Ian Clark
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273707
- eISBN:
- 9780191684067
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273707.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This introductory chapter sets out the focus of the book, namely the unfolding story of Britain's policy for maintaining its own strategic nuclear force and of the nuclear diplomacy engendered by the ...
More
This introductory chapter sets out the focus of the book, namely the unfolding story of Britain's policy for maintaining its own strategic nuclear force and of the nuclear diplomacy engendered by the quest to attain American assistance in this venture: the diplomacy is of the intra-alliance variety and concerns the bargaining with the United States for acquisition of technical know-how, and ultimately of completed delivery systems, to sustain the long-term future of the British nuclear force. It offers a systematic interpretation of the official rationales of British nuclear strategy and of the considerations and concerns which contributed to specific decisions about weapons and force levels. The strategic case for such missiles as Blue Streak, Skybolt, and Polaris will be reviewed and set in the context of the internecine bureaucratic and service politics of which they were so much a part.Less
This introductory chapter sets out the focus of the book, namely the unfolding story of Britain's policy for maintaining its own strategic nuclear force and of the nuclear diplomacy engendered by the quest to attain American assistance in this venture: the diplomacy is of the intra-alliance variety and concerns the bargaining with the United States for acquisition of technical know-how, and ultimately of completed delivery systems, to sustain the long-term future of the British nuclear force. It offers a systematic interpretation of the official rationales of British nuclear strategy and of the considerations and concerns which contributed to specific decisions about weapons and force levels. The strategic case for such missiles as Blue Streak, Skybolt, and Polaris will be reviewed and set in the context of the internecine bureaucratic and service politics of which they were so much a part.
David James Gill
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804786584
- eISBN:
- 9780804788588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804786584.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter introduces the book as account of Harold Wilson and the Labour government’s attempts to balance a collection of disparate, and at times competing, influences in the context of British ...
More
This chapter introduces the book as account of Harold Wilson and the Labour government’s attempts to balance a collection of disparate, and at times competing, influences in the context of British nuclear diplomacy. The chapter establishes the major contributions of the book and then provides an overview of each of the following chapters. The central argument is that British nuclear diplomacy was a series of compromises, an intricate blend of political, economic, and strategic considerations. Cabinet debate, financial crises, and international tensions all influenced nuclear policy-making in the two Labour governments of this period.Less
This chapter introduces the book as account of Harold Wilson and the Labour government’s attempts to balance a collection of disparate, and at times competing, influences in the context of British nuclear diplomacy. The chapter establishes the major contributions of the book and then provides an overview of each of the following chapters. The central argument is that British nuclear diplomacy was a series of compromises, an intricate blend of political, economic, and strategic considerations. Cabinet debate, financial crises, and international tensions all influenced nuclear policy-making in the two Labour governments of this period.
David James Gill
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804786584
- eISBN:
- 9780804788588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804786584.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter considers the course of British nuclear diplomacy during Harold Wilson’s first two terms of office. The prime minister’s objectives were complex and shifting. Wilson often modified his ...
More
This chapter considers the course of British nuclear diplomacy during Harold Wilson’s first two terms of office. The prime minister’s objectives were complex and shifting. Wilson often modified his own ambitions in response to a wide array of competing interests. British nuclear diplomacy was a series of compromises, an intricate blend of political, economic, and strategic considerations. Cabinet debate, financial crises, and international tensions all influenced nuclear policy-making in the two Labour governments of this period.Less
This chapter considers the course of British nuclear diplomacy during Harold Wilson’s first two terms of office. The prime minister’s objectives were complex and shifting. Wilson often modified his own ambitions in response to a wide array of competing interests. British nuclear diplomacy was a series of compromises, an intricate blend of political, economic, and strategic considerations. Cabinet debate, financial crises, and international tensions all influenced nuclear policy-making in the two Labour governments of this period.
Grégoire Mallard
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780226157894
- eISBN:
- 9780226157924
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226157924.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
How do diplomats interpret treaty rules in the field of international security? In a situation of increasing global legal complexity, do past regimes survive the entry into force of new and ...
More
How do diplomats interpret treaty rules in the field of international security? In a situation of increasing global legal complexity, do past regimes survive the entry into force of new and contradictory regimes? Who decides how legal rules should be interpreted when contradictions exist between overlapping regimes? This book answers such questions by exploring how successive generations of American and European policymakers promoted various regimes to solve the problem of nuclear proliferation in Europe and in the rest of the world; and how those rules were harmonized with the creation of a global regime centered around the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). Based on the systematic study of more than twenty personal archives of the diplomats and experts who gathered around Jean Monnet to create the European Community of Atomic Energy (Euratom), as well as public foreign policy archives in the United States, France, and the European Union institutions, this book shows that who wrote treaties matters to explain whether treaty rules survived over time. Yet, this book also shows that how diplomats interpreted treaty rules – whether the latter are transparent, ambiguous or opaque – matters even more to explain how transitions from one legal regime to the next operate. From the successful harmonization between the European and global regimes, the book not only addresses for the first time the questions of legal complexity and legal pluralism in international security, but it also draws conclusions on the conditions that could facilitate the inclusion of the remaining NPT outliers (Israel, India and Pakistan) within the global non-proliferation regime.Less
How do diplomats interpret treaty rules in the field of international security? In a situation of increasing global legal complexity, do past regimes survive the entry into force of new and contradictory regimes? Who decides how legal rules should be interpreted when contradictions exist between overlapping regimes? This book answers such questions by exploring how successive generations of American and European policymakers promoted various regimes to solve the problem of nuclear proliferation in Europe and in the rest of the world; and how those rules were harmonized with the creation of a global regime centered around the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). Based on the systematic study of more than twenty personal archives of the diplomats and experts who gathered around Jean Monnet to create the European Community of Atomic Energy (Euratom), as well as public foreign policy archives in the United States, France, and the European Union institutions, this book shows that who wrote treaties matters to explain whether treaty rules survived over time. Yet, this book also shows that how diplomats interpreted treaty rules – whether the latter are transparent, ambiguous or opaque – matters even more to explain how transitions from one legal regime to the next operate. From the successful harmonization between the European and global regimes, the book not only addresses for the first time the questions of legal complexity and legal pluralism in international security, but it also draws conclusions on the conditions that could facilitate the inclusion of the remaining NPT outliers (Israel, India and Pakistan) within the global non-proliferation regime.
Deep K. Datta-Ray
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190206673
- eISBN:
- 9780190492144
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190206673.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
Verifying whether the cosmological persisted beyond Nehru requires a consistent diplomatic terrain spanning the Indian state’s “history”. Nuclear diplomacy is that landscape, and its subjection to ...
More
Verifying whether the cosmological persisted beyond Nehru requires a consistent diplomatic terrain spanning the Indian state’s “history”. Nuclear diplomacy is that landscape, and its subjection to modernity’s analytical tools, realism and postcolonialism, enables comparison with the cosmological as heuristic. For modernity, nuclear diplomacy is a linear process towards either utopia or irrationality. Underpinning both readings is a moral judgment about Indians as ignorant and maintained by dismissals, avoidances and erasures of practice. This “analytic violence” is avoided by adopting the cosmological heuristic. Unconcerned with rendering Indians properly modern, the cosmological values Nehru’s enclosure of the atom within satyagraha, replaces modern notions of status with practitioners’ understandings and enables us to examine the nuclear policy architect K. Subrahmanyam as a site of inter-civilizational contact where there indeed was mimicry, but of Gandhi not modernity. Furthermore, eschewing modernity’s conflicting, yet violent, readings reveals the Bharatiya Janata Party’s nuclear tests as a message spoken in the lexicon of satyagraha and hence quite naturally inexplicable to modernity. Nuclear diplomacy is therefore unapologetically alternate and subaltern, but it entwines both Congress and BJP because as the United States’ response to the tests demonstrate, it remains the only way to secure modernity’s benefits without succumbing to its violence.Less
Verifying whether the cosmological persisted beyond Nehru requires a consistent diplomatic terrain spanning the Indian state’s “history”. Nuclear diplomacy is that landscape, and its subjection to modernity’s analytical tools, realism and postcolonialism, enables comparison with the cosmological as heuristic. For modernity, nuclear diplomacy is a linear process towards either utopia or irrationality. Underpinning both readings is a moral judgment about Indians as ignorant and maintained by dismissals, avoidances and erasures of practice. This “analytic violence” is avoided by adopting the cosmological heuristic. Unconcerned with rendering Indians properly modern, the cosmological values Nehru’s enclosure of the atom within satyagraha, replaces modern notions of status with practitioners’ understandings and enables us to examine the nuclear policy architect K. Subrahmanyam as a site of inter-civilizational contact where there indeed was mimicry, but of Gandhi not modernity. Furthermore, eschewing modernity’s conflicting, yet violent, readings reveals the Bharatiya Janata Party’s nuclear tests as a message spoken in the lexicon of satyagraha and hence quite naturally inexplicable to modernity. Nuclear diplomacy is therefore unapologetically alternate and subaltern, but it entwines both Congress and BJP because as the United States’ response to the tests demonstrate, it remains the only way to secure modernity’s benefits without succumbing to its violence.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226816647
- eISBN:
- 9780226816661
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226816661.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter explores how Bruno Pontecorvo's presence in Russia was far more decisive than any information that Soviet intelligence had managed to harness earlier on, and examines the proliferation ...
More
This chapter explores how Bruno Pontecorvo's presence in Russia was far more decisive than any information that Soviet intelligence had managed to harness earlier on, and examines the proliferation of accounts about him. It shows how the withdrawal of information from the public domain featured as a key tool of nuclear diplomacy. The chapter illustrates how the utilization of secrecy has impacted the current understanding of important transitions in nuclear science and security. Secrecy was employed in the Pontecorvo case to cover issues that had major implications for the handling of national and international affairs. The Pontecorvo affair reported that the mysteries connected with the spread of nuclear and other military technologies and the unlawful transfer of scientific information cannot be immediately understood, except for some marginal aspects. Revealingly, the new documents on this affair indicated that an intelligence program aimed at tackling atomic espionage may have never really existed.Less
This chapter explores how Bruno Pontecorvo's presence in Russia was far more decisive than any information that Soviet intelligence had managed to harness earlier on, and examines the proliferation of accounts about him. It shows how the withdrawal of information from the public domain featured as a key tool of nuclear diplomacy. The chapter illustrates how the utilization of secrecy has impacted the current understanding of important transitions in nuclear science and security. Secrecy was employed in the Pontecorvo case to cover issues that had major implications for the handling of national and international affairs. The Pontecorvo affair reported that the mysteries connected with the spread of nuclear and other military technologies and the unlawful transfer of scientific information cannot be immediately understood, except for some marginal aspects. Revealingly, the new documents on this affair indicated that an intelligence program aimed at tackling atomic espionage may have never really existed.
Kaushik Basu
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190120894
- eISBN:
- 9780190990114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190120894.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter deals with the big policy challenges that India faced in the first decade of 2000s. The country had seen about a decade of rapid growth just before this and, following the market reforms ...
More
This chapter deals with the big policy challenges that India faced in the first decade of 2000s. The country had seen about a decade of rapid growth just before this and, following the market reforms of the early 1990s, it had become more globalized. This gave rise to new challenges of economic policy and also of international relations, including the changing nature of India’s political and economic interaction with China and the United States.Less
This chapter deals with the big policy challenges that India faced in the first decade of 2000s. The country had seen about a decade of rapid growth just before this and, following the market reforms of the early 1990s, it had become more globalized. This gave rise to new challenges of economic policy and also of international relations, including the changing nature of India’s political and economic interaction with China and the United States.
