Michael Potter
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199215836
- eISBN:
- 9780191721243
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215836.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
Wittgenstein's philosophical career began in 1911 when he went to Cambridge to work with Russell. He compiled the Notes on Logic two years later as a kind of summary of the work he had done so far. ...
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Wittgenstein's philosophical career began in 1911 when he went to Cambridge to work with Russell. He compiled the Notes on Logic two years later as a kind of summary of the work he had done so far. Russell thought that they were ‘as good as anything that has ever been done in logic’, but he had Wittgenstein himself to explain them to him. Without the benefit of Wittgenstein's explanations, most later scholars have preferred to treat the Notes solely as an interpretative aid in understanding the Tractatus (which draws on them for material), rather than as a philosophical work in their own right. This book demonstrates the philosophical and historical importance of the Notes. By teasing out the meaning of key passages, it shows how many of the most important insights in the Tractatus they contain. It discusses in detail how Wittgenstein arrived at these insights by thinking through ideas he obtained from Russell and Frege. And it uses a blend of biography and philosophy to illuminate the methods Wittgenstein used in his work. The book features the complete text of the Notes in a critical edition, with a detailed discussion of the circumstances in which they were compiled.Less
Wittgenstein's philosophical career began in 1911 when he went to Cambridge to work with Russell. He compiled the Notes on Logic two years later as a kind of summary of the work he had done so far. Russell thought that they were ‘as good as anything that has ever been done in logic’, but he had Wittgenstein himself to explain them to him. Without the benefit of Wittgenstein's explanations, most later scholars have preferred to treat the Notes solely as an interpretative aid in understanding the Tractatus (which draws on them for material), rather than as a philosophical work in their own right. This book demonstrates the philosophical and historical importance of the Notes. By teasing out the meaning of key passages, it shows how many of the most important insights in the Tractatus they contain. It discusses in detail how Wittgenstein arrived at these insights by thinking through ideas he obtained from Russell and Frege. And it uses a blend of biography and philosophy to illuminate the methods Wittgenstein used in his work. The book features the complete text of the Notes in a critical edition, with a detailed discussion of the circumstances in which they were compiled.
Michael Potter
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199215836
- eISBN:
- 9780191721243
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215836.003.0099
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This introductory chapter discusses the theoretical approach used in this book, which focuses on Wittgenstein's Notes on Logic. Wittgenstein wrote the Tractatus during the First World War, but it had ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the theoretical approach used in this book, which focuses on Wittgenstein's Notes on Logic. Wittgenstein wrote the Tractatus during the First World War, but it had its birth in the two years he spent working in Cambridge with Russell between 1911 and 1913. He compiled the Notes on Logic at the very end of that period, as a summary for Russell of the work he had accomplished. The destruction of his notebooks makes the Notes almost the only guide to the work he had been doing in Cambridge. Studying them provides insight on which of his ideas Wittgenstein owed to this period, and which to the very different circumstances in which he worked later, first in Norway and then on active service during the war. It also lays bare some of the influences which helped to form Wittgenstein's views.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the theoretical approach used in this book, which focuses on Wittgenstein's Notes on Logic. Wittgenstein wrote the Tractatus during the First World War, but it had its birth in the two years he spent working in Cambridge with Russell between 1911 and 1913. He compiled the Notes on Logic at the very end of that period, as a summary for Russell of the work he had accomplished. The destruction of his notebooks makes the Notes almost the only guide to the work he had been doing in Cambridge. Studying them provides insight on which of his ideas Wittgenstein owed to this period, and which to the very different circumstances in which he worked later, first in Norway and then on active service during the war. It also lays bare some of the influences which helped to form Wittgenstein's views.
James Steven Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199856220
- eISBN:
- 9780199919574
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199856220.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
When we make purchases [better word than ‘things?’], we need to use some system for making payment. Today we use checks, credit cards, debit cards, and various other electronic or semi-electronic ...
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When we make purchases [better word than ‘things?’], we need to use some system for making payment. Today we use checks, credit cards, debit cards, and various other electronic or semi-electronic payment systems. One would assume that the legal system has developed a sensible, coherent body of law to deal with payment system problems. One would be wrong. Modern American law of payment systems is, to be honest, a confused muddle. The basic problem is anachronism. The law of payment systems has not come to grips with the realities of the modern world. Rather, much of the law is still based on “negotiable instruments law”, a body of law that developed centuries ago when instruments issued by private parties circulated as a form of money. A great deal of the current law of checks and notes is the product of nothing more than an historical fluke, such as the odd details of the eighteenth century Stamp Acts. The law could be much simpler if it were written in light of the way that checks and notes are actually used today, rather than being based on concepts derived from the past. This book shows that there is no need for a statute governing promissory notes and that the law of checks would be far simpler if it treated checks simply as instructions to the financial system, akin to debit or credit cards. The book provides an indispensible guide for lawyers, judges, professors, and students who must find ways of dealing sensibly with this profoundly anachronistic body of law.Less
When we make purchases [better word than ‘things?’], we need to use some system for making payment. Today we use checks, credit cards, debit cards, and various other electronic or semi-electronic payment systems. One would assume that the legal system has developed a sensible, coherent body of law to deal with payment system problems. One would be wrong. Modern American law of payment systems is, to be honest, a confused muddle. The basic problem is anachronism. The law of payment systems has not come to grips with the realities of the modern world. Rather, much of the law is still based on “negotiable instruments law”, a body of law that developed centuries ago when instruments issued by private parties circulated as a form of money. A great deal of the current law of checks and notes is the product of nothing more than an historical fluke, such as the odd details of the eighteenth century Stamp Acts. The law could be much simpler if it were written in light of the way that checks and notes are actually used today, rather than being based on concepts derived from the past. This book shows that there is no need for a statute governing promissory notes and that the law of checks would be far simpler if it treated checks simply as instructions to the financial system, akin to debit or credit cards. The book provides an indispensible guide for lawyers, judges, professors, and students who must find ways of dealing sensibly with this profoundly anachronistic body of law.
Clive Brown
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198161653
- eISBN:
- 9780191716263
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198161653.003.0014
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This chapter examines the characteristics and performance of appoggiaturas, trills, turns, and related ornaments, or grace notes. The diverse and changing conventions governing the execution of ...
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This chapter examines the characteristics and performance of appoggiaturas, trills, turns, and related ornaments, or grace notes. The diverse and changing conventions governing the execution of ornaments notated by means of small notes are discussed. The continuing 19th-century use of small notes as a more convenient means of notating patterns that would otherwise be rhythmically complicated is considered. Trill beginnings and endings, and the various forms of turns as notated and performed are, also examined.Less
This chapter examines the characteristics and performance of appoggiaturas, trills, turns, and related ornaments, or grace notes. The diverse and changing conventions governing the execution of ornaments notated by means of small notes are discussed. The continuing 19th-century use of small notes as a more convenient means of notating patterns that would otherwise be rhythmically complicated is considered. Trill beginnings and endings, and the various forms of turns as notated and performed are, also examined.
Kenneth Hamilton
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195178265
- eISBN:
- 9780199870035
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178265.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
This chapter traces the changing concert etiquette, affecting both performers and audiences, from the 19th- to the 20th-centuries. Particular topics discussed are fluctuating fashions in applause, in ...
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This chapter traces the changing concert etiquette, affecting both performers and audiences, from the 19th- to the 20th-centuries. Particular topics discussed are fluctuating fashions in applause, in audience reaction, in the requirement for memorization, and in the attitude to inaccuracies and wrong notes.Less
This chapter traces the changing concert etiquette, affecting both performers and audiences, from the 19th- to the 20th-centuries. Particular topics discussed are fluctuating fashions in applause, in audience reaction, in the requirement for memorization, and in the attitude to inaccuracies and wrong notes.
Jonathan P. J. Stock
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195167498
- eISBN:
- 9780199867707
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167498.003.0002
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This chapter reviews approaches to the empirical documentation of music as found in comparative musicology, folklore studies, and through the fifty-year history of ethnomusicology. Means of gathering ...
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This chapter reviews approaches to the empirical documentation of music as found in comparative musicology, folklore studies, and through the fifty-year history of ethnomusicology. Means of gathering and measuring research data are shown to be linked to available technology as well as to prevailing intellectual paradigms. The central part of the chapter focuses on empirical aspects of participant-observation, including the keeping of field notes, interviewing, photography, and audio- and video-recording. Good practice conventions for data preservation are explained and illustrated. The chapter's coda emphasizes the importance of ethics in research that documents the voices of live people.Less
This chapter reviews approaches to the empirical documentation of music as found in comparative musicology, folklore studies, and through the fifty-year history of ethnomusicology. Means of gathering and measuring research data are shown to be linked to available technology as well as to prevailing intellectual paradigms. The central part of the chapter focuses on empirical aspects of participant-observation, including the keeping of field notes, interviewing, photography, and audio- and video-recording. Good practice conventions for data preservation are explained and illustrated. The chapter's coda emphasizes the importance of ethics in research that documents the voices of live people.
Michael Lobban
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199258826
- eISBN:
- 9780191705168
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258826.003.0017
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
England's pre-eminent position as a commercial power owed much to the strength of her financial system. From the late 17th century, a financial revolution had paved the way for the development of a ...
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England's pre-eminent position as a commercial power owed much to the strength of her financial system. From the late 17th century, a financial revolution had paved the way for the development of a ‘fiscal-military’ state, funded by a sophisticated system of government borrowing on the strength of paper securities. Besides helping to fund an expanding state, new forms of banking and credit also provided the means through which commerce and industry could expand. If money was the life-blood of commerce, new forms of bank notes and negotiable instruments helped keep its circulation healthy, by allowing both for more efficient transfers of wealth and for the provision of secure credit. This chapter on negotiable instruments discusses bills of exchange and promissory notes, letters of credit, bills of lading, and banks and cheques.Less
England's pre-eminent position as a commercial power owed much to the strength of her financial system. From the late 17th century, a financial revolution had paved the way for the development of a ‘fiscal-military’ state, funded by a sophisticated system of government borrowing on the strength of paper securities. Besides helping to fund an expanding state, new forms of banking and credit also provided the means through which commerce and industry could expand. If money was the life-blood of commerce, new forms of bank notes and negotiable instruments helped keep its circulation healthy, by allowing both for more efficient transfers of wealth and for the provision of secure credit. This chapter on negotiable instruments discusses bills of exchange and promissory notes, letters of credit, bills of lading, and banks and cheques.
Heinrich Schenker
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195151510
- eISBN:
- 9780199871582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195151510.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
This chapter describes different kinds of legato, pointing out that the connection of several notes corresponds to a specific intention of the composer. Various technical means that can produce ...
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This chapter describes different kinds of legato, pointing out that the connection of several notes corresponds to a specific intention of the composer. Various technical means that can produce violin- or voice-like legato are discussed: the holding of certain notes longer than their value is explained as having either a piano-technical or a musical reason. “Articulating legato”, certain ways of dissembling legato, changing fingers on the same key, and legato of identical notes are all described with a variety of examples largely but not exclusively from the piano repertoire.Less
This chapter describes different kinds of legato, pointing out that the connection of several notes corresponds to a specific intention of the composer. Various technical means that can produce violin- or voice-like legato are discussed: the holding of certain notes longer than their value is explained as having either a piano-technical or a musical reason. “Articulating legato”, certain ways of dissembling legato, changing fingers on the same key, and legato of identical notes are all described with a variety of examples largely but not exclusively from the piano repertoire.
William St Clair
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263181
- eISBN:
- 9780191734595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263181.003.0013
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Numerous literary biographies of famous authors were normally shaped by the quantity and the nature of the surviving primary documentary evidences such as diaries, letters, notes of constructions, ...
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Numerous literary biographies of famous authors were normally shaped by the quantity and the nature of the surviving primary documentary evidences such as diaries, letters, notes of constructions, and descriptions of the commentaries. These sources not only shaped the nature of the biographies but also the biographical method adopted. This chapter discusses the nature of the biographical evidence. It examines how biographers who regard their work primarily as an historical investigation can deal with the hard and immovable fact that the sources on which they necessarily rely are normally likely to provide an unrepresentative record of the patterns of the lived life.Less
Numerous literary biographies of famous authors were normally shaped by the quantity and the nature of the surviving primary documentary evidences such as diaries, letters, notes of constructions, and descriptions of the commentaries. These sources not only shaped the nature of the biographies but also the biographical method adopted. This chapter discusses the nature of the biographical evidence. It examines how biographers who regard their work primarily as an historical investigation can deal with the hard and immovable fact that the sources on which they necessarily rely are normally likely to provide an unrepresentative record of the patterns of the lived life.
James D. Tracy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199209118
- eISBN:
- 9780191706134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199209118.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Holland's rebel towns could only be defended by garrisons of professional soldiers, paid on time. To this end the States of Holland appropriated the sole reliable revenue stream: the provincial taxes ...
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Holland's rebel towns could only be defended by garrisons of professional soldiers, paid on time. To this end the States of Holland appropriated the sole reliable revenue stream: the provincial taxes that had hitherto funded Holland's debt. The Lords States (as they styled themselves) induced creditors to accept unsecured notes (underline obligatiën), and town corporations got burghers to subscribe to war loans. To satisfy those impatient for repayment, magistrates (with approval from the states) used properties confiscated from the Catholic Church, or from loyalists who had chosen exile instead of joining in the rebellion. Just as the Habsburg government had depended on the provinces to manage its finances, the States of Holland now depended on the towns to manage provincial finances.Less
Holland's rebel towns could only be defended by garrisons of professional soldiers, paid on time. To this end the States of Holland appropriated the sole reliable revenue stream: the provincial taxes that had hitherto funded Holland's debt. The Lords States (as they styled themselves) induced creditors to accept unsecured notes (underline obligatiën), and town corporations got burghers to subscribe to war loans. To satisfy those impatient for repayment, magistrates (with approval from the states) used properties confiscated from the Catholic Church, or from loyalists who had chosen exile instead of joining in the rebellion. Just as the Habsburg government had depended on the provinces to manage its finances, the States of Holland now depended on the towns to manage provincial finances.
Emily Van Buskirk
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691166797
- eISBN:
- 9781400873777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691166797.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
This chapter treats Notes of a Blockade Person, a heterogeneous narrative in multiple parts that is not only Ginzburg's most important and famous “single” work, but also her most misinterpreted in ...
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This chapter treats Notes of a Blockade Person, a heterogeneous narrative in multiple parts that is not only Ginzburg's most important and famous “single” work, but also her most misinterpreted in terms of its genre—it is often taken for a diary or memoir. It conducts a detailed exploration of the layers of this palimpsest in order to identify more precisely the genre of Notes, an undertaking that crystallizes the central features of Ginzburg's writings as investigated throughout this book. Her techniques of self-distancing create a third-person narrative about a slightly generalized other, in a well-defined historical situation.Less
This chapter treats Notes of a Blockade Person, a heterogeneous narrative in multiple parts that is not only Ginzburg's most important and famous “single” work, but also her most misinterpreted in terms of its genre—it is often taken for a diary or memoir. It conducts a detailed exploration of the layers of this palimpsest in order to identify more precisely the genre of Notes, an undertaking that crystallizes the central features of Ginzburg's writings as investigated throughout this book. Her techniques of self-distancing create a third-person narrative about a slightly generalized other, in a well-defined historical situation.
Michael Potter
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199215836
- eISBN:
- 9780191721243
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215836.003.0029
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter reflects on the lesson learned about Wittgenstein's way of working and of thinking, about the influences on and of his work, and about how the Notes influenced the Tractatus itself. ...
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This chapter reflects on the lesson learned about Wittgenstein's way of working and of thinking, about the influences on and of his work, and about how the Notes influenced the Tractatus itself. Russell thought Wittgenstein's ideas in the Notes were ‘as good as anything that has ever been done in logic’, and devoted considerable time and effort to coaxing those ideas onto paper in the form of the Cambridge Notes, to translating the Birmingham Notes into English, and then to bringing the views both sets of notes contain to wider attention at Harvard and in London. But however persuaded Russell was by the details of Wittgenstein's conception, most of the underlying principles which guided it were so far from Russell's way of thinking that he never quite understood what they were. These guiding principles Wittgenstein owed to Frege, not to Russell.Less
This chapter reflects on the lesson learned about Wittgenstein's way of working and of thinking, about the influences on and of his work, and about how the Notes influenced the Tractatus itself. Russell thought Wittgenstein's ideas in the Notes were ‘as good as anything that has ever been done in logic’, and devoted considerable time and effort to coaxing those ideas onto paper in the form of the Cambridge Notes, to translating the Birmingham Notes into English, and then to bringing the views both sets of notes contain to wider attention at Harvard and in London. But however persuaded Russell was by the details of Wittgenstein's conception, most of the underlying principles which guided it were so far from Russell's way of thinking that he never quite understood what they were. These guiding principles Wittgenstein owed to Frege, not to Russell.
R.O.A.M. Lyne
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199203963
- eISBN:
- 9780191708237
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203963.003.0016
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This paper provides textual and interpretative notes on issues in poems 10, 28, 30, 34, 61, and 68 of Catullus.
This paper provides textual and interpretative notes on issues in poems 10, 28, 30, 34, 61, and 68 of Catullus.
Garry L. Hagberg
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199234226
- eISBN:
- 9780191715440
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234226.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Language
This chapter talks about philosophical pictures of thinking. It details dualistic presuppositions and the metaphysically-motivated search for inner processes. Augustine's Confessions and their ...
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This chapter talks about philosophical pictures of thinking. It details dualistic presuppositions and the metaphysically-motivated search for inner processes. Augustine's Confessions and their philosophical significance are discussed. The distinction between Augustine actually reflecting on his past versus the philosophical picture of Augustine introspecting/reflecting on his past is examined. Augustine in practice, being neither a proto-behaviourist nor a dualist, is talked about and the philosophical significance of Dostoevsky's Notes from Underground and on knowing one is e.g., in pain from one's own case, is discussed. It is argued that with regard to the constitution of the self, language is anything but an afterthought.Less
This chapter talks about philosophical pictures of thinking. It details dualistic presuppositions and the metaphysically-motivated search for inner processes. Augustine's Confessions and their philosophical significance are discussed. The distinction between Augustine actually reflecting on his past versus the philosophical picture of Augustine introspecting/reflecting on his past is examined. Augustine in practice, being neither a proto-behaviourist nor a dualist, is talked about and the philosophical significance of Dostoevsky's Notes from Underground and on knowing one is e.g., in pain from one's own case, is discussed. It is argued that with regard to the constitution of the self, language is anything but an afterthought.
Avery Dulles
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198266952
- eISBN:
- 9780191600555
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198266952.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
According to the Branch Theory, which was popular in nineteenth‐century England, the Catholic Church exists in three forms: Roman, Orthodox, and Anglican. In contrast to this view, the Catholic ...
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According to the Branch Theory, which was popular in nineteenth‐century England, the Catholic Church exists in three forms: Roman, Orthodox, and Anglican. In contrast to this view, the Catholic Church considers that, to be authentically Catholic, one must be in communion with Rome. The bishop of Rome presides over a communion of particular churches that have their own ecclesial identity under their respective bishops. Vatican II understands the bishop of Rome as being related to the other bishops analogously as Peter was to the other apostles. Some Lutherans, Anglicans, and Orthodox, perceiving the need for an effective primacy, favour the restoration, under certain conditions, of Roman primacy for their own churches. The link between the primatial office and the city of Rome rests upon a long historic tradition that seems destined to stand, though it is not inconceivable that the Petrine succession could be transferred to another see.Less
According to the Branch Theory, which was popular in nineteenth‐century England, the Catholic Church exists in three forms: Roman, Orthodox, and Anglican. In contrast to this view, the Catholic Church considers that, to be authentically Catholic, one must be in communion with Rome. The bishop of Rome presides over a communion of particular churches that have their own ecclesial identity under their respective bishops. Vatican II understands the bishop of Rome as being related to the other bishops analogously as Peter was to the other apostles. Some Lutherans, Anglicans, and Orthodox, perceiving the need for an effective primacy, favour the restoration, under certain conditions, of Roman primacy for their own churches. The link between the primatial office and the city of Rome rests upon a long historic tradition that seems destined to stand, though it is not inconceivable that the Petrine succession could be transferred to another see.
J.A. Burrow
- Published in print:
- 1984
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198111870
- eISBN:
- 9780191670657
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198111870.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
This chapter discusses four different notes on one of Chaucer's works, namely Sir Thopas. The notes discussed in this chapter are ‘An Agony in Three Fits’, ‘Listeth, Lordes’, ‘The Title Sir’, and ...
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This chapter discusses four different notes on one of Chaucer's works, namely Sir Thopas. The notes discussed in this chapter are ‘An Agony in Three Fits’, ‘Listeth, Lordes’, ‘The Title Sir’, and ‘Worly Under Wede’.Less
This chapter discusses four different notes on one of Chaucer's works, namely Sir Thopas. The notes discussed in this chapter are ‘An Agony in Three Fits’, ‘Listeth, Lordes’, ‘The Title Sir’, and ‘Worly Under Wede’.
Franz Neumann
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691134130
- eISBN:
- 9781400846467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691134130.003.0022
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter examines the problem of inflation in Germany. In 1914 the German government based its war finance program on the assumption that World War I would be short. No additional taxation was ...
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This chapter examines the problem of inflation in Germany. In 1914 the German government based its war finance program on the assumption that World War I would be short. No additional taxation was introduced. Loans were considered sufficient to cover the total war expenses. The government obtained the necessary cash by discounting treasury notes with the Reichsbank which, in turn, sold these notes to banks and large business firms. Every six months loans were floated to redeem the treasury notes. The chapter begins with a discussion of Germany's war financing during the period 1914–1924, focusing on the post-war budget deficit and reestablishment of free prices, depreciation of the mark, and stabilization of the currency. It then considers Nazi Germany's finances during the period 1933–1943, along with the inflation problem after the defeat of Germany in World War II.Less
This chapter examines the problem of inflation in Germany. In 1914 the German government based its war finance program on the assumption that World War I would be short. No additional taxation was introduced. Loans were considered sufficient to cover the total war expenses. The government obtained the necessary cash by discounting treasury notes with the Reichsbank which, in turn, sold these notes to banks and large business firms. Every six months loans were floated to redeem the treasury notes. The chapter begins with a discussion of Germany's war financing during the period 1914–1924, focusing on the post-war budget deficit and reestablishment of free prices, depreciation of the mark, and stabilization of the currency. It then considers Nazi Germany's finances during the period 1933–1943, along with the inflation problem after the defeat of Germany in World War II.
Michael Davies
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199242405
- eISBN:
- 9780191602405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242402.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
The theological frame of The Pilgrim’s Progress is one defined not by election and reprobation but by Bunyan’s covenant theology. Through characters such as Christian and Faithful, Despair and ...
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The theological frame of The Pilgrim’s Progress is one defined not by election and reprobation but by Bunyan’s covenant theology. Through characters such as Christian and Faithful, Despair and Ignorance, Bunyan’s soteriological concerns are centred in law, grace, and faith, rather than in predestination, as well as in the need for believers to understand and interpret the Word ‘gracefully’. Christian’s progress is a one of spiritual understanding, as well as of learning to avoid questions about one’s soterial status. This text also instructs the reader in interpretation. Bunyan’s choice of medium — allegorical dream vision — serves ideally to draw attention to interpretive practices and to privilege ontological over epistemological concerns. Bunyan’s use of marginal notes and of folk-tale motifs is discussed as limiting the reader’s imaginative indulgence in the allegory and its tendency towards ‘romance’.Less
The theological frame of The Pilgrim’s Progress is one defined not by election and reprobation but by Bunyan’s covenant theology. Through characters such as Christian and Faithful, Despair and Ignorance, Bunyan’s soteriological concerns are centred in law, grace, and faith, rather than in predestination, as well as in the need for believers to understand and interpret the Word ‘gracefully’. Christian’s progress is a one of spiritual understanding, as well as of learning to avoid questions about one’s soterial status. This text also instructs the reader in interpretation. Bunyan’s choice of medium — allegorical dream vision — serves ideally to draw attention to interpretive practices and to privilege ontological over epistemological concerns. Bunyan’s use of marginal notes and of folk-tale motifs is discussed as limiting the reader’s imaginative indulgence in the allegory and its tendency towards ‘romance’.
John W. Young
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198203674
- eISBN:
- 9780191675942
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203674.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter discusses the presidential race and the Stalin Note, which inevitably provoked the most intense debate in West Germany. This note was soon followed by a series of response notes, after ...
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This chapter discusses the presidential race and the Stalin Note, which inevitably provoked the most intense debate in West Germany. This note was soon followed by a series of response notes, after London, Paris, and Washington all agreed that a positive but conditional response to the Stalin Note was the wisest course in order to please public opinion. It also looks at Churchill's failing health, which prompted Conservative party members to urge him to retire.Less
This chapter discusses the presidential race and the Stalin Note, which inevitably provoked the most intense debate in West Germany. This note was soon followed by a series of response notes, after London, Paris, and Washington all agreed that a positive but conditional response to the Stalin Note was the wisest course in order to please public opinion. It also looks at Churchill's failing health, which prompted Conservative party members to urge him to retire.
GWILYM DODD
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199202805
- eISBN:
- 9780191708015
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199202805.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter considers the private petition in the heyday of its existence, during the reigns of Edward I and Edward II. This was the period when the greatest numbers of petitions came to be ...
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This chapter considers the private petition in the heyday of its existence, during the reigns of Edward I and Edward II. This was the period when the greatest numbers of petitions came to be submitted to parliament. The chapter is split into two sub-sections. Section i covers the growth of petitioning and the growth of bureaucracy and demonstrates the great expansion of parliamentary petitioning that took place in the early 14th century. It focuses in particular on the important administrative processes put into place in order to cope with the avalanche of petitionary business which flowed into parliament. Section ii discusses patterns of petitioning from 1297 to 1325, and uses the evidence of chancery warranty notes to reconstruct petitioning trends across the period and to relate these trends to the political circumstances of the time. The evidence suggests that the volume of petitioning fluctuated to extremes, often as a result of political instability or royal intransigence.Less
This chapter considers the private petition in the heyday of its existence, during the reigns of Edward I and Edward II. This was the period when the greatest numbers of petitions came to be submitted to parliament. The chapter is split into two sub-sections. Section i covers the growth of petitioning and the growth of bureaucracy and demonstrates the great expansion of parliamentary petitioning that took place in the early 14th century. It focuses in particular on the important administrative processes put into place in order to cope with the avalanche of petitionary business which flowed into parliament. Section ii discusses patterns of petitioning from 1297 to 1325, and uses the evidence of chancery warranty notes to reconstruct petitioning trends across the period and to relate these trends to the political circumstances of the time. The evidence suggests that the volume of petitioning fluctuated to extremes, often as a result of political instability or royal intransigence.
