John Tomaney
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263310
- eISBN:
- 9780191734144
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263310.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter points out that the Provinces of England begins by ‘rejecting the idea of an English parliament’ on the grounds that an English parliament would ‘dominate the federation in the manner ...
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This chapter points out that the Provinces of England begins by ‘rejecting the idea of an English parliament’ on the grounds that an English parliament would ‘dominate the federation in the manner that Prussia had dominated the German Empire before 1914’. It also charts the rise of regionalism in North-East England during the twentieth century. Additionally, it argues that after 1914 North-East voices were central to the promotion of regional concerns in England and played a pivotal role in the wider emergence of political regionalism. The political expression of regionalism shifted significantly during the twentieth century. C. B. Fawcett's essay was a distinctive (northern) English contribution to the debate about ‘Home Rule All Round’. It raises issues that had begun finally to be grappled with at the close of the twentieth century. The North-East became the archetypal ‘problem region’ and the focus of multiple ‘regional policies’ over the following decades. Moreover, the regionalism in the era of nationalisation is discussed. The particular identity of the region and the need for institutional innovation to address longstanding social and economic problems is then emphasized.Less
This chapter points out that the Provinces of England begins by ‘rejecting the idea of an English parliament’ on the grounds that an English parliament would ‘dominate the federation in the manner that Prussia had dominated the German Empire before 1914’. It also charts the rise of regionalism in North-East England during the twentieth century. Additionally, it argues that after 1914 North-East voices were central to the promotion of regional concerns in England and played a pivotal role in the wider emergence of political regionalism. The political expression of regionalism shifted significantly during the twentieth century. C. B. Fawcett's essay was a distinctive (northern) English contribution to the debate about ‘Home Rule All Round’. It raises issues that had begun finally to be grappled with at the close of the twentieth century. The North-East became the archetypal ‘problem region’ and the focus of multiple ‘regional policies’ over the following decades. Moreover, the regionalism in the era of nationalisation is discussed. The particular identity of the region and the need for institutional innovation to address longstanding social and economic problems is then emphasized.
Miranda Threlfall-Holmes
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199253814
- eISBN:
- 9780191719813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253814.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This introductory chapter begins by surveying received wisdom on medieval trade and the medieval economy, pointing out that little is known about the purchasing behaviour and motivations of medieval ...
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This introductory chapter begins by surveying received wisdom on medieval trade and the medieval economy, pointing out that little is known about the purchasing behaviour and motivations of medieval households as consumers. It then discusses the regional economic context of medieval north-east England. Durham was a relatively small market town compared to Newcastle-upon-Tyne (which this study reveals to have been a major regional hub) but had disproportionate political and ecclesiastical importance. This book uses the obedientiary accounts of Durham Cathedral Priory to analyse the economic activity of the monastery and region, and the obedientiary system of monastic administration is discussed in some detail. The Durham accounts have survived in unprecedented numbers, and this has made possible a detailed analysis of the priory's administrative strategies and accounting system in the late 15th century.Less
This introductory chapter begins by surveying received wisdom on medieval trade and the medieval economy, pointing out that little is known about the purchasing behaviour and motivations of medieval households as consumers. It then discusses the regional economic context of medieval north-east England. Durham was a relatively small market town compared to Newcastle-upon-Tyne (which this study reveals to have been a major regional hub) but had disproportionate political and ecclesiastical importance. This book uses the obedientiary accounts of Durham Cathedral Priory to analyse the economic activity of the monastery and region, and the obedientiary system of monastic administration is discussed in some detail. The Durham accounts have survived in unprecedented numbers, and this has made possible a detailed analysis of the priory's administrative strategies and accounting system in the late 15th century.
Miranda Threlfall-Holmes
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199253814
- eISBN:
- 9780191719813
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253814.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
The institutions of the Middle Ages are generally seen as tradition bound: Monks and Markets challenges that assumption. Durham's outstanding archive has allowed the uncovering of an unprecedented ...
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The institutions of the Middle Ages are generally seen as tradition bound: Monks and Markets challenges that assumption. Durham's outstanding archive has allowed the uncovering of an unprecedented level of detail about the purchasing strategies of one of England's foremost monasteries, and it is revealed that the monks were reflective, responsive, and innovative when required. If this is true of a large Benedictine monastery, it is likely to be true also for other medieval household economies for which comparable evidence does not exist. This study gives a unique insight into the nature of medieval consumer behaviour, which throughout history, and particularly from before the early modern period, remains a relatively neglected subject. Key elements of the monastic economy are explored, including the diet of the monks, the monastic administrative and accounting systems, the factors influencing their purchasing decisions, their use of the market and their exploitation of tenurial relationships, and their wide and diverse cohort of suppliers. The book also provides detailed analyses of the priory's purchasing and consumption of a wide range of goods, from staples such as grain to luxury imported goods such as wine and spices, and considers related issues including price movements, transport, and arrangements for payment and credit. The book provides a rare insight into the regional economy of north-east England from the point of view of a major consumer.Less
The institutions of the Middle Ages are generally seen as tradition bound: Monks and Markets challenges that assumption. Durham's outstanding archive has allowed the uncovering of an unprecedented level of detail about the purchasing strategies of one of England's foremost monasteries, and it is revealed that the monks were reflective, responsive, and innovative when required. If this is true of a large Benedictine monastery, it is likely to be true also for other medieval household economies for which comparable evidence does not exist. This study gives a unique insight into the nature of medieval consumer behaviour, which throughout history, and particularly from before the early modern period, remains a relatively neglected subject. Key elements of the monastic economy are explored, including the diet of the monks, the monastic administrative and accounting systems, the factors influencing their purchasing decisions, their use of the market and their exploitation of tenurial relationships, and their wide and diverse cohort of suppliers. The book also provides detailed analyses of the priory's purchasing and consumption of a wide range of goods, from staples such as grain to luxury imported goods such as wine and spices, and considers related issues including price movements, transport, and arrangements for payment and credit. The book provides a rare insight into the regional economy of north-east England from the point of view of a major consumer.
Matthew L. Holford and Keith J. Stringer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748632787
- eISBN:
- 9780748651405
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748632787.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This book examines the organisation of power and society in north-east England over two crucial centuries in the emergence of the English ‘state’. England is usually regarded as medieval Europe's ...
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This book examines the organisation of power and society in north-east England over two crucial centuries in the emergence of the English ‘state’. England is usually regarded as medieval Europe's most centralised kingdom, yet the North East was dominated by liberties — largely self-governing jurisdictions — that greatly restricted the English crown's direct authority in the region. These local polities receive here a comprehensive discussion; and their histories are crucial for understanding questions of state formation in frontier zones, regional distinctiveness, and local and national loyalties. The analysis focuses on liberties as both governmental entities and sources of socio-political and cultural identification. It also connects their development and their communities with a rich variety of forces, including the influence of the kings of Scots as lords of Tynedale, and the impact of protracted Anglo-Scottish warfare from 1296. Why did liberties enjoy such long-term relevance as governance structures? How far, and why, did the English monarchy respect their autonomous rights and status? By what means, and how successfully, were liberty identities created, sharpened and sustained? In addressing such issues, this study extends beyond regional history to make significant contributions to the ongoing mainstream debates about ‘state’, ‘society’, ‘identity’ and ‘community’.Less
This book examines the organisation of power and society in north-east England over two crucial centuries in the emergence of the English ‘state’. England is usually regarded as medieval Europe's most centralised kingdom, yet the North East was dominated by liberties — largely self-governing jurisdictions — that greatly restricted the English crown's direct authority in the region. These local polities receive here a comprehensive discussion; and their histories are crucial for understanding questions of state formation in frontier zones, regional distinctiveness, and local and national loyalties. The analysis focuses on liberties as both governmental entities and sources of socio-political and cultural identification. It also connects their development and their communities with a rich variety of forces, including the influence of the kings of Scots as lords of Tynedale, and the impact of protracted Anglo-Scottish warfare from 1296. Why did liberties enjoy such long-term relevance as governance structures? How far, and why, did the English monarchy respect their autonomous rights and status? By what means, and how successfully, were liberty identities created, sharpened and sustained? In addressing such issues, this study extends beyond regional history to make significant contributions to the ongoing mainstream debates about ‘state’, ‘society’, ‘identity’ and ‘community’.
Stephanie Ward
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719086809
- eISBN:
- 9781781705995
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719086809.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter serves as an historiographical introduction to the major themes of the book. It provides a critique of the historiography of the interwar depression and examines the evolution of studies ...
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This chapter serves as an historiographical introduction to the major themes of the book. It provides a critique of the historiography of the interwar depression and examines the evolution of studies of unemployed protest movements. The case for the value of regional comparative histories as a way of exploring the history of the depression is made. The regions of south Wales and the north-east of England are introduced. One of the purposes of the book is to compare the protests of the unemployed. To this end, the nature of industrialisation, work practices, trade unionism, political culture and gender relations within south Wales and the north-east are compared. The major themes of the work and the importance of examining the means test are outlined.Less
This chapter serves as an historiographical introduction to the major themes of the book. It provides a critique of the historiography of the interwar depression and examines the evolution of studies of unemployed protest movements. The case for the value of regional comparative histories as a way of exploring the history of the depression is made. The regions of south Wales and the north-east of England are introduced. One of the purposes of the book is to compare the protests of the unemployed. To this end, the nature of industrialisation, work practices, trade unionism, political culture and gender relations within south Wales and the north-east are compared. The major themes of the work and the importance of examining the means test are outlined.
Matthew Holford and Keith Stringer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748632787
- eISBN:
- 9780748651405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748632787.003.0100
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to examine lordship and society in the north-east of England in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. In part it explores ...
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This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to examine lordship and society in the north-east of England in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. In part it explores the workings of political life in the English Borders in ways that may usefully advance research into the structures and dynamics of medieval frontierlands. More particularly, by addressing the institutions and political cultures of medieval England beyond its metropolitan heartlands, it aims to achieve fresh perspectives on the realities of power and politics that underlay Westminster-centred orthodoxies about the English experience of ‘state-making’. The chapter then discusses the various liberties of the north-east.Less
This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to examine lordship and society in the north-east of England in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. In part it explores the workings of political life in the English Borders in ways that may usefully advance research into the structures and dynamics of medieval frontierlands. More particularly, by addressing the institutions and political cultures of medieval England beyond its metropolitan heartlands, it aims to achieve fresh perspectives on the realities of power and politics that underlay Westminster-centred orthodoxies about the English experience of ‘state-making’. The chapter then discusses the various liberties of the north-east.
Miranda Threlfall-Holmes
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199253814
- eISBN:
- 9780191719813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253814.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
Very little is known about the merchants trading in the north-east in this period. The Durham evidence provides an important insight into a cross section of the producers, manufacturers and traders ...
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Very little is known about the merchants trading in the north-east in this period. The Durham evidence provides an important insight into a cross section of the producers, manufacturers and traders active in the region in the late middle ages. Surprisingly, it is found that the priory sourced goods from a wide variety of merchants in each product category, and rarely had long or exclusive relationships with particular suppliers. Cloth provided a notable exception to this pattern. The wider relationships between the priory and its suppliers are discussed, with particular reference to those who appear in the Liber Vitae. Family groupings, locations, specialisms, and the gender of suppliers are considered, and there is a detailed case-study of the suppliers of cloth. It is found that whilst goods were bought from a wide area, the north-east region provided sufficient choice to satisfy the majority of the priory's needs.Less
Very little is known about the merchants trading in the north-east in this period. The Durham evidence provides an important insight into a cross section of the producers, manufacturers and traders active in the region in the late middle ages. Surprisingly, it is found that the priory sourced goods from a wide variety of merchants in each product category, and rarely had long or exclusive relationships with particular suppliers. Cloth provided a notable exception to this pattern. The wider relationships between the priory and its suppliers are discussed, with particular reference to those who appear in the Liber Vitae. Family groupings, locations, specialisms, and the gender of suppliers are considered, and there is a detailed case-study of the suppliers of cloth. It is found that whilst goods were bought from a wide area, the north-east region provided sufficient choice to satisfy the majority of the priory's needs.
Stephanie Ward
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719086809
- eISBN:
- 9781781705995
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719086809.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The conclusion explains the differences in the response to the means test in south Wales and the north-east of England and highlights the importance of place, topography and political culture. ...
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The conclusion explains the differences in the response to the means test in south Wales and the north-east of England and highlights the importance of place, topography and political culture. Conclusions are drawn about the significance of traditions of militancy, how the identity and the perception of the unemployed influenced leadership for collective action and how protest could be expressed through a variety of mediums and the impact of this. The central points about the lasting impact of the means test are placed within the context of the worldwide depression and the coming of the Second World War. Finally, the book ends with a discussion of the importance of history of the unemployed and how historians approach collective action from those groups on the margins of society.Less
The conclusion explains the differences in the response to the means test in south Wales and the north-east of England and highlights the importance of place, topography and political culture. Conclusions are drawn about the significance of traditions of militancy, how the identity and the perception of the unemployed influenced leadership for collective action and how protest could be expressed through a variety of mediums and the impact of this. The central points about the lasting impact of the means test are placed within the context of the worldwide depression and the coming of the Second World War. Finally, the book ends with a discussion of the importance of history of the unemployed and how historians approach collective action from those groups on the margins of society.
Chris Fowler
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199656370
- eISBN:
- 9780191804724
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199656370.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter examines Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England and their relationship with places and landscapes. In particular, it considers the sites chosen for ...
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This chapter examines Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England and their relationship with places and landscapes. In particular, it considers the sites chosen for mortuary activity, including the funerary transformation of the recently deceased, burial, intercession with the dead, and production of cemeteries and mounds. It first looks at the key features of landscapes of North-East England that became intertwined with mortuary activity before turning to an analysis of patterns where the dead were buried. It then discusses the changing character of places where the dead were assembled, including cemeteries, cairns, barrows, henges, sites with isolated burials, and rock shelters. Finally, the chapter explores the composition of and evidence for other activities at some of these locales to place the treatment of the dead within the context of other practices.Less
This chapter examines Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England and their relationship with places and landscapes. In particular, it considers the sites chosen for mortuary activity, including the funerary transformation of the recently deceased, burial, intercession with the dead, and production of cemeteries and mounds. It first looks at the key features of landscapes of North-East England that became intertwined with mortuary activity before turning to an analysis of patterns where the dead were buried. It then discusses the changing character of places where the dead were assembled, including cemeteries, cairns, barrows, henges, sites with isolated burials, and rock shelters. Finally, the chapter explores the composition of and evidence for other activities at some of these locales to place the treatment of the dead within the context of other practices.
Miranda Threlfall-Holmes
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199253814
- eISBN:
- 9780191719813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253814.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
Two main patterns of purchasing emerge from this analysis of the priory's accounts, the ‘tenurial’ and ‘market’ methods. This chapter addresses the first of these — the purchasing of goods via Durham ...
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Two main patterns of purchasing emerge from this analysis of the priory's accounts, the ‘tenurial’ and ‘market’ methods. This chapter addresses the first of these — the purchasing of goods via Durham Cathedral Priory's tenurial networks. This was especially important for basic foodstuffs such as grain, livestock, and some fish, as well as goods manufactured in the north-east of England. Such goods were mainly supplied by tenants of the priory, and were offset or credited against rents owing in the accounts. The analysis reveals the interrelationship between the priory as landlord and its tenants to have been exceptionally close, and to have been to both parties' advantage.Less
Two main patterns of purchasing emerge from this analysis of the priory's accounts, the ‘tenurial’ and ‘market’ methods. This chapter addresses the first of these — the purchasing of goods via Durham Cathedral Priory's tenurial networks. This was especially important for basic foodstuffs such as grain, livestock, and some fish, as well as goods manufactured in the north-east of England. Such goods were mainly supplied by tenants of the priory, and were offset or credited against rents owing in the accounts. The analysis reveals the interrelationship between the priory as landlord and its tenants to have been exceptionally close, and to have been to both parties' advantage.
Chris Fowler
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199656370
- eISBN:
- 9780191804724
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199656370.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter examines the patterns and diversity in Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices from North-East England. In particular, it looks at the deposition of human remains along with ...
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This chapter examines the patterns and diversity in Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices from North-East England. In particular, it looks at the deposition of human remains along with various artefacts and materials. By identifying artefacts and burials as belonging to certain types, the chapter reproduces inversions or packs objects into black boxes so they can circulate productively in the rest of the study. It also considers the shift from the deposition of corpses to cremation prior to deposition, along with changes in the attendant furniture and architecture of mortuary deposits resulting in different effects, experiences, and identities. In addition, it traces the chronological patterns in mortuary practices such as the continuing and changing uses of pottery, cists, graves, and pits. Finally, the chapter analyses the inclusion of flint and bronze knives and daggers with the dead from c.2200 BC and the use of burnt or burning wood at the site of deposition.Less
This chapter examines the patterns and diversity in Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices from North-East England. In particular, it looks at the deposition of human remains along with various artefacts and materials. By identifying artefacts and burials as belonging to certain types, the chapter reproduces inversions or packs objects into black boxes so they can circulate productively in the rest of the study. It also considers the shift from the deposition of corpses to cremation prior to deposition, along with changes in the attendant furniture and architecture of mortuary deposits resulting in different effects, experiences, and identities. In addition, it traces the chronological patterns in mortuary practices such as the continuing and changing uses of pottery, cists, graves, and pits. Finally, the chapter analyses the inclusion of flint and bronze knives and daggers with the dead from c.2200 BC and the use of burnt or burning wood at the site of deposition.
Chris Fowler
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199656370
- eISBN:
- 9780191804724
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199656370.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter examines themes emerging from Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England from a relational realist perspective. The discussion focuses on particular ...
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This chapter examines themes emerging from Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England from a relational realist perspective. The discussion focuses on particular regions in the assemblage as well as the haecceities of certain burials, places, and landscapes, along with the transformations involved in becoming dead. The chapter considers change through time and differing articulations of past and present, together with connections across space generated by prehistoric mortuary practices. It also explores how places, things, bodies, materials, and graves changed and persisted in differing ways throughout the period. Finally, it analyses changing rituals of personal transformation.Less
This chapter examines themes emerging from Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England from a relational realist perspective. The discussion focuses on particular regions in the assemblage as well as the haecceities of certain burials, places, and landscapes, along with the transformations involved in becoming dead. The chapter considers change through time and differing articulations of past and present, together with connections across space generated by prehistoric mortuary practices. It also explores how places, things, bodies, materials, and graves changed and persisted in differing ways throughout the period. Finally, it analyses changing rituals of personal transformation.
Chris Fowler
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199656370
- eISBN:
- 9780191804724
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199656370.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This book investigates the archaeology of Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England from a ‘relational realist’ perspective. It shows how archaeologists undertaking regional synthesis ...
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This book investigates the archaeology of Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England from a ‘relational realist’ perspective. It shows how archaeologists undertaking regional synthesis study an assemblage or entanglement along with prehistoric bones, objects, materials, and structures, as well as practices, materials, technologies, people, and ideas generated in subsequent periods. It also explores the mortuary deposits of human remains, materials and artefacts, together with the associated features and architecture, with emphasis on how each changed over time. In this introductory chapter, the value of relational realism in studying mortuary deposits from the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age North-East England (2500–1500 BC) is explained.Less
This book investigates the archaeology of Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England from a ‘relational realist’ perspective. It shows how archaeologists undertaking regional synthesis study an assemblage or entanglement along with prehistoric bones, objects, materials, and structures, as well as practices, materials, technologies, people, and ideas generated in subsequent periods. It also explores the mortuary deposits of human remains, materials and artefacts, together with the associated features and architecture, with emphasis on how each changed over time. In this introductory chapter, the value of relational realism in studying mortuary deposits from the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age North-East England (2500–1500 BC) is explained.
Helen Berry
Paul Collins and Charles Tripp (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780197266076
- eISBN:
- 9780191851469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266076.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This essay explores Gertrude Bell’s life and career from the broader perspective of women’s history in Britain. It presents new research that uncovers Bell’s little-known leadership of the northern ...
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This essay explores Gertrude Bell’s life and career from the broader perspective of women’s history in Britain. It presents new research that uncovers Bell’s little-known leadership of the northern branch of the Anti-Suffrage League, in the context of recent debates surrounding the various motivations women had to become involved in the fight against political equality. Any attempt to recover Bell as a feminist icon would seem misplaced, considering her own disavowal of ‘women’s causes’. And yet, this study argues that Bell refused to be constrained by the normative expectations of the day for women of her rank. Focusing on Bell’s early life, education and pre-First World War career, the chapter proposes that the tools of gender analysis provide a useful framework for analysing three aspects of Bell’s character that she herself deployed to succeed as a woman in the ‘man’s world’ of high politics and diplomacy: her imperialist politics, her class entitlement and her forceful personality.Less
This essay explores Gertrude Bell’s life and career from the broader perspective of women’s history in Britain. It presents new research that uncovers Bell’s little-known leadership of the northern branch of the Anti-Suffrage League, in the context of recent debates surrounding the various motivations women had to become involved in the fight against political equality. Any attempt to recover Bell as a feminist icon would seem misplaced, considering her own disavowal of ‘women’s causes’. And yet, this study argues that Bell refused to be constrained by the normative expectations of the day for women of her rank. Focusing on Bell’s early life, education and pre-First World War career, the chapter proposes that the tools of gender analysis provide a useful framework for analysing three aspects of Bell’s character that she herself deployed to succeed as a woman in the ‘man’s world’ of high politics and diplomacy: her imperialist politics, her class entitlement and her forceful personality.
Alan Marshall
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780719089688
- eISBN:
- 9781526135872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719089688.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter examines, in the significant contexts of contemporary plot mentalité and plot literature, a supposed plot to stage an armed rising on 12 October 1663, a rising in North-East England that ...
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This chapter examines, in the significant contexts of contemporary plot mentalité and plot literature, a supposed plot to stage an armed rising on 12 October 1663, a rising in North-East England that would begin across the counties of Yorkshire, Durham and Westmorland, and erupt into a nationwide rebellion. It raises questions as to whether the 1663 plot was — as it has been frequently depicted — a dangerous threat to the government by some ‘desperate men’, supporters of the ‘good old cause’, who wanted to bring back the English Republic. Or, can it be seen as a mere folie du jour from a few scattered and disgruntled dissenters? Or was it, as some thought at the time, a conveniently manufactured and exaggerated affair designed for public consumption by a government who were scaremongering for their own reasons? In effect, the chapter asks just how serious was this plot and its potential Northern rebellion.Less
This chapter examines, in the significant contexts of contemporary plot mentalité and plot literature, a supposed plot to stage an armed rising on 12 October 1663, a rising in North-East England that would begin across the counties of Yorkshire, Durham and Westmorland, and erupt into a nationwide rebellion. It raises questions as to whether the 1663 plot was — as it has been frequently depicted — a dangerous threat to the government by some ‘desperate men’, supporters of the ‘good old cause’, who wanted to bring back the English Republic. Or, can it be seen as a mere folie du jour from a few scattered and disgruntled dissenters? Or was it, as some thought at the time, a conveniently manufactured and exaggerated affair designed for public consumption by a government who were scaremongering for their own reasons? In effect, the chapter asks just how serious was this plot and its potential Northern rebellion.
Stephanie Ward
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719086809
- eISBN:
- 9781781705995
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719086809.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Unemployment and the State in Britain offers an important and original contribution to understandings of the 1930s. This is the first full-length study of the highly controversial household means ...
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Unemployment and the State in Britain offers an important and original contribution to understandings of the 1930s. This is the first full-length study of the highly controversial household means test introduced by the National Government in 1931. The means test was often at the centre of public and private debates about unemployment, and it generated the largest examples of street protests in the interwar period. The book examines the construction of the image of the means test and claims that it worsened the position of the long-term unemployed. The idea that the test led families to separate, malnutrition and ill health to increase and suicide rates to escalate ensured its lasting significance politically and culturally. How the unemployed responded to the measure and the wider impact of collective action is a central theme of this book. Through a comparative case study of south Wales and the north-east of England the nature of protest movements, the identity of the unemployed and the wider relationship between the working class, local authorities, the police and the government is explored. Based upon extensive primary research, this study will appeal to students and scholars of the depression, social movements, studies of the unemployed, social policy and interwar British society.Less
Unemployment and the State in Britain offers an important and original contribution to understandings of the 1930s. This is the first full-length study of the highly controversial household means test introduced by the National Government in 1931. The means test was often at the centre of public and private debates about unemployment, and it generated the largest examples of street protests in the interwar period. The book examines the construction of the image of the means test and claims that it worsened the position of the long-term unemployed. The idea that the test led families to separate, malnutrition and ill health to increase and suicide rates to escalate ensured its lasting significance politically and culturally. How the unemployed responded to the measure and the wider impact of collective action is a central theme of this book. Through a comparative case study of south Wales and the north-east of England the nature of protest movements, the identity of the unemployed and the wider relationship between the working class, local authorities, the police and the government is explored. Based upon extensive primary research, this study will appeal to students and scholars of the depression, social movements, studies of the unemployed, social policy and interwar British society.
Chris Fowler
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199656370
- eISBN:
- 9780191804724
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199656370.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter examines the relational nature of archaeological evidence by drawing key concepts from relational theories. More precisely, it considers different concepts that can be used in ...
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This chapter examines the relational nature of archaeological evidence by drawing key concepts from relational theories. More precisely, it considers different concepts that can be used in constructing a relational yet realist view of the world, particularly within the context of the ongoing chain of relationships that have produced both the corpus of Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary remains from North-East England and the interpretations of such remains. To this end, important terms used in relational thinking are defined and their usefulness and limitations are outlined. The theories discussed in this chapter largely reject a classical positivism and a ‘correspondence theory of truth’. After outlining the key theoretical and practical tenets of an archaeological relational realism, the chapter compares the many different ways that the relational nature of archaeological entities can be appreciated, with particular reference to assemblage, network, meshwork, entanglement, and phenomenon.Less
This chapter examines the relational nature of archaeological evidence by drawing key concepts from relational theories. More precisely, it considers different concepts that can be used in constructing a relational yet realist view of the world, particularly within the context of the ongoing chain of relationships that have produced both the corpus of Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary remains from North-East England and the interpretations of such remains. To this end, important terms used in relational thinking are defined and their usefulness and limitations are outlined. The theories discussed in this chapter largely reject a classical positivism and a ‘correspondence theory of truth’. After outlining the key theoretical and practical tenets of an archaeological relational realism, the chapter compares the many different ways that the relational nature of archaeological entities can be appreciated, with particular reference to assemblage, network, meshwork, entanglement, and phenomenon.
Chris Fowler
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199656370
- eISBN:
- 9780191804724
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199656370.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter examines various interpretations of Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England. More specifically, it considers the key conceptual frameworks in ...
More
This chapter examines various interpretations of Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England. More specifically, it considers the key conceptual frameworks in circulation and their relational emergence in archaeology. It also explores how specific anthropological or sociological concepts affect the interpretations of antiquarians and archaeologists, as well as the kinds of references produced based on those foundations, including ethnic and cultural groups, elites and chiefs, prestige, and social differentiation based on age and sex. Furthermore, it analyses the patterns in deposition and monumentalisation of burial grounds founded in religious belief, along with the co-emergence of different relations, different materials and persons, things, and places. Finally, the chapter describes mortuary practices as transformations effected through rites of passage.Less
This chapter examines various interpretations of Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England. More specifically, it considers the key conceptual frameworks in circulation and their relational emergence in archaeology. It also explores how specific anthropological or sociological concepts affect the interpretations of antiquarians and archaeologists, as well as the kinds of references produced based on those foundations, including ethnic and cultural groups, elites and chiefs, prestige, and social differentiation based on age and sex. Furthermore, it analyses the patterns in deposition and monumentalisation of burial grounds founded in religious belief, along with the co-emergence of different relations, different materials and persons, things, and places. Finally, the chapter describes mortuary practices as transformations effected through rites of passage.
Chris Fowler
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199656370
- eISBN:
- 9780191804724
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199656370.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This book has investigated Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England from a relational realist perspective. Through relational realism, the book has been able to ...
More
This book has investigated Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England from a relational realist perspective. Through relational realism, the book has been able to describe a region of reality produced by various actants and to shed light on an assemblage or an entanglement. Relational realism represents a new approach to archaeological interpretation and restates practices and principles that have long been the basis of how archaeology operates. Throughout this book, interpretations have been described as strongly or weakly articulated in recognition of the temporary and contingent nature of the assemblage. Finally, it has shown how the assemblage is drawn through time and how time itself emerges from the intra-actions within the assemblage.Less
This book has investigated Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England from a relational realist perspective. Through relational realism, the book has been able to describe a region of reality produced by various actants and to shed light on an assemblage or an entanglement. Relational realism represents a new approach to archaeological interpretation and restates practices and principles that have long been the basis of how archaeology operates. Throughout this book, interpretations have been described as strongly or weakly articulated in recognition of the temporary and contingent nature of the assemblage. Finally, it has shown how the assemblage is drawn through time and how time itself emerges from the intra-actions within the assemblage.
Chris Fowler
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199656370
- eISBN:
- 9780191804724
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199656370.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This book approaches archaeological research as an engagement within an assemblage — a particular configuration of materials, things, places, humans, animals, plants, techniques, technologies, ...
More
This book approaches archaeological research as an engagement within an assemblage — a particular configuration of materials, things, places, humans, animals, plants, techniques, technologies, forces, and ideas. The book develops a new interpretative method for that engagement, exploring how archaeological research can, and does, reconfigure each assemblage. Recognising the successive relationships that give rise to and reshaped assemblages over time, it proposes a relational realist understanding of archaeological evidence based on a reading of relational and non-representational theories, such as those presented by Karen Barad, Tim Ingold, and Bruno Latour. The volume explores this new approach through the first ever synthesis of Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England (c.2500–1500 BC), taking into account how different concepts and practices have changed the assemblage of Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in the past 200 years. The book argues that it is vital to retain the most valuable archaeological tools, such as typology, while developing an approach that focuses on the contingent, specific, and historical emergence of past phenomena. This study moves from analyses of changing types of mortuary practices and associated things and places, to a vivid discussion of how past relationships unfolded over time and gave rise to specific patterns in the material remains we have today.Less
This book approaches archaeological research as an engagement within an assemblage — a particular configuration of materials, things, places, humans, animals, plants, techniques, technologies, forces, and ideas. The book develops a new interpretative method for that engagement, exploring how archaeological research can, and does, reconfigure each assemblage. Recognising the successive relationships that give rise to and reshaped assemblages over time, it proposes a relational realist understanding of archaeological evidence based on a reading of relational and non-representational theories, such as those presented by Karen Barad, Tim Ingold, and Bruno Latour. The volume explores this new approach through the first ever synthesis of Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England (c.2500–1500 BC), taking into account how different concepts and practices have changed the assemblage of Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in the past 200 years. The book argues that it is vital to retain the most valuable archaeological tools, such as typology, while developing an approach that focuses on the contingent, specific, and historical emergence of past phenomena. This study moves from analyses of changing types of mortuary practices and associated things and places, to a vivid discussion of how past relationships unfolded over time and gave rise to specific patterns in the material remains we have today.
