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Anglo-Scottish Relations: A Borderland Perspective

John Tomaney

in Anglo-Scottish Relations, from 1900 to Devolution and Beyond

This chapter points out that the Provinces of England begins by ‘rejecting the idea of an English parliament’ on the grounds that an English parliament would ‘dominate the federation in the manner ... More

This chapter points out that the Provinces of England begins by ‘rejecting the idea of an English parliament’ on the grounds that an English parliament would ‘dominate the federation in the manner that Prussia had dominated the German Empire before 1914’. It also charts the rise of regionalism in North-East England during the twentieth century. Additionally, it argues that after 1914 North-East voices were central to the promotion of regional concerns in England and played a pivotal role in the wider emergence of political regionalism. The political expression of regionalism shifted significantly during the twentieth century. C. B. Fawcett's essay was a distinctive (northern) English contribution to the debate about ‘Home Rule All Round’. It raises issues that had begun finally to be grappled with at the close of the twentieth century. The North-East became the archetypal ‘problem region’ and the focus of multiple ‘regional policies’ over the following decades. Moreover, the regionalism in the era of nationalisation is discussed. The particular identity of the region and the need for institutional innovation to address longstanding social and economic problems is then emphasized.Less

Introduction and Context

Miranda Threlfall-Holmes

in Monks and Markets: Durham Cathedral Priory 1460-1520

This introductory chapter begins by surveying received wisdom on medieval trade and the medieval economy, pointing out that little is known about the purchasing behaviour and motivations of medieval ... More

This introductory chapter begins by surveying received wisdom on medieval trade and the medieval economy, pointing out that little is known about the purchasing behaviour and motivations of medieval households as consumers. It then discusses the regional economic context of medieval north-east England. Durham was a relatively small market town compared to Newcastle-upon-Tyne (which this study reveals to have been a major regional hub) but had disproportionate political and ecclesiastical importance. This book uses the obedientiary accounts of Durham Cathedral Priory to analyse the economic activity of the monastery and region, and the obedientiary system of monastic administration is discussed in some detail. The Durham accounts have survived in unprecedented numbers, and this has made possible a detailed analysis of the priory's administrative strategies and accounting system in the late 15th century.Less

The Suppliers of the Priory

Miranda Threlfall-Holmes

in Monks and Markets: Durham Cathedral Priory 1460-1520

Very little is known about the merchants trading in the north-east in this period. The Durham evidence provides an important insight into a cross section of the producers, manufacturers and traders ... More

Very little is known about the merchants trading in the north-east in this period. The Durham evidence provides an important insight into a cross section of the producers, manufacturers and traders active in the region in the late middle ages. Surprisingly, it is found that the priory sourced goods from a wide variety of merchants in each product category, and rarely had long or exclusive relationships with particular suppliers. Cloth provided a notable exception to this pattern. The wider relationships between the priory and its suppliers are discussed, with particular reference to those who appear in the Liber Vitae. Family groupings, locations, specialisms, and the gender of suppliers are considered, and there is a detailed case-study of the suppliers of cloth. It is found that whilst goods were bought from a wide area, the north-east region provided sufficient choice to satisfy the majority of the priory's needs.Less

Introduction

Stephanie Ward

in Unemployment and the state in Britain: The means test and protest in 1930s south Wales and north-east England

This chapter serves as an historiographical introduction to the major themes of the book. It provides a critique of the historiography of the interwar depression and examines the evolution of studies ... More

This chapter serves as an historiographical introduction to the major themes of the book. It provides a critique of the historiography of the interwar depression and examines the evolution of studies of unemployed protest movements. The case for the value of regional comparative histories as a way of exploring the history of the depression is made. The regions of south Wales and the north-east of England are introduced. One of the purposes of the book is to compare the protests of the unemployed. To this end, the nature of industrialisation, work practices, trade unionism, political culture and gender relations within south Wales and the north-east are compared. The major themes of the work and the importance of examining the means test are outlined.Less

Introduction

Matthew Holford and Keith Stringer

in Border Liberties and Loyalties: North-East England, c. 1200 to c. 1400

This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to examine lordship and society in the north-east of England in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. In part it explores ... More

This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to examine lordship and society in the north-east of England in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. In part it explores the workings of political life in the English Borders in ways that may usefully advance research into the structures and dynamics of medieval frontierlands. More particularly, by addressing the institutions and political cultures of medieval England beyond its metropolitan heartlands, it aims to achieve fresh perspectives on the realities of power and politics that underlay Westminster-centred orthodoxies about the English experience of ‘state-making’. The chapter then discusses the various liberties of the north-east.Less

Changing places, changing communities

Chris Fowler

in The Emergent Past: A Relational Realist Archaeology of Early Bronze Age Mortuary Practices

This chapter examines Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England and their relationship with places and landscapes. In particular, it considers the sites chosen for ... More

This chapter examines Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England and their relationship with places and landscapes. In particular, it considers the sites chosen for mortuary activity, including the funerary transformation of the recently deceased, burial, intercession with the dead, and production of cemeteries and mounds. It first looks at the key features of landscapes of North-East England that became intertwined with mortuary activity before turning to an analysis of patterns where the dead were buried. It then discusses the changing character of places where the dead were assembled, including cemeteries, cairns, barrows, henges, sites with isolated burials, and rock shelters. Finally, the chapter explores the composition of and evidence for other activities at some of these locales to place the treatment of the dead within the context of other practices.Less

Tenurial Purchasing

Miranda Threlfall-Holmes

in Monks and Markets: Durham Cathedral Priory 1460-1520

Two main patterns of purchasing emerge from this analysis of the priory's accounts, the ‘tenurial’ and ‘market’ methods. This chapter addresses the first of these — the purchasing of goods via Durham ... More

Two main patterns of purchasing emerge from this analysis of the priory's accounts, the ‘tenurial’ and ‘market’ methods. This chapter addresses the first of these — the purchasing of goods via Durham Cathedral Priory's tenurial networks. This was especially important for basic foodstuffs such as grain, livestock, and some fish, as well as goods manufactured in the north-east of England. Such goods were mainly supplied by tenants of the priory, and were offset or credited against rents owing in the accounts. The analysis reveals the interrelationship between the priory as landlord and its tenants to have been exceptionally close, and to have been to both parties' advantage.Less

Conclusion

Stephanie Ward

in Unemployment and the state in Britain: The means test and protest in 1930s south Wales and north-east England

The conclusion explains the differences in the response to the means test in south Wales and the north-east of England and highlights the importance of place, topography and political culture. ... More

The conclusion explains the differences in the response to the means test in south Wales and the north-east of England and highlights the importance of place, topography and political culture. Conclusions are drawn about the significance of traditions of militancy, how the identity and the perception of the unemployed influenced leadership for collective action and how protest could be expressed through a variety of mediums and the impact of this. The central points about the lasting impact of the means test are placed within the context of the worldwide depression and the coming of the Second World War. Finally, the book ends with a discussion of the importance of history of the unemployed and how historians approach collective action from those groups on the margins of society.Less

Between research and community development: Negotiating a contested space for collaboration and creativity

Sarah Banks, Andrea Armstrong, Anne Bonner, Yvonne Hall, Patrick Harman, Luke Johnston, Clare Levi, Kath Smith, and Ruth Taylor

in Co-Producing Research: A Community Development Approach

This chapter discusses the relationship between co-produced research and community development. In particular, it addresses longstanding debates about whether certain forms of co-produced research ... More

This chapter discusses the relationship between co-produced research and community development. In particular, it addresses longstanding debates about whether certain forms of co-produced research (especially participatory action research), are, in fact, indistinguishable from community development. This question is explored with reference to Imagine North East, a co-produced research project based in North East England, which was part of a larger programme of research on civic participation (Imagine – connecting communities through research). The chapter offers a critical analysis of three elements of Imagine North East: an academic-led study of community development from the 1970s to the present; starting with the national Community Development Projects in Benwell and North Shields; a series of community development projects undertaken by local community-based organisations; and the challenges and outcomes of a joint process of reflection and co-inquiry. It considers the role of co-produced research in challenging stigma, celebrating place and developing skills and community networks – all recognisable as community development processes and outcomes. It also discusses the difficult process of bringing together a disparate group of people in a co-inquiry group; the time taken to develop identities as practitioner-researchers; and the skills required to engage in a kind of ‘collaborative reflexivity’ whereby members of the group critically reflected together on the group’s role and dynamics.Less

Packing and unpacking black boxes: Pattern and diversity in Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices from North-East England

Chris Fowler

in The Emergent Past: A Relational Realist Archaeology of Early Bronze Age Mortuary Practices

This chapter examines the patterns and diversity in Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices from North-East England. In particular, it looks at the deposition of human remains along with ... More

This chapter examines the patterns and diversity in Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices from North-East England. In particular, it looks at the deposition of human remains along with various artefacts and materials. By identifying artefacts and burials as belonging to certain types, the chapter reproduces inversions or packs objects into black boxes so they can circulate productively in the rest of the study. It also considers the shift from the deposition of corpses to cremation prior to deposition, along with changes in the attendant furniture and architecture of mortuary deposits resulting in different effects, experiences, and identities. In addition, it traces the chronological patterns in mortuary practices such as the continuing and changing uses of pottery, cists, graves, and pits. Finally, the chapter analyses the inclusion of flint and bronze knives and daggers with the dead from c.2200 BC and the use of burnt or burning wood at the site of deposition.Less

Themes Emerging from Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Mortuary Practices in North-East England

Chris Fowler

in The Emergent Past: A Relational Realist Archaeology of Early Bronze Age Mortuary Practices

This chapter examines themes emerging from Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England from a relational realist perspective. The discussion focuses on particular ... More

This chapter examines themes emerging from Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England from a relational realist perspective. The discussion focuses on particular regions in the assemblage as well as the haecceities of certain burials, places, and landscapes, along with the transformations involved in becoming dead. The chapter considers change through time and differing articulations of past and present, together with connections across space generated by prehistoric mortuary practices. It also explores how places, things, bodies, materials, and graves changed and persisted in differing ways throughout the period. Finally, it analyses changing rituals of personal transformation.Less

Introduction

Chris Fowler

in The Emergent Past: A Relational Realist Archaeology of Early Bronze Age Mortuary Practices

This book investigates the archaeology of Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England from a ‘relational realist’ perspective. It shows how archaeologists undertaking regional synthesis ... More

This book investigates the archaeology of Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England from a ‘relational realist’ perspective. It shows how archaeologists undertaking regional synthesis study an assemblage or entanglement along with prehistoric bones, objects, materials, and structures, as well as practices, materials, technologies, people, and ideas generated in subsequent periods. It also explores the mortuary deposits of human remains, materials and artefacts, together with the associated features and architecture, with emphasis on how each changed over time. In this introductory chapter, the value of relational realism in studying mortuary deposits from the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age North-East England (2500–1500 BC) is explained.Less

Mobility Power and Labour Power in the Crisis of Imperialism

Tom Vickers

in Borders, Migration and Class in an Age of Crisis: Producing Immigrants and Workers

This chapter draws together the discussion in the previous chapters, by arguing that increasing restrictions on migration and on state welfare are part of the same process, in which the movement of ... More

This chapter draws together the discussion in the previous chapters, by arguing that increasing restrictions on migration and on state welfare are part of the same process, in which the movement of workers is placed under increasingly strict discipline through differential regimes that fraction the working class, to increase exploitation and contain the contradictions of the imperialist crisis. Marx’s concept of the ‘reserve army of labour’ is reinterpreted, together with insights from the autonomy of migration tradition, as a way of exploring differential forms of movement under constraint that are not necessarily limited to particular individuals. This analysis is tested and developed drawing on empirical research with new migrants in North East England, to conceptualise three ‘dynamics of precarity’.Less

Gertrude Bell: Pioneer, Anti-Suffragist, Feminist Icon?

Helen Berry

Paul Collins and Charles Tripp (eds)

in Gertrude Bell and Iraq: A life and legacy

This essay explores Gertrude Bell’s life and career from the broader perspective of women’s history in Britain. It presents new research that uncovers Bell’s little-known leadership of the northern ... More

This essay explores Gertrude Bell’s life and career from the broader perspective of women’s history in Britain. It presents new research that uncovers Bell’s little-known leadership of the northern branch of the Anti-Suffrage League, in the context of recent debates surrounding the various motivations women had to become involved in the fight against political equality. Any attempt to recover Bell as a feminist icon would seem misplaced, considering her own disavowal of ‘women’s causes’. And yet, this study argues that Bell refused to be constrained by the normative expectations of the day for women of her rank. Focusing on Bell’s early life, education and pre-First World War career, the chapter proposes that the tools of gender analysis provide a useful framework for analysing three aspects of Bell’s character that she herself deployed to succeed as a woman in the ‘man’s world’ of high politics and diplomacy: her imperialist politics, her class entitlement and her forceful personality.Less

Relational realism and the nature of archaeological evidence

Chris Fowler

in The Emergent Past: A Relational Realist Archaeology of Early Bronze Age Mortuary Practices

This chapter examines the relational nature of archaeological evidence by drawing key concepts from relational theories. More precisely, it considers different concepts that can be used in ... More

This chapter examines the relational nature of archaeological evidence by drawing key concepts from relational theories. More precisely, it considers different concepts that can be used in constructing a relational yet realist view of the world, particularly within the context of the ongoing chain of relationships that have produced both the corpus of Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary remains from North-East England and the interpretations of such remains. To this end, important terms used in relational thinking are defined and their usefulness and limitations are outlined. The theories discussed in this chapter largely reject a classical positivism and a ‘correspondence theory of truth’. After outlining the key theoretical and practical tenets of an archaeological relational realism, the chapter compares the many different ways that the relational nature of archaeological entities can be appreciated, with particular reference to assemblage, network, meshwork, entanglement, and phenomenon.Less

Theories as actants: Translating mortuary practice

Chris Fowler

in The Emergent Past: A Relational Realist Archaeology of Early Bronze Age Mortuary Practices

This chapter examines various interpretations of Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England. More specifically, it considers the key conceptual frameworks in ... More

This chapter examines various interpretations of Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England. More specifically, it considers the key conceptual frameworks in circulation and their relational emergence in archaeology. It also explores how specific anthropological or sociological concepts affect the interpretations of antiquarians and archaeologists, as well as the kinds of references produced based on those foundations, including ethnic and cultural groups, elites and chiefs, prestige, and social differentiation based on age and sex. Furthermore, it analyses the patterns in deposition and monumentalisation of burial grounds founded in religious belief, along with the co-emergence of different relations, different materials and persons, things, and places. Finally, the chapter describes mortuary practices as transformations effected through rites of passage.Less

The emergent past: Articulation, circulation, emergence, entanglement

Chris Fowler

in The Emergent Past: A Relational Realist Archaeology of Early Bronze Age Mortuary Practices

This book has investigated Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England from a relational realist perspective. Through relational realism, the book has been able to ... More

This book has investigated Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices in North-East England from a relational realist perspective. Through relational realism, the book has been able to describe a region of reality produced by various actants and to shed light on an assemblage or an entanglement. Relational realism represents a new approach to archaeological interpretation and restates practices and principles that have long been the basis of how archaeology operates. Throughout this book, interpretations have been described as strongly or weakly articulated in recognition of the temporary and contingent nature of the assemblage. Finally, it has shown how the assemblage is drawn through time and how time itself emerges from the intra-actions within the assemblage.Less

‘Plots’ and dissent: the abortive Northern Rebellion of 1663

Alan Marshall

in From Republic to Restoration: Legacies and Departures

This chapter examines, in the significant contexts of contemporary plot mentalité and plot literature, a supposed plot to stage an armed rising on 12 October 1663, a rising in North-East England that ... More

This chapter examines, in the significant contexts of contemporary plot mentalité and plot literature, a supposed plot to stage an armed rising on 12 October 1663, a rising in North-East England that would begin across the counties of Yorkshire, Durham and Westmorland, and erupt into a nationwide rebellion. It raises questions as to whether the 1663 plot was — as it has been frequently depicted — a dangerous threat to the government by some ‘desperate men’, supporters of the ‘good old cause’, who wanted to bring back the English Republic. Or, can it be seen as a mere folie du jour from a few scattered and disgruntled dissenters? Or was it, as some thought at the time, a conveniently manufactured and exaggerated affair designed for public consumption by a government who were scaremongering for their own reasons? In effect, the chapter asks just how serious was this plot and its potential Northern rebellion.Less