Margaret Urban Walker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195315394
- eISBN:
- 9780199872053
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315394.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
In Shame and Necessity, Bernard Williams uses the idea of a “necessary identity” ascribed to women to explain why ancient Greek society viewed the condition of slavery as coercive, but viewed the ...
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In Shame and Necessity, Bernard Williams uses the idea of a “necessary identity” ascribed to women to explain why ancient Greek society viewed the condition of slavery as coercive, but viewed the condition of women as inevitable. Williams fails to notice that female sex did not for the Greeks in itself constitute a social identity; rather, it is the fact of coercion into a social role that is denied in the case of women but not slaves. The key fact, then as now, is that justifying some people's subjection by others requires making coercion hard to recognize and easy to deny. Social arrangements that make identities appear necessary include naturalizing, privatizing, and normalizing the ascription of identities, and disqualifying the voice and testimony of those who bear them. Identities are made to appear necessary by a combination of force and epistemic rigging through physical, social, and legal arrangements.Less
In Shame and Necessity, Bernard Williams uses the idea of a “necessary identity” ascribed to women to explain why ancient Greek society viewed the condition of slavery as coercive, but viewed the condition of women as inevitable. Williams fails to notice that female sex did not for the Greeks in itself constitute a social identity; rather, it is the fact of coercion into a social role that is denied in the case of women but not slaves. The key fact, then as now, is that justifying some people's subjection by others requires making coercion hard to recognize and easy to deny. Social arrangements that make identities appear necessary include naturalizing, privatizing, and normalizing the ascription of identities, and disqualifying the voice and testimony of those who bear them. Identities are made to appear necessary by a combination of force and epistemic rigging through physical, social, and legal arrangements.
Cressida J. Heyes
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195310535
- eISBN:
- 9780199871445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310535.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
This chapter spells out how we might work on our embodied selves in ways that advance our freedom. To make this work, it is necessary to return to Michel Foucault's later writing, and reconstruct in ...
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This chapter spells out how we might work on our embodied selves in ways that advance our freedom. To make this work, it is necessary to return to Michel Foucault's later writing, and reconstruct in its most useful form the kind of ethics he endorses as well as the underdeveloped possibilities for a normatively inflected politics of the body to which it might inspire. Specifically, this chapter argues for what Richard Shusterman has termed “somaesthetics” as strategies of resistance to normalization. Examples of dieting or cosmetic surgeries demonstrate how asketic language is superficially deployed against normalization when in fact it often reinforces it. Finally, this chapter articulates some practices of working on oneself as an embodied subject that refuse the habituated trajectories of normalization and gesture toward an art of living which greater embodies freedom.Less
This chapter spells out how we might work on our embodied selves in ways that advance our freedom. To make this work, it is necessary to return to Michel Foucault's later writing, and reconstruct in its most useful form the kind of ethics he endorses as well as the underdeveloped possibilities for a normatively inflected politics of the body to which it might inspire. Specifically, this chapter argues for what Richard Shusterman has termed “somaesthetics” as strategies of resistance to normalization. Examples of dieting or cosmetic surgeries demonstrate how asketic language is superficially deployed against normalization when in fact it often reinforces it. Finally, this chapter articulates some practices of working on oneself as an embodied subject that refuse the habituated trajectories of normalization and gesture toward an art of living which greater embodies freedom.
Michael Spivey
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195170788
- eISBN:
- 9780199786831
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170788.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter promotes quantitative simulation as an important accompaniment to theoretical and experimental methods in dynamical approaches to understanding the mind. A mathematical introduction is ...
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This chapter promotes quantitative simulation as an important accompaniment to theoretical and experimental methods in dynamical approaches to understanding the mind. A mathematical introduction is provided to some simple dynamical systems, and a variety of recurrent neural network models are discussed. Special attention is paid to a localist attractor network, called “normalized recurrence”, that iteratively integrates probabilistic information and sends recurrent feedback to those information sources, thus modifying their activation pattern based on the evolving averaged bias. Versions of this model are used in a variety of simulations of experimental data in later chapters. The chapter ends with some discussion of the responsible limitations on a modeling component of any given research program.Less
This chapter promotes quantitative simulation as an important accompaniment to theoretical and experimental methods in dynamical approaches to understanding the mind. A mathematical introduction is provided to some simple dynamical systems, and a variety of recurrent neural network models are discussed. Special attention is paid to a localist attractor network, called “normalized recurrence”, that iteratively integrates probabilistic information and sends recurrent feedback to those information sources, thus modifying their activation pattern based on the evolving averaged bias. Versions of this model are used in a variety of simulations of experimental data in later chapters. The chapter ends with some discussion of the responsible limitations on a modeling component of any given research program.
W. M. Gorman
C. Blackorby and A. F. Shorrocks (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198285212
- eISBN:
- 9780191596322
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198285213.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This paper is from an unpublished typescript (1970) and is a straightforward elaboration of a referee report on a paper by Robert Pollak that was eventually published in Econometrica (1972). In the ...
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This paper is from an unpublished typescript (1970) and is a straightforward elaboration of a referee report on a paper by Robert Pollak that was eventually published in Econometrica (1972). In the paper, Gorman explores the restrictions on preferences arising from Pollak's notion of generalized additive separability. Pollak essentially defines a generalization of separability as a restriction on the form of the demand curves, shows that it is a true generalization, and, in some special cases, finds the corresponding restrictions on direct and indirect utility functions. This leaves open the question of the general form of preferences implied by the demand‐function restrictions, and it is this question that Gorman addresses. He determines the circumstances in which it would be optimal to make intrasector allocations that depend only upon sector‐specific normalized prices and some function of all normalized prices.Less
This paper is from an unpublished typescript (1970) and is a straightforward elaboration of a referee report on a paper by Robert Pollak that was eventually published in Econometrica (1972). In the paper, Gorman explores the restrictions on preferences arising from Pollak's notion of generalized additive separability. Pollak essentially defines a generalization of separability as a restriction on the form of the demand curves, shows that it is a true generalization, and, in some special cases, finds the corresponding restrictions on direct and indirect utility functions. This leaves open the question of the general form of preferences implied by the demand‐function restrictions, and it is this question that Gorman addresses. He determines the circumstances in which it would be optimal to make intrasector allocations that depend only upon sector‐specific normalized prices and some function of all normalized prices.
JACQUELINE CORCORAN
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195154306
- eISBN:
- 9780199864287
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154306.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter describes a template of the helping process for the strengths- and skill-building model, which includes engagement; exploration of the problem; exploration of the solution; goal-setting; ...
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This chapter describes a template of the helping process for the strengths- and skill-building model, which includes engagement; exploration of the problem; exploration of the solution; goal-setting; taking action; and evaluation and termination. Treatment phases exist as constructive parameters that serve to define activities and direct focus. For example, problem- and solution-finding opportunities are not necessarily linear; rather, strengths are identified and solution pathways constructed at all points in the process. Specific techniques, procedures, and principles are drawn from each of the three theories, solution-focused therapy, motivational interviewing, and cognitive-behavioral therapy.Less
This chapter describes a template of the helping process for the strengths- and skill-building model, which includes engagement; exploration of the problem; exploration of the solution; goal-setting; taking action; and evaluation and termination. Treatment phases exist as constructive parameters that serve to define activities and direct focus. For example, problem- and solution-finding opportunities are not necessarily linear; rather, strengths are identified and solution pathways constructed at all points in the process. Specific techniques, procedures, and principles are drawn from each of the three theories, solution-focused therapy, motivational interviewing, and cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Marie Muschalek
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501742859
- eISBN:
- 9781501742866
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501742859.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Slaps in the face, kicks, beatings, and other forms of run-of-the-mill violence were a quotidian part of life in German Southwest Africa at the beginning of the twentieth century. Unearthing this ...
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Slaps in the face, kicks, beatings, and other forms of run-of-the-mill violence were a quotidian part of life in German Southwest Africa at the beginning of the twentieth century. Unearthing this culture of normalized violence in a settler colony, this book uncovers the workings of a powerful state that was built in an improvised fashion by low-level state representatives. The book begins by providing a background on the power of everyday violence in the settler colony of German Southwest Africa. It explores the violent acts orchestrated by the police force (Landespolizei). Instead of being built primarily on formal, legal, and bureaucratic processes, the colonial state was produced by improvised, informal practices of violence. The book concludes with reflections on the nature of everyday violence in colonial Africa. Coming from multiple cultural groups, the African and German men of the Landespolizei shared a host of moral codes. The dynamics of violence were inscribed into a moral economy of the accepted and normal. The daily brutality of modern colonialism was a horrific injustice, but it was also a way of life with its own rules and regularities.Less
Slaps in the face, kicks, beatings, and other forms of run-of-the-mill violence were a quotidian part of life in German Southwest Africa at the beginning of the twentieth century. Unearthing this culture of normalized violence in a settler colony, this book uncovers the workings of a powerful state that was built in an improvised fashion by low-level state representatives. The book begins by providing a background on the power of everyday violence in the settler colony of German Southwest Africa. It explores the violent acts orchestrated by the police force (Landespolizei). Instead of being built primarily on formal, legal, and bureaucratic processes, the colonial state was produced by improvised, informal practices of violence. The book concludes with reflections on the nature of everyday violence in colonial Africa. Coming from multiple cultural groups, the African and German men of the Landespolizei shared a host of moral codes. The dynamics of violence were inscribed into a moral economy of the accepted and normal. The daily brutality of modern colonialism was a horrific injustice, but it was also a way of life with its own rules and regularities.
Peter Main
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199219469
- eISBN:
- 9780191722516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219469.003.0010
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
Reflection phases are essential for crystal structure solution but are not available experimentally. They can be estimated from probability and other relationships derived from known or assumed ...
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Reflection phases are essential for crystal structure solution but are not available experimentally. They can be estimated from probability and other relationships derived from known or assumed constraints on the electron density, such as its positivity and atomicity. Direct methods of estimating phases use normalized structure factors, appropriate for point atoms at rest, which are calculated from the observed amplitudes and some assumptions. Various direct methods are based on inequalities, determinants, and probability relationships for relationships among phases of reflections with related indices. This chapter introduces concepts such as triplet and quartet relationships, the tangent formula, structure invariants, and maximum entropy approaches. The main steps involved in a direct methods structure solution are outlined, including the assignment of starting phases, the use of figures of merit for recognising possible solutions, and the interpretation of electron density maps (E-maps).Less
Reflection phases are essential for crystal structure solution but are not available experimentally. They can be estimated from probability and other relationships derived from known or assumed constraints on the electron density, such as its positivity and atomicity. Direct methods of estimating phases use normalized structure factors, appropriate for point atoms at rest, which are calculated from the observed amplitudes and some assumptions. Various direct methods are based on inequalities, determinants, and probability relationships for relationships among phases of reflections with related indices. This chapter introduces concepts such as triplet and quartet relationships, the tangent formula, structure invariants, and maximum entropy approaches. The main steps involved in a direct methods structure solution are outlined, including the assignment of starting phases, the use of figures of merit for recognising possible solutions, and the interpretation of electron density maps (E-maps).
Jennifer Tyburczy
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226315102
- eISBN:
- 9780226315386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226315386.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Gender Studies
The introduction shows how all museums are already sex museums and makes periodization claims on how and why the book pinpoints key museum events to trace and structure a genealogy of debates about ...
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The introduction shows how all museums are already sex museums and makes periodization claims on how and why the book pinpoints key museum events to trace and structure a genealogy of debates about sex in museums. It defines key terms such “performance,” “museum,” “sex,” and “display” with display conceived of as a technique for disciplining sexuality both within and outside museums. The introduction also shows how the history of the normalizing force of the museum has always been paralleled by another history—a queer history—one in which the display of unruly objects of non-normative sex (and risk-taking curators) rebel against museum norms. Thus, in addition to forging a genealogy of the normalizing influence of the museum on the history of sexuality, the introduction also foregrounds display as a materialization of queer theory and as a form of queer praxis. The author’s methodology is likewise described as “queer praxis,” an interdisciplinary methodology for curatorial labor in museums and a mode for understanding the work of queer scholars through grounded research methods such as ethnography, interviews, participant observation, and self-reflexive approaches to archival research.Less
The introduction shows how all museums are already sex museums and makes periodization claims on how and why the book pinpoints key museum events to trace and structure a genealogy of debates about sex in museums. It defines key terms such “performance,” “museum,” “sex,” and “display” with display conceived of as a technique for disciplining sexuality both within and outside museums. The introduction also shows how the history of the normalizing force of the museum has always been paralleled by another history—a queer history—one in which the display of unruly objects of non-normative sex (and risk-taking curators) rebel against museum norms. Thus, in addition to forging a genealogy of the normalizing influence of the museum on the history of sexuality, the introduction also foregrounds display as a materialization of queer theory and as a form of queer praxis. The author’s methodology is likewise described as “queer praxis,” an interdisciplinary methodology for curatorial labor in museums and a mode for understanding the work of queer scholars through grounded research methods such as ethnography, interviews, participant observation, and self-reflexive approaches to archival research.
Joseph N. Straus
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199766451
- eISBN:
- 9780199895007
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199766451.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Popular, Philosophy of Music
This book studies the impact of disability and concepts of disability on composers, performers, and listeners with disabilities, as well as on discourse about music and works of music themselves. ...
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This book studies the impact of disability and concepts of disability on composers, performers, and listeners with disabilities, as well as on discourse about music and works of music themselves. Critical response to music by composers with disabilities has tracked changing conceptualizations of disability, as divine affliction, divine afflatus, medical pathology, and affirmative identity. The same is true for performers with disabilities: disability, like music, is something they learn to perform, and they do so in accordance with well established cultural scripts. Music itself may convey narratives about disability, including a familiar narrative of disability heroically and inspirationally overcome. The language that music theorists have traditionally used to describe music is pervaded by metaphors of disability and traditional music theory is essentially a normalizing enterprise. Finally, listeners with disabilities may find that their ways of listening are inflected by their nonnormative embodiment, resulting in various forms of disablist hearing.Less
This book studies the impact of disability and concepts of disability on composers, performers, and listeners with disabilities, as well as on discourse about music and works of music themselves. Critical response to music by composers with disabilities has tracked changing conceptualizations of disability, as divine affliction, divine afflatus, medical pathology, and affirmative identity. The same is true for performers with disabilities: disability, like music, is something they learn to perform, and they do so in accordance with well established cultural scripts. Music itself may convey narratives about disability, including a familiar narrative of disability heroically and inspirationally overcome. The language that music theorists have traditionally used to describe music is pervaded by metaphors of disability and traditional music theory is essentially a normalizing enterprise. Finally, listeners with disabilities may find that their ways of listening are inflected by their nonnormative embodiment, resulting in various forms of disablist hearing.
E. J. N. Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198508298
- eISBN:
- 9780191706363
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508298.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter opens with a discussion of Liouville's theorem—a conservation principle that applies to the area of phase space, usually an ellipse, occupied by a beam. In the transverse phase plane, ...
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This chapter opens with a discussion of Liouville's theorem—a conservation principle that applies to the area of phase space, usually an ellipse, occupied by a beam. In the transverse phase plane, this area—the product of displacement and divergence—is called the emittance. Emittance is strictly conserved only in the canonical coordinates, but we may consider it to be conserved at a particular energy. For a proton beam, we can define a normalised emittance invariant during acceleration to high energy by multiplying it by the Lorenz variables, beta and gamma. A proton beam's emittance shrinks during acceleration and, to economise on magnet aperture, one can design a chain of accelerators, the higher energy rings having smaller aperture. The chapter also describes how emittance and betatron frequency may be measured. Emittance of electron beams is a balance between quantum excitation and damping.Less
This chapter opens with a discussion of Liouville's theorem—a conservation principle that applies to the area of phase space, usually an ellipse, occupied by a beam. In the transverse phase plane, this area—the product of displacement and divergence—is called the emittance. Emittance is strictly conserved only in the canonical coordinates, but we may consider it to be conserved at a particular energy. For a proton beam, we can define a normalised emittance invariant during acceleration to high energy by multiplying it by the Lorenz variables, beta and gamma. A proton beam's emittance shrinks during acceleration and, to economise on magnet aperture, one can design a chain of accelerators, the higher energy rings having smaller aperture. The chapter also describes how emittance and betatron frequency may be measured. Emittance of electron beams is a balance between quantum excitation and damping.
Joseph N. Straus
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199766451
- eISBN:
- 9780199895007
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199766451.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, Popular, Philosophy of Music
Beginning around 1800, composers evoke disability in the form of “tonal problems” (i. e. non-normative melodic or harmonic events) and then construct a musical narrative in which the disability is ...
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Beginning around 1800, composers evoke disability in the form of “tonal problems” (i. e. non-normative melodic or harmonic events) and then construct a musical narrative in which the disability is overcome, the abnormal element is tonally normalized. In certain works by Beethoven, especially those of his middle period (his so-called “heroic” period), this narrative of disability overcome reflects both the contemporary history of disability (the emergence of institutions designed to remediate disability and a concurrent shift of attitude toward disability) and Beethoven’s own efforts to come to terms with his emerging deafness.Less
Beginning around 1800, composers evoke disability in the form of “tonal problems” (i. e. non-normative melodic or harmonic events) and then construct a musical narrative in which the disability is overcome, the abnormal element is tonally normalized. In certain works by Beethoven, especially those of his middle period (his so-called “heroic” period), this narrative of disability overcome reflects both the contemporary history of disability (the emergence of institutions designed to remediate disability and a concurrent shift of attitude toward disability) and Beethoven’s own efforts to come to terms with his emerging deafness.
Joseph N. Straus
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199766451
- eISBN:
- 9780199895007
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199766451.003.0007
- Subject:
- Music, Popular, Philosophy of Music
Prevailing music theoretical models imagine a work of music as a metaphorical body susceptible to disabling conditions of one kind or another. These theories set themselves the task of normalizing ...
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Prevailing music theoretical models imagine a work of music as a metaphorical body susceptible to disabling conditions of one kind or another. These theories set themselves the task of normalizing non-normative events within a subsuming explanatory framework. In the process, entire repertoires (such as atonality) may be characterized as disabled in some respect. Hepokoski/Darcy and formal “deformation”; Schenker and normalization (motion and “paralysis”); Lewin and symmetrical balance.Less
Prevailing music theoretical models imagine a work of music as a metaphorical body susceptible to disabling conditions of one kind or another. These theories set themselves the task of normalizing non-normative events within a subsuming explanatory framework. In the process, entire repertoires (such as atonality) may be characterized as disabled in some respect. Hepokoski/Darcy and formal “deformation”; Schenker and normalization (motion and “paralysis”); Lewin and symmetrical balance.
Xiaodong Zou, Sven Hovmöller, and Peter Oleynikov
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199580200
- eISBN:
- 9780191731211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580200.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
The principles of how to solve crystal structures from electron diffraction (ED) data are described. Recording and quantification of ED data is not trivial, considering the sharp diffraction spots ...
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The principles of how to solve crystal structures from electron diffraction (ED) data are described. Recording and quantification of ED data is not trivial, considering the sharp diffraction spots that easily saturate the detector. The importance of using thin crystals is stressed. The phase problem in diffraction is presented and how it can be solved by various techniques, such as direct methods using triple relations, the Patterson function, charge flipping and the strong-reflections approach. Origin specification and semi-invariants, normalized structure factors and the Wilson plot are all described in detail.Less
The principles of how to solve crystal structures from electron diffraction (ED) data are described. Recording and quantification of ED data is not trivial, considering the sharp diffraction spots that easily saturate the detector. The importance of using thin crystals is stressed. The phase problem in diffraction is presented and how it can be solved by various techniques, such as direct methods using triple relations, the Patterson function, charge flipping and the strong-reflections approach. Origin specification and semi-invariants, normalized structure factors and the Wilson plot are all described in detail.
Seán Kennedy
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781474460460
- eISBN:
- 9781474490801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474460460.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
This chapter introduces Beckett beyond the Normal. It argues that Beckett’s writing before World War Two was influenced by his experience of mental illness and psychoanalytic therapy. He was ...
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This chapter introduces Beckett beyond the Normal. It argues that Beckett’s writing before World War Two was influenced by his experience of mental illness and psychoanalytic therapy. He was invalidated by illness, alienated from Ireland’s normalising society, and turned to writing to express his struggles in artistic form. After the war, he saw how Hitler’s Nazis and the Stalinist purges had changed everything, and began to search for a new form of art that could accommodate the mess.Less
This chapter introduces Beckett beyond the Normal. It argues that Beckett’s writing before World War Two was influenced by his experience of mental illness and psychoanalytic therapy. He was invalidated by illness, alienated from Ireland’s normalising society, and turned to writing to express his struggles in artistic form. After the war, he saw how Hitler’s Nazis and the Stalinist purges had changed everything, and began to search for a new form of art that could accommodate the mess.
Nathalie Pettorelli
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199693160
- eISBN:
- 9780191810145
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199693160.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
There has been a recent surge of interest in remote sensing and its use in ecology and conservation. This book focuses explicitly on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a simple ...
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There has been a recent surge of interest in remote sensing and its use in ecology and conservation. This book focuses explicitly on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a simple numerical indicator and powerful tool that can be used to assess spatio-temporal changes in green vegetation. The NDVI opens the possibility of addressing questions on scales inaccessible to ground-based methods alone; it is mostly freely available with global coverage over several decades. This text provides an authoritative overview of the principles and possible applications of the NDVI in ecology, environmental and wildlife management, and conservation. NDVI data can provide valuable information about temporal and spatial changes in vegetation distribution, productivity, and dynamics; allowing monitoring of habitat degradation and fragmentation, or assessment of the ecological effects of climatic disasters such as drought or fire. The NDVI has also provided ecologists with a promising way to couple vegetation with animal distribution, abundance, movement, survival and reproductive parameters. Over the last few decades, numerous studies have highlighted the potential key role of satellite data and the NDVI in macroecology, plant ecology, animal population dynamics, environmental monitoring, habitat selection and habitat use studies, and paleoecology. The chapters are organized around two sections: the first detailing vegetation indices and the NDVI, the principles behind the NDVI, its correlation with climate, the available NDVI datasets, and the possible complications and errors associated with the use of this satellite-based vegetation index. The second section discusses the possible applications of the NDVI in ecology, environmental and wildlife management, and conservation.Less
There has been a recent surge of interest in remote sensing and its use in ecology and conservation. This book focuses explicitly on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a simple numerical indicator and powerful tool that can be used to assess spatio-temporal changes in green vegetation. The NDVI opens the possibility of addressing questions on scales inaccessible to ground-based methods alone; it is mostly freely available with global coverage over several decades. This text provides an authoritative overview of the principles and possible applications of the NDVI in ecology, environmental and wildlife management, and conservation. NDVI data can provide valuable information about temporal and spatial changes in vegetation distribution, productivity, and dynamics; allowing monitoring of habitat degradation and fragmentation, or assessment of the ecological effects of climatic disasters such as drought or fire. The NDVI has also provided ecologists with a promising way to couple vegetation with animal distribution, abundance, movement, survival and reproductive parameters. Over the last few decades, numerous studies have highlighted the potential key role of satellite data and the NDVI in macroecology, plant ecology, animal population dynamics, environmental monitoring, habitat selection and habitat use studies, and paleoecology. The chapters are organized around two sections: the first detailing vegetation indices and the NDVI, the principles behind the NDVI, its correlation with climate, the available NDVI datasets, and the possible complications and errors associated with the use of this satellite-based vegetation index. The second section discusses the possible applications of the NDVI in ecology, environmental and wildlife management, and conservation.
Saverio Tomaiuolo
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748641154
- eISBN:
- 9780748651665
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748641154.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This chapter focuses on John Faunce, a ‘Holmesian’ inspector, as well as his ‘normalising’ detections in His Darling Sin and Rough Justice, and shows Braddon’s transition from a mid-century sensation ...
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This chapter focuses on John Faunce, a ‘Holmesian’ inspector, as well as his ‘normalising’ detections in His Darling Sin and Rough Justice, and shows Braddon’s transition from a mid-century sensation novelist to an author of traditional detective fictions. It also stresses that this transition does not imply a complete break with the sensation novel and the dismissal of the Lady Audley paradigm.Less
This chapter focuses on John Faunce, a ‘Holmesian’ inspector, as well as his ‘normalising’ detections in His Darling Sin and Rough Justice, and shows Braddon’s transition from a mid-century sensation novelist to an author of traditional detective fictions. It also stresses that this transition does not imply a complete break with the sensation novel and the dismissal of the Lady Audley paradigm.
Cecilia Menjívar
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520267664
- eISBN:
- 9780520948419
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520267664.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter discusses the conceptual framework for the analysis of violence. The conceptual framework includes structural, political, symbolic, everyday, and gendered violence. It introduces the ...
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This chapter discusses the conceptual framework for the analysis of violence. The conceptual framework includes structural, political, symbolic, everyday, and gendered violence. It introduces the study participants, who are Guatemalan women, and lays out the components of the framework to illustrate the different forms of violence and the normalization of each form. In this chapter, three points are clarified. First, the multiple forms of violence never occur in isolation. Second, violence is normalized in the women's everyday lives. Third, not all societies recognize the normalized violence against women as violent either in its origins or in its effects.Less
This chapter discusses the conceptual framework for the analysis of violence. The conceptual framework includes structural, political, symbolic, everyday, and gendered violence. It introduces the study participants, who are Guatemalan women, and lays out the components of the framework to illustrate the different forms of violence and the normalization of each form. In this chapter, three points are clarified. First, the multiple forms of violence never occur in isolation. Second, violence is normalized in the women's everyday lives. Third, not all societies recognize the normalized violence against women as violent either in its origins or in its effects.
Anchrit Wille
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199665693
- eISBN:
- 9780191755989
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199665693.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The architects of the Commission conceived of the institution as a technocratic body, relatively independent of national and supranational control. Yet the EU Commission has become increasingly ...
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The architects of the Commission conceived of the institution as a technocratic body, relatively independent of national and supranational control. Yet the EU Commission has become increasingly ‘normalized’ in the past years. The issues the EU is wrestling with have changed during the past fifty years; the governing agenda of the European Commission is being transformed; newly emerging contexts have put new political demands and pressures on the working of the Commission in terms of its political executive function and its bureaucracy. In this concluding chapter, the features of this normalization are summarized and placed in a broader context. The chapter starts with an outline of the key features of this ‘normalized’ EU executive. Next, a comparison is made between the Commission and other international and national executives, and the chapter concludes with a sketch of the new accountability regime.Less
The architects of the Commission conceived of the institution as a technocratic body, relatively independent of national and supranational control. Yet the EU Commission has become increasingly ‘normalized’ in the past years. The issues the EU is wrestling with have changed during the past fifty years; the governing agenda of the European Commission is being transformed; newly emerging contexts have put new political demands and pressures on the working of the Commission in terms of its political executive function and its bureaucracy. In this concluding chapter, the features of this normalization are summarized and placed in a broader context. The chapter starts with an outline of the key features of this ‘normalized’ EU executive. Next, a comparison is made between the Commission and other international and national executives, and the chapter concludes with a sketch of the new accountability regime.
Nina Gren
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9789774166952
- eISBN:
- 9781617976568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774166952.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
Chapter 2 investigates some themes related to resilience and ‘an extended normality’ under crisis. In the political void the camp inhabitants found themselves in, some events and behavior related to ...
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Chapter 2 investigates some themes related to resilience and ‘an extended normality’ under crisis. In the political void the camp inhabitants found themselves in, some events and behavior related to the violence that in ‘non-occupied time’ would be considered abnormal needed to be reframed as normal to be rendered manageable. On the other hand, some events, such as violent and premature deaths of fellow Palestinians, remained extraordinary and were therefore accentuated by the belief in martyrdom so as to be comprehensible and at least partly meaningful. The main argument is that normalizing processes were not without contradictions and that Dheishehans were thrown between extremes. The chapter also discusses the challenges, for instance, outbreaks of panic and deep mistrust, which emerged as camp inhabitants attempted to maintain hope and personal sanity and failed to deal with calamities. The local concept sumud is discussed as an important tool when practicing resilience.Less
Chapter 2 investigates some themes related to resilience and ‘an extended normality’ under crisis. In the political void the camp inhabitants found themselves in, some events and behavior related to the violence that in ‘non-occupied time’ would be considered abnormal needed to be reframed as normal to be rendered manageable. On the other hand, some events, such as violent and premature deaths of fellow Palestinians, remained extraordinary and were therefore accentuated by the belief in martyrdom so as to be comprehensible and at least partly meaningful. The main argument is that normalizing processes were not without contradictions and that Dheishehans were thrown between extremes. The chapter also discusses the challenges, for instance, outbreaks of panic and deep mistrust, which emerged as camp inhabitants attempted to maintain hope and personal sanity and failed to deal with calamities. The local concept sumud is discussed as an important tool when practicing resilience.
Renée L. Beard
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781479800117
- eISBN:
- 9781479855377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479800117.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter depicts the subjective experience of being cognitively evaluated for Alzheimer’s at specialty clinics, which arguably amounts to a degradation ceremony. Drawing on medical sociology’s ...
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This chapter depicts the subjective experience of being cognitively evaluated for Alzheimer’s at specialty clinics, which arguably amounts to a degradation ceremony. Drawing on medical sociology’s long history of research on the effect and socially contingent nature of various medical conditions, technologies, and the sciences more broadly, findings demonstrate the myriad factors influencing the interactions between science and its technologies on the one hand, and people seeking medical care on the other. The common experience of cognitive evaluation is one of feeling exposed, confused, and overwhelmed. Everyday personal struggles to manage awkward and foreign symptoms are mirrored by the environment in which patients find themselves evaluated and the highly standardized battery of tests and clinical interactions they experience. Individuals being evaluated thus utilize various strategies to minimize social awkwardness and normalize clinical interactions.Less
This chapter depicts the subjective experience of being cognitively evaluated for Alzheimer’s at specialty clinics, which arguably amounts to a degradation ceremony. Drawing on medical sociology’s long history of research on the effect and socially contingent nature of various medical conditions, technologies, and the sciences more broadly, findings demonstrate the myriad factors influencing the interactions between science and its technologies on the one hand, and people seeking medical care on the other. The common experience of cognitive evaluation is one of feeling exposed, confused, and overwhelmed. Everyday personal struggles to manage awkward and foreign symptoms are mirrored by the environment in which patients find themselves evaluated and the highly standardized battery of tests and clinical interactions they experience. Individuals being evaluated thus utilize various strategies to minimize social awkwardness and normalize clinical interactions.
