination and vocalisation. Being meant to be read aloud, they convey a reader's voice as well as that of the inscription itself or that of the dead person commemorated on a gravestone. Even more immediate is the potential impact when a person's actual words are preserved and displayed. They may be in direct speech, illustrated by letters and confessions, or in indirect speech as records of manumissions, minutes of meetings, or jokes. They may alternatively be performative speech, in the form of acclamations, formal declarations, oaths, prayers or hymns; and can equally be reports of oral events such as meetings or even public demonstrations. They can also be couched in various forms of emotional language, whether uttered by individuals (graffiti, prayers or the edicts of angry rulers) or more collectively and formally in secular or religious acclamations, and even in decrees of state. A final section emphasises the need for practitioners of the discipline of epigraphy to be missionaries — to spread the word about the value of visible words.
Stefania Tutino
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199740536
- eISBN:
- 9780199894765
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740536.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter examines the impact of Bellarmine’s theory in the debate over the Oath of Allegiance, promulgated by James Stuart in 1606. James’s attempt to shift the boundaries of the sovereign’s ...
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This chapter examines the impact of Bellarmine’s theory in the debate over the Oath of Allegiance, promulgated by James Stuart in 1606. James’s attempt to shift the boundaries of the sovereign’s authority beyond simple civil obedience hit the heart of Bellarmine’s doctrine of the indirecta potestas, which was introduced precisely to shift the boundaries of the Pope’s spiritual jurisdiction beyond simple spiritual authority, and indirectly into political matters. This chapter shows the theoretical and political impact of Bellarmine’s theory in early Stuart England by following closely the debate between Bellarmine, James and William Barclay. This chapter, thus, offers important elements not only to understand the significance of the Jesuit’s theories but also to gain a more accurate and historically nuanced explanation of James’s absolutism and its theoretical roots.Less
This chapter examines the impact of Bellarmine’s theory in the debate over the Oath of Allegiance, promulgated by James Stuart in 1606. James’s attempt to shift the boundaries of the sovereign’s authority beyond simple civil obedience hit the heart of Bellarmine’s doctrine of the indirecta potestas, which was introduced precisely to shift the boundaries of the Pope’s spiritual jurisdiction beyond simple spiritual authority, and indirectly into political matters. This chapter shows the theoretical and political impact of Bellarmine’s theory in early Stuart England by following closely the debate between Bellarmine, James and William Barclay. This chapter, thus, offers important elements not only to understand the significance of the Jesuit’s theories but also to gain a more accurate and historically nuanced explanation of James’s absolutism and its theoretical roots.
Stefania Tutino
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199740536
- eISBN:
- 9780199894765
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740536.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter expands our area of inquiry further, by examining the implications of the debate between Bellarmine, the French Gallicans, and the English supporters of the Oath of Allegiance in the ...
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This chapter expands our area of inquiry further, by examining the implications of the debate between Bellarmine, the French Gallicans, and the English supporters of the Oath of Allegiance in the German territories. This chapter, thus, focuses on an extraordinarily interesting case, that of the German Jesuit theorist Martin Becanus and of his works against the Oath of Allegiance and in support of Bellarmine’s potestas indirecta. Those works were at the center of a complex theoretical and political battle involving the interests of the Roman Curia and its necessity of satisfying the Gallican faction of French Catholicism without paying the price of losing the battle against the German Protestants. This chapter illustrates the case of Becanus from different perspectives and in different geo-political context.Less
This chapter expands our area of inquiry further, by examining the implications of the debate between Bellarmine, the French Gallicans, and the English supporters of the Oath of Allegiance in the German territories. This chapter, thus, focuses on an extraordinarily interesting case, that of the German Jesuit theorist Martin Becanus and of his works against the Oath of Allegiance and in support of Bellarmine’s potestas indirecta. Those works were at the center of a complex theoretical and political battle involving the interests of the Roman Curia and its necessity of satisfying the Gallican faction of French Catholicism without paying the price of losing the battle against the German Protestants. This chapter illustrates the case of Becanus from different perspectives and in different geo-political context.
Bruce Heiden
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195341072
- eISBN:
- 9780199867066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341072.003.0007
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Poetry and Poets: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter turns the investigation of thematic trajectories to books 8 and 15, the last segments of the first and second cycles respectively. These are the books that narrate Zeus's critical ...
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This chapter turns the investigation of thematic trajectories to books 8 and 15, the last segments of the first and second cycles respectively. These are the books that narrate Zeus's critical choices in steering events, and whose position cues attention to Zeus's consequential agency. In these books the Olympians face off in conflict, as the heroes do in other books. But analysis of the thematic trajectories shows that the Olympians prove wiser than the heroes at transforming their differences into symbolic terms that facilitate compromise.Less
This chapter turns the investigation of thematic trajectories to books 8 and 15, the last segments of the first and second cycles respectively. These are the books that narrate Zeus's critical choices in steering events, and whose position cues attention to Zeus's consequential agency. In these books the Olympians face off in conflict, as the heroes do in other books. But analysis of the thematic trajectories shows that the Olympians prove wiser than the heroes at transforming their differences into symbolic terms that facilitate compromise.
Charles Ramble
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195154146
- eISBN:
- 9780199868513
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154146.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
The distinction that has been made in earlier chapters between the community as an assemblage of individuals and as a collectivity is developed further through an examination of local legal ...
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The distinction that has been made in earlier chapters between the community as an assemblage of individuals and as a collectivity is developed further through an examination of local legal institutions. The otiose local structures of national democracy are contrasted with the robust civil society that characterises Te and its neighbours. Village law is preserved through a set of unwritten oaths and written codes, both of which are examined in detail. Although these corpora are created by individuals, they serve the interests of the collectivity. Their subsequent inaccessibility to individual manipulation contributes to the creation of a transcendent community that exercises a powerful normative influence on those who devised it. The chapter revisits the problem, raised in the Introduction, of how an entity that has been devised by human action is reified and perceived to have an existence independent of its creators.Less
The distinction that has been made in earlier chapters between the community as an assemblage of individuals and as a collectivity is developed further through an examination of local legal institutions. The otiose local structures of national democracy are contrasted with the robust civil society that characterises Te and its neighbours. Village law is preserved through a set of unwritten oaths and written codes, both of which are examined in detail. Although these corpora are created by individuals, they serve the interests of the collectivity. Their subsequent inaccessibility to individual manipulation contributes to the creation of a transcendent community that exercises a powerful normative influence on those who devised it. The chapter revisits the problem, raised in the Introduction, of how an entity that has been devised by human action is reified and perceived to have an existence independent of its creators.
Charles Ramble
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195154146
- eISBN:
- 9780199868513
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154146.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
According to a local variant of a well‐known Tibetan myth, Buddhism was introduced to Mustang by the 8th‐century magus Padmasambhava, who slew and dismembered a hostile demoness that blocked his way. ...
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According to a local variant of a well‐known Tibetan myth, Buddhism was introduced to Mustang by the 8th‐century magus Padmasambhava, who slew and dismembered a hostile demoness that blocked his way. Among the natural sites that are recognised as her body‐parts is Te, which means “navel” in Tibetan. An important facet of Te's religious life is the cult of its territorial gods, who were never tamed and converted to Buddhism. This chapter examines the territorial rituals performed by the Nyingmapa lamas and also by the village's pagan priest, the lhabön, who propitiates the gods with blood sacrifices. An examination of these rituals, as well as the dynamics of possession and the swearing of civil oaths, all point to the crucial importance of the creation and manipulation of “affective space” in the production of a sacred realm.Less
According to a local variant of a well‐known Tibetan myth, Buddhism was introduced to Mustang by the 8th‐century magus Padmasambhava, who slew and dismembered a hostile demoness that blocked his way. Among the natural sites that are recognised as her body‐parts is Te, which means “navel” in Tibetan. An important facet of Te's religious life is the cult of its territorial gods, who were never tamed and converted to Buddhism. This chapter examines the territorial rituals performed by the Nyingmapa lamas and also by the village's pagan priest, the lhabön, who propitiates the gods with blood sacrifices. An examination of these rituals, as well as the dynamics of possession and the swearing of civil oaths, all point to the crucial importance of the creation and manipulation of “affective space” in the production of a sacred realm.
Adam I. P. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195188653
- eISBN:
- 9780199868346
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188653.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
In wartime, administration supporters' assumption that partisan opposition was disloyal and therefore illegitimate made it acceptable to use the instruments of the state—especially the moral and ...
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In wartime, administration supporters' assumption that partisan opposition was disloyal and therefore illegitimate made it acceptable to use the instruments of the state—especially the moral and physical power of the newly created mass citizen army—to aid the victory of loyal candidates. Loyalty Oaths in the border slave states, and the more informal loyalty tests imposed by the presence of soldiers and provost marshals at the polls in some parts of the North, gave a hard edge to the rhetorical conflation of party and nation. While direct military intervention in election results remained very much the exception rather than the rule, the assumption that justified it—that elections were only legitimate so long as the right side won—was widespread.Less
In wartime, administration supporters' assumption that partisan opposition was disloyal and therefore illegitimate made it acceptable to use the instruments of the state—especially the moral and physical power of the newly created mass citizen army—to aid the victory of loyal candidates. Loyalty Oaths in the border slave states, and the more informal loyalty tests imposed by the presence of soldiers and provost marshals at the polls in some parts of the North, gave a hard edge to the rhetorical conflation of party and nation. While direct military intervention in election results remained very much the exception rather than the rule, the assumption that justified it—that elections were only legitimate so long as the right side won—was widespread.
David A. Teegarden
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156903
- eISBN:
- 9781400848539
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156903.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter accounts for the successful mobilization in defense of Athens' democracy. It begins by exploring the collective response by citizens in Athens to the coup of the Four Hundred (411), an ...
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This chapter accounts for the successful mobilization in defense of Athens' democracy. It begins by exploring the collective response by citizens in Athens to the coup of the Four Hundred (411), an experience that taught the Athenians important lessons about mobilization in defense of their democracy. Two significant points emerge from that discussion. First, individuals in Athens did not respond to the coup initially because they had a so-called “revolutionary coordination problem”: many wanted to oppose the coup, but, because of the great risk that that involved, each individual waited for others to act before he did. Second, the conspicuous assassination of Phrynichos, a prominent figure in the regime of the Four Hundred, set in motion a “revolutionary bandwagon” that enabled previously quiescent individuals to mobilize en masse against the regime of the Four Hundred. The chapter then examines the consequence of the fact that all Athenians swore the oath of Demophantos. The final section demonstrates that the successful mobilization against the Thirty Tyrants should be attributed, in part, to the fact that all Athenians swore the oath of Demophantos.Less
This chapter accounts for the successful mobilization in defense of Athens' democracy. It begins by exploring the collective response by citizens in Athens to the coup of the Four Hundred (411), an experience that taught the Athenians important lessons about mobilization in defense of their democracy. Two significant points emerge from that discussion. First, individuals in Athens did not respond to the coup initially because they had a so-called “revolutionary coordination problem”: many wanted to oppose the coup, but, because of the great risk that that involved, each individual waited for others to act before he did. Second, the conspicuous assassination of Phrynichos, a prominent figure in the regime of the Four Hundred, set in motion a “revolutionary bandwagon” that enabled previously quiescent individuals to mobilize en masse against the regime of the Four Hundred. The chapter then examines the consequence of the fact that all Athenians swore the oath of Demophantos. The final section demonstrates that the successful mobilization against the Thirty Tyrants should be attributed, in part, to the fact that all Athenians swore the oath of Demophantos.
Sandra Raban
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199252879
- eISBN:
- 9780191719264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252879.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter examines the way in which the 1279–80 hundred roll inquiry was executed. It provides a table of counties and their commissioners. It explores the background of commissioners and provides ...
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This chapter examines the way in which the 1279–80 hundred roll inquiry was executed. It provides a table of counties and their commissioners. It explores the background of commissioners and provides a translation of the oath they took. The chapter reconstructs the complex way in which oral responses to the articles of inquiry were collected from juries and dealt with alongside written submissions from lords. It notes the distinctive nature of urban returns, especially London. It examines the timescale of the inquiry, with particular reference to the two different sets of returns for Normancross hundred in Huntingdonshire. It also considers the incidence of valuations on some rolls and the significance of their treatment.Less
This chapter examines the way in which the 1279–80 hundred roll inquiry was executed. It provides a table of counties and their commissioners. It explores the background of commissioners and provides a translation of the oath they took. The chapter reconstructs the complex way in which oral responses to the articles of inquiry were collected from juries and dealt with alongside written submissions from lords. It notes the distinctive nature of urban returns, especially London. It examines the timescale of the inquiry, with particular reference to the two different sets of returns for Normancross hundred in Huntingdonshire. It also considers the incidence of valuations on some rolls and the significance of their treatment.
John Wigger
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195387803
- eISBN:
- 9780199866410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387803.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
As the Revolutionary War approached, John Wesley published pamphlets, beginning with A Calm Address to Our American Colonies, against the American cause. The other British preachers mostly sided with ...
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As the Revolutionary War approached, John Wesley published pamphlets, beginning with A Calm Address to Our American Colonies, against the American cause. The other British preachers mostly sided with Wesley, including Rankin and Thomas Webb, but Asbury tried to remain neutral. After falling sick in May 1776 Asbury went to the warm springs resort at Berkeley Springs, West Virginia, but was appalled by the indulgent lifestyle he encountered there. In 1778 Asbury went into hiding at the home of Thomas and Mary White in Delaware, in order to avoid taking a Maryland oath of allegiance. While several preachers, including Freeborn Garrettson, were arrested for preaching in Maryland, Asbury remained in seclusion. With time on his hands he prayed and read widely, but he felt guilty for his inactivity.Less
As the Revolutionary War approached, John Wesley published pamphlets, beginning with A Calm Address to Our American Colonies, against the American cause. The other British preachers mostly sided with Wesley, including Rankin and Thomas Webb, but Asbury tried to remain neutral. After falling sick in May 1776 Asbury went to the warm springs resort at Berkeley Springs, West Virginia, but was appalled by the indulgent lifestyle he encountered there. In 1778 Asbury went into hiding at the home of Thomas and Mary White in Delaware, in order to avoid taking a Maryland oath of allegiance. While several preachers, including Freeborn Garrettson, were arrested for preaching in Maryland, Asbury remained in seclusion. With time on his hands he prayed and read widely, but he felt guilty for his inactivity.
Richard K. Fenn
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195143690
- eISBN:
- 9780199834174
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195143698.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Political rhetoric employs references to the religious traditions and providential prospects of the nation and uses religious language to solemnize public oath‐taking. The more that public ...
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Political rhetoric employs references to the religious traditions and providential prospects of the nation and uses religious language to solemnize public oath‐taking. The more that public religiosity and civil religion receive political patronage at the center, the more do marginal or minority groups take religious offense at majoritarian pretenses. Even the political center, however, is divided between those who view the sacred as inhering in a strict interpretation of particular texts and those for whom the sacred has more evanescent, negotiable, and contestable meanings. These divisions surfaced in the Senate debates over the articles of impeachment of President Clinton. Thus, secularization underscores the importance of language while reducing sacred speech to discourse.Less
Political rhetoric employs references to the religious traditions and providential prospects of the nation and uses religious language to solemnize public oath‐taking. The more that public religiosity and civil religion receive political patronage at the center, the more do marginal or minority groups take religious offense at majoritarian pretenses. Even the political center, however, is divided between those who view the sacred as inhering in a strict interpretation of particular texts and those for whom the sacred has more evanescent, negotiable, and contestable meanings. These divisions surfaced in the Senate debates over the articles of impeachment of President Clinton. Thus, secularization underscores the importance of language while reducing sacred speech to discourse.
Mary Douglas
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199244195
- eISBN:
- 9780191600548
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199244197.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This chapter dips into anthropological studies of oracles to illustrate the scale of the gap made by the abolition of oracles. Two things about the priestly laws would make more sense if priestly use ...
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This chapter dips into anthropological studies of oracles to illustrate the scale of the gap made by the abolition of oracles. Two things about the priestly laws would make more sense if priestly use of oracles were allowed: one is the use of the oath to bring a private case into priestly jurisdiction; the other is the use of the oracle to supplement the judicial system at its weak points. No one knows when oracles and soothsaying were first forbidden, but if it was at a very early date, then the last editors of Leviticus would hardly know the arcane meanings of the fragments they gathered together; the difficulty is as much for the writer as for the reader – how could he present a sacrificial cult without saying a word about the working of the oracles? If the gap has not been remarked, it would be because the readers are not familiar with a sacrificial cult. This point is further discussed in sections on divination and sacrifice, knowing when to make a private sacrifice, the plausibility of oracles, priestly divination, inadvertent sin, sacrilege, and judicial uses of the oath.Less
This chapter dips into anthropological studies of oracles to illustrate the scale of the gap made by the abolition of oracles. Two things about the priestly laws would make more sense if priestly use of oracles were allowed: one is the use of the oath to bring a private case into priestly jurisdiction; the other is the use of the oracle to supplement the judicial system at its weak points. No one knows when oracles and soothsaying were first forbidden, but if it was at a very early date, then the last editors of Leviticus would hardly know the arcane meanings of the fragments they gathered together; the difficulty is as much for the writer as for the reader – how could he present a sacrificial cult without saying a word about the working of the oracles? If the gap has not been remarked, it would be because the readers are not familiar with a sacrificial cult. This point is further discussed in sections on divination and sacrifice, knowing when to make a private sacrifice, the plausibility of oracles, priestly divination, inadvertent sin, sacrilege, and judicial uses of the oath.
Gunther Martin
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199560226
- eISBN:
- 9780191721427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560226.003.0010
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter outlines the use of religion in standard patterns in the private speeches. References to religious acts, in particular oaths, that form part of the procedure are more prominent than in ...
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This chapter outlines the use of religion in standard patterns in the private speeches. References to religious acts, in particular oaths, that form part of the procedure are more prominent than in public speeches because the aggressive use of religion as a means of accusation is normally dispensed with. The formal elements of the trial are not exploited for their religious content, whereas extra-judicial cult practices can be introduced exactly because of their religious significance.Less
This chapter outlines the use of religion in standard patterns in the private speeches. References to religious acts, in particular oaths, that form part of the procedure are more prominent than in public speeches because the aggressive use of religion as a means of accusation is normally dispensed with. The formal elements of the trial are not exploited for their religious content, whereas extra-judicial cult practices can be introduced exactly because of their religious significance.
