Donna Harrington
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195339888
- eISBN:
- 9780199863662
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195339888.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter presents the requirements for conducting a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Types of missing data, as well as methods of checking for and addressing missing data, such as imputation, ...
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This chapter presents the requirements for conducting a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Types of missing data, as well as methods of checking for and addressing missing data, such as imputation, are addressed. Normality is also discussed, including how to assess univariate and multivariate normality as well as estimation methods for non-normal data. Finally, approaches to determining the sample size needed for CFA, such as rules of thumb, the Satorra–Saris method, the MacCallum approach, and the Monte Carlo approach are introduced. Because these issues are quite technical, a brief introduction and suggestions for ways to address each issue, as well as suggested readings for additional information, are provided.Less
This chapter presents the requirements for conducting a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Types of missing data, as well as methods of checking for and addressing missing data, such as imputation, are addressed. Normality is also discussed, including how to assess univariate and multivariate normality as well as estimation methods for non-normal data. Finally, approaches to determining the sample size needed for CFA, such as rules of thumb, the Satorra–Saris method, the MacCallum approach, and the Monte Carlo approach are introduced. Because these issues are quite technical, a brief introduction and suggestions for ways to address each issue, as well as suggested readings for additional information, are provided.
Corey Ross
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199278213
- eISBN:
- 9780191707933
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278213.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter shows how the war years witnessed a dramatic intensification of the ongoing tension between the integrative and disaggregating social potential of the mass media. On the one hand, the ...
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This chapter shows how the war years witnessed a dramatic intensification of the ongoing tension between the integrative and disaggregating social potential of the mass media. On the one hand, the overall trend towards a more ‘common culture’ saw its apogee during the early years of the war as popular demand for film, radio, and the press soared. On the other hand, after 1942/3 the socially divisive potential of the media once again came to the fore in terms of content as well as the radical shifts in the wider societal context and how the media were consumed by audiences. Whereas the early war years witnessed an unprecedented social integration of audiences, after 1942 patterns of leisure and media consumption reflected the multiplying signs of social disintegration on the German home front.Less
This chapter shows how the war years witnessed a dramatic intensification of the ongoing tension between the integrative and disaggregating social potential of the mass media. On the one hand, the overall trend towards a more ‘common culture’ saw its apogee during the early years of the war as popular demand for film, radio, and the press soared. On the other hand, after 1942/3 the socially divisive potential of the media once again came to the fore in terms of content as well as the radical shifts in the wider societal context and how the media were consumed by audiences. Whereas the early war years witnessed an unprecedented social integration of audiences, after 1942 patterns of leisure and media consumption reflected the multiplying signs of social disintegration on the German home front.
Joseph Mendola
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199534999
- eISBN:
- 9780191715969
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534999.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter discusses externalist theories of mental content that do not involve the mediation of thought by language and in which history is not crucial. It argues that the asymmetric dependence ...
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This chapter discusses externalist theories of mental content that do not involve the mediation of thought by language and in which history is not crucial. It argues that the asymmetric dependence semantics of Fodor is false, and it critically considers other mind-based accounts of proper semantic causes, including the normality account of Harman, Stampe, Stalnaker, and Tye, partly by appeal to facts about color blindness.Less
This chapter discusses externalist theories of mental content that do not involve the mediation of thought by language and in which history is not crucial. It argues that the asymmetric dependence semantics of Fodor is false, and it critically considers other mind-based accounts of proper semantic causes, including the normality account of Harman, Stampe, Stalnaker, and Tye, partly by appeal to facts about color blindness.
Catriona Pennell
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199590582
- eISBN:
- 9780191738777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590582.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
After the jolt of the outbreak of war, that led to food panics and a brief financial scare, the vast inertia of everyday life in England asserted itself. This chapter examines how the populations of ...
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After the jolt of the outbreak of war, that led to food panics and a brief financial scare, the vast inertia of everyday life in England asserted itself. This chapter examines how the populations of Britain and Ireland settled into war, once the initial shock and chaos of the opening six weeks had died down. By outlining the level of socio‐economic changes experienced across the country, the chapter illustrates how the well‐coined phrase ‘business as usual’ was more an expression of hope than a reflection of any kind of reality. Who and where was most affected? How long did people believe they would have to live in these new circumstances?Less
After the jolt of the outbreak of war, that led to food panics and a brief financial scare, the vast inertia of everyday life in England asserted itself. This chapter examines how the populations of Britain and Ireland settled into war, once the initial shock and chaos of the opening six weeks had died down. By outlining the level of socio‐economic changes experienced across the country, the chapter illustrates how the well‐coined phrase ‘business as usual’ was more an expression of hope than a reflection of any kind of reality. Who and where was most affected? How long did people believe they would have to live in these new circumstances?
Mark L. Latash
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195333169
- eISBN:
- 9780199864195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333169.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Techniques
The sixth part of the book reviews applications of the described approach to atypical and changing movements. It starts with a discussion of the notion of normality and its applicability to motor ...
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The sixth part of the book reviews applications of the described approach to atypical and changing movements. It starts with a discussion of the notion of normality and its applicability to motor synergies. An argument is made that “normal synergies” do not exist. Further, plasticity within the central nervous system is discussed with a Digression on transcranial magnetic stimulation, a commonly used tool to study brain plasticity. The next three sections within this part deal with effects of healthy aging, atypical development (Down syndrome), and neurological disorder (stroke) on movement patterns and motor synergies. Finally, the effects of practice on motor synergies are discussed with examples that document two stages in motor learning, the creation and strengthening of appropriate synergies, and the apparent weakening of the synergies when movement patterns are optimized with respect to other factors such as energy expenditure, fatigue, esthetics, etc.Less
The sixth part of the book reviews applications of the described approach to atypical and changing movements. It starts with a discussion of the notion of normality and its applicability to motor synergies. An argument is made that “normal synergies” do not exist. Further, plasticity within the central nervous system is discussed with a Digression on transcranial magnetic stimulation, a commonly used tool to study brain plasticity. The next three sections within this part deal with effects of healthy aging, atypical development (Down syndrome), and neurological disorder (stroke) on movement patterns and motor synergies. Finally, the effects of practice on motor synergies are discussed with examples that document two stages in motor learning, the creation and strengthening of appropriate synergies, and the apparent weakening of the synergies when movement patterns are optimized with respect to other factors such as energy expenditure, fatigue, esthetics, etc.
Joseph Y. Halpern
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035026
- eISBN:
- 9780262336611
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035026.001.0001
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Causality plays a central role in the way people structure the world; we constantly seek causal explanations for our observations. But what does it even mean that an event C “actually caused” event ...
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Causality plays a central role in the way people structure the world; we constantly seek causal explanations for our observations. But what does it even mean that an event C “actually caused” event E? The problem of defining actual causation goes beyond mere philosophical speculation. For example, in many legal arguments, it is precisely what needs to be established in order to determine responsibility. The philosophy literature has been struggling with the problem of defining causality since Hume. In this book, Joseph Halpern explores actual causality, and such related notions as degree of responsibility, degree of blame, and causal explanation. The goal is to arrive at a definition of causality that matches our natural language usage and is helpful, for example, to a jury deciding a legal case, a programmer looking for the line of code that cause some software to fail, or an economist trying to determine whether austerity caused a subsequent depression. Halpern applies and expands an approach to causality that he and Judea Pearl developed, based on structural equations. He carefully formulates a definition of causality, and building on this, defines degree of responsibility, degree of blame, and causal explanation. He concludes by discussing how these ideas can be applied to such practical problems as accountability and program verification.Less
Causality plays a central role in the way people structure the world; we constantly seek causal explanations for our observations. But what does it even mean that an event C “actually caused” event E? The problem of defining actual causation goes beyond mere philosophical speculation. For example, in many legal arguments, it is precisely what needs to be established in order to determine responsibility. The philosophy literature has been struggling with the problem of defining causality since Hume. In this book, Joseph Halpern explores actual causality, and such related notions as degree of responsibility, degree of blame, and causal explanation. The goal is to arrive at a definition of causality that matches our natural language usage and is helpful, for example, to a jury deciding a legal case, a programmer looking for the line of code that cause some software to fail, or an economist trying to determine whether austerity caused a subsequent depression. Halpern applies and expands an approach to causality that he and Judea Pearl developed, based on structural equations. He carefully formulates a definition of causality, and building on this, defines degree of responsibility, degree of blame, and causal explanation. He concludes by discussing how these ideas can be applied to such practical problems as accountability and program verification.
Jennifer Radden (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149531
- eISBN:
- 9780199870943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149531.003.0030
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter analyzes the so-called “benchmark problem”, which is the problem of determining a diagnostic benchmark beyond which the ordinary (or normal) becomes extraordinary (or abnormal). Through ...
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This chapter analyzes the so-called “benchmark problem”, which is the problem of determining a diagnostic benchmark beyond which the ordinary (or normal) becomes extraordinary (or abnormal). Through an exploration of three diagnoses—chronic fatigue syndrome, schizophrenia, and Tourette's syndrome—it shows the extent to which psychiatric diagnosis involves what philosophers have called essentially contested concepts. It argues that when discernible physically abnormal states are absent, benchmarks for normality and tolerability are intrinsically unstable and arbitrary.Less
This chapter analyzes the so-called “benchmark problem”, which is the problem of determining a diagnostic benchmark beyond which the ordinary (or normal) becomes extraordinary (or abnormal). Through an exploration of three diagnoses—chronic fatigue syndrome, schizophrenia, and Tourette's syndrome—it shows the extent to which psychiatric diagnosis involves what philosophers have called essentially contested concepts. It argues that when discernible physically abnormal states are absent, benchmarks for normality and tolerability are intrinsically unstable and arbitrary.
Arlie Loughnan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199698592
- eISBN:
- 9780191738883
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199698592.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
Whether it is a question of the age below which a child cannot be held liable for their actions, or the attribution of responsibility to defendants with mental illnesses, mental incapacity is a ...
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Whether it is a question of the age below which a child cannot be held liable for their actions, or the attribution of responsibility to defendants with mental illnesses, mental incapacity is a central concern for legal actors, policy makers, and legislators when it comes to crime and justice. Understanding the terrain of mental incapacity in criminal law is notoriously difficult; it involves tracing overlapping and interlocking legal doctrines, current and past practices including those of evidence and proof, and also medical and social understanding of mental order and incapacity. Bringing together previously disparate discussions on criminal responsibility from law, psychology, and philosophy, this book provides a close study of mental incapacity defences, analysing their development through historical cases to the modern era. It maps the shifting boundaries between normality and abnormality as constructed in law, arguing that ‘manifest madness’ — the distinct character of mental incapacity revealed by this interdisciplinary approach — has a broad significance for understanding the criminal law as a whole.Less
Whether it is a question of the age below which a child cannot be held liable for their actions, or the attribution of responsibility to defendants with mental illnesses, mental incapacity is a central concern for legal actors, policy makers, and legislators when it comes to crime and justice. Understanding the terrain of mental incapacity in criminal law is notoriously difficult; it involves tracing overlapping and interlocking legal doctrines, current and past practices including those of evidence and proof, and also medical and social understanding of mental order and incapacity. Bringing together previously disparate discussions on criminal responsibility from law, psychology, and philosophy, this book provides a close study of mental incapacity defences, analysing their development through historical cases to the modern era. It maps the shifting boundaries between normality and abnormality as constructed in law, arguing that ‘manifest madness’ — the distinct character of mental incapacity revealed by this interdisciplinary approach — has a broad significance for understanding the criminal law as a whole.
Tony James
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198151883
- eISBN:
- 9780191672873
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198151883.003.0014
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature, European Literature
This chapter focuses on two novelists: Brierre de Boismont and Taine. Balzac left significant texts on which new light was thrown by his sister's biography, critical articles by Gautier, who knew ...
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This chapter focuses on two novelists: Brierre de Boismont and Taine. Balzac left significant texts on which new light was thrown by his sister's biography, critical articles by Gautier, who knew him, and Taine whose critical acumen was considerable. Brierre de Boismont uses these texts to present a Balzac subject to ‘physiological hallucination’. Taine, who has read the chapter in Brierre de Boismont in which he himself is cited, apparently realizes the value for psychology of being able to question artists of ‘exceptional lucidity’ and draws up a series of questions which he puts to Gustave Dore, to a mathematician, to a chess-player, and to Flaubert. Brierre de Boismont was concerned with an argument about the normality, in certain instances, of hallucination; Taine with an analysis of mental imagery. Although these two authors are the first thinkers on dreams to show an interest in contemporary creative writers and artists, creativity was not dealt with for its own sake, but only as an important adjunct to another argument.Less
This chapter focuses on two novelists: Brierre de Boismont and Taine. Balzac left significant texts on which new light was thrown by his sister's biography, critical articles by Gautier, who knew him, and Taine whose critical acumen was considerable. Brierre de Boismont uses these texts to present a Balzac subject to ‘physiological hallucination’. Taine, who has read the chapter in Brierre de Boismont in which he himself is cited, apparently realizes the value for psychology of being able to question artists of ‘exceptional lucidity’ and draws up a series of questions which he puts to Gustave Dore, to a mathematician, to a chess-player, and to Flaubert. Brierre de Boismont was concerned with an argument about the normality, in certain instances, of hallucination; Taine with an analysis of mental imagery. Although these two authors are the first thinkers on dreams to show an interest in contemporary creative writers and artists, creativity was not dealt with for its own sake, but only as an important adjunct to another argument.
DIANA JEATER
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203797
- eISBN:
- 9780191675980
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203797.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
‘Morality’ and ‘civilization’ dominated white discussions of African sexual behaviour. This chapter argues that the terms had little intrinsic meaning, serving only to justify making black sex a ...
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‘Morality’ and ‘civilization’ dominated white discussions of African sexual behaviour. This chapter argues that the terms had little intrinsic meaning, serving only to justify making black sex a matter for white intervention. Up to the eighteenth century, codes governing sexual practice centred on marital relationship, with the correct forms of marital behaviour laid down. The fading interest in sexual behaviour was in keeping with a general nineteenth-century movement towards self-policing, or conscience as a means of maintaining social order. The change in British attitudes towards morality and civilization revolved around the creation of pathology of perversity. The idea that physical health and sexual normality were linked emanated from the middle classes and grew in influence during the century.Less
‘Morality’ and ‘civilization’ dominated white discussions of African sexual behaviour. This chapter argues that the terms had little intrinsic meaning, serving only to justify making black sex a matter for white intervention. Up to the eighteenth century, codes governing sexual practice centred on marital relationship, with the correct forms of marital behaviour laid down. The fading interest in sexual behaviour was in keeping with a general nineteenth-century movement towards self-policing, or conscience as a means of maintaining social order. The change in British attitudes towards morality and civilization revolved around the creation of pathology of perversity. The idea that physical health and sexual normality were linked emanated from the middle classes and grew in influence during the century.
Alexander Samely
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198270317
- eISBN:
- 9780191683978
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198270317.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism, Biblical Studies
This chapter holds that the meaning of a biblical segment can be determined in the light of its difference, contrast, or potential conflict with another segment and its existential presuppositions ...
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This chapter holds that the meaning of a biblical segment can be determined in the light of its difference, contrast, or potential conflict with another segment and its existential presuppositions may be noted. The Mishnah may address explicitly information which is merely presupposed in biblical formulations. These presuppositions may be turned into conditions for the application of a norm. The Mishnah may also address biblical expressions on the level of their semantic ‘normality’, deriving from them a ‘suitability’ restriction in the scope of norms. The Mishnah may address the meaning of Scripture guided by an underlying search for coherence, and avoids inconsistency. The most frequent solution is the distributive allocation of topics, meaning, or reference to two biblical segments.Less
This chapter holds that the meaning of a biblical segment can be determined in the light of its difference, contrast, or potential conflict with another segment and its existential presuppositions may be noted. The Mishnah may address explicitly information which is merely presupposed in biblical formulations. These presuppositions may be turned into conditions for the application of a norm. The Mishnah may also address biblical expressions on the level of their semantic ‘normality’, deriving from them a ‘suitability’ restriction in the scope of norms. The Mishnah may address the meaning of Scripture guided by an underlying search for coherence, and avoids inconsistency. The most frequent solution is the distributive allocation of topics, meaning, or reference to two biblical segments.
R. A. HOUSTON
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207870
- eISBN:
- 9780191677830
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207870.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter discusses sanity — which was seen as showing no evidence of insanity or incapacity. The dividing line between physical illness and ...
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This chapter discusses sanity — which was seen as showing no evidence of insanity or incapacity. The dividing line between physical illness and insanity, and between temporary or voluntary states and true madness or stupidity, are investigated. At one level, being sane means being able to carry on a normal life. On the other hand, the criteria of normality are predicated on the degree to which a person was socialized.Less
This chapter discusses sanity — which was seen as showing no evidence of insanity or incapacity. The dividing line between physical illness and insanity, and between temporary or voluntary states and true madness or stupidity, are investigated. At one level, being sane means being able to carry on a normal life. On the other hand, the criteria of normality are predicated on the degree to which a person was socialized.
Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199592074
- eISBN:
- 9780191595592
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592074.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Religions
This chapter attempts to reconstruct the basic skeleton of the nexus of the Plynteria and Kallynteria. In the nexus of the Plynteria and Kallynteria, abnormality and pollution were correlative with ...
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This chapter attempts to reconstruct the basic skeleton of the nexus of the Plynteria and Kallynteria. In the nexus of the Plynteria and Kallynteria, abnormality and pollution were correlative with primordiality, in complex ways. The movement towards purification and transition to normality in this ritual nexus involved many stages, as did, in the Athenian perceptions, the transition from primordiality to things as they are now, the normality of the present. In ritual there was an abandonment of normality when the statue and the temple were given over to the Praxiergidai and the temple was symbolically sealed. This movement from normality to the abnormality of the period in which the Praxiergidai took over was a preliminary movement, comparable to the (literal) movement of the statue of Dionysos to the Academy before the beginning of the City Dionysia.Less
This chapter attempts to reconstruct the basic skeleton of the nexus of the Plynteria and Kallynteria. In the nexus of the Plynteria and Kallynteria, abnormality and pollution were correlative with primordiality, in complex ways. The movement towards purification and transition to normality in this ritual nexus involved many stages, as did, in the Athenian perceptions, the transition from primordiality to things as they are now, the normality of the present. In ritual there was an abandonment of normality when the statue and the temple were given over to the Praxiergidai and the temple was symbolically sealed. This movement from normality to the abnormality of the period in which the Praxiergidai took over was a preliminary movement, comparable to the (literal) movement of the statue of Dionysos to the Academy before the beginning of the City Dionysia.
J. H. Abramson and Z. H. Abramson
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195145250
- eISBN:
- 9780199864775
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195145250.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The exercises in this section deal with the accuracy of measures used in epidemiological studies. They cover methods of appraising the validity of measures; the ways in which poor validity can ...
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The exercises in this section deal with the accuracy of measures used in epidemiological studies. They cover methods of appraising the validity of measures; the ways in which poor validity can produce biased prevalence, incidence rates, and erroneous conclusions about associations; and methods of making allowance for this bias. Other topics are nondifferential and differential misclassification and their effects, reliability and its appraisal and implications, and regression towards the mean. The section includes exercises on the validity of screening and diagnostic tests. Specific topics include sensitivity, specificity, and related measures, ROC curves, and the meaning of “normal.” A self-test concludes the section.Less
The exercises in this section deal with the accuracy of measures used in epidemiological studies. They cover methods of appraising the validity of measures; the ways in which poor validity can produce biased prevalence, incidence rates, and erroneous conclusions about associations; and methods of making allowance for this bias. Other topics are nondifferential and differential misclassification and their effects, reliability and its appraisal and implications, and regression towards the mean. The section includes exercises on the validity of screening and diagnostic tests. Specific topics include sensitivity, specificity, and related measures, ROC curves, and the meaning of “normal.” A self-test concludes the section.
Lallit Anand and Sanjay Govindjee
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198864721
- eISBN:
- 9780191896767
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198864721.003.0023
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter introduces the concept of maximum dissipation. The elastic set is introduced, and the plastic dissipation is maximized over the elastic set using classical methods from linear ...
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This chapter introduces the concept of maximum dissipation. The elastic set is introduced, and the plastic dissipation is maximized over the elastic set using classical methods from linear programming theory. The plastic flow direction is seen to be generally normal to the yield surface when the plastic dissipation is maximized. The Kuhn-Tucker complementarity conditions are seen in this context to arise from the postulated optimization problem, and the elastic set is seen to be necessarily convex. The concept of maximum dissipation is applied to a Mises material and the models of the earlier chapters are seen to be recovered.Less
This chapter introduces the concept of maximum dissipation. The elastic set is introduced, and the plastic dissipation is maximized over the elastic set using classical methods from linear programming theory. The plastic flow direction is seen to be generally normal to the yield surface when the plastic dissipation is maximized. The Kuhn-Tucker complementarity conditions are seen in this context to arise from the postulated optimization problem, and the elastic set is seen to be necessarily convex. The concept of maximum dissipation is applied to a Mises material and the models of the earlier chapters are seen to be recovered.
Andrew E. Barshay
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520236455
- eISBN:
- 9780520941335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520236455.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
The Uno school’s own success came precisely as a school, as an academic formation, and at the moment of the “modern,” when the framework of the Agrarfrage was losing silence in Japan. Uno’s very ...
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The Uno school’s own success came precisely as a school, as an academic formation, and at the moment of the “modern,” when the framework of the Agrarfrage was losing silence in Japan. Uno’s very system was a gingerly pepudation of Stalinism. Success would have to mean that the school had something cogent to say about capitalism as such, and not just about Japan’s backwardness of failure to attain “normality.” Capitalism may not be all about the anarchic destruction-through-production of the classic Marxian vision. This is precisely what Uno’s principles had provided, against initial resistance, for Japanese Marxism. Uno’s disciples were more vulnerable than other Marxists, since, if science was all and had no Träger, then there was no reason not to embrace a “better,” more persuasive economics of whatever class or party provenance; the alternative was to turn toward hermetic exegesis of a putative Marx–Uno canon.Less
The Uno school’s own success came precisely as a school, as an academic formation, and at the moment of the “modern,” when the framework of the Agrarfrage was losing silence in Japan. Uno’s very system was a gingerly pepudation of Stalinism. Success would have to mean that the school had something cogent to say about capitalism as such, and not just about Japan’s backwardness of failure to attain “normality.” Capitalism may not be all about the anarchic destruction-through-production of the classic Marxian vision. This is precisely what Uno’s principles had provided, against initial resistance, for Japanese Marxism. Uno’s disciples were more vulnerable than other Marxists, since, if science was all and had no Träger, then there was no reason not to embrace a “better,” more persuasive economics of whatever class or party provenance; the alternative was to turn toward hermetic exegesis of a putative Marx–Uno canon.
Douglas Allchin
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190490362
- eISBN:
- 9780197559659
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190490362.003.0025
- Subject:
- Education, Teaching of a Specific Subject
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, monsters were wonders (essay 1). Anomalous forms—like conjoined twins, hermaphrodites (essay 16), hydrocephalic ...
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In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, monsters were wonders (essay 1). Anomalous forms—like conjoined twins, hermaphrodites (essay 16), hydrocephalic babies, or the extraordinarily hairy Petrus Gonsalus and his equally hairy children—amazed people. They evoked a spirit of inquiry that helped fuel the emergence of modern science. Today, however, such bodies tend to strike us as freakish or grotesque—possibly even “against nature.” How did our cultural perspective, and with it, our values and emotional responses, change so radically? The shift in cultural views, ironically, paralleled deepening scientific understanding. Exceptions and anomalies can be powerful investigative tools. In this case, human monsters eventually prompted a new science, teratology, which compared normal and abnormal development. The scientific explanations and categories seemed to support value judgments. The history of monsters helps reveal the roots of a common belief (another sacred bovine): that the “normal” course of events reflects nature’s fundamental order. Well construed, monsters can help us rethink the meanings of normality and of the concept of laws of nature. Monsters are fascinating, of course, because they do not fit customary expectations. Such exceptions can be valuable opportunities for interpreting the unexceptional. One can begin to look for the relevant differences that reflect the underlying cause in both cases. It is a classic research strategy, especially in biology. Loss or modification of a structure can highlight its function. So, for example, vitamins were discovered through vitamin deficiency diseases, such as scurvy and beriberi. Likewise, the role of proteins in gene expression emerged from studying heritable enzyme deficiencies, such as alkaptonuria and phenylketonuria. Sickle cell anemia has become a classic example for learning in part because it was important historically in understanding hemoglobin and protein structure as well as the evolutionary consequences of the multiple effects of a single gene. Similarly, diabetes provides insight into the physiology of regulating blood glucose and the hormone insulin. Slips of the tongue are clues to how the brain processes language (missed notes in playing piano, too!).
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In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, monsters were wonders (essay 1). Anomalous forms—like conjoined twins, hermaphrodites (essay 16), hydrocephalic babies, or the extraordinarily hairy Petrus Gonsalus and his equally hairy children—amazed people. They evoked a spirit of inquiry that helped fuel the emergence of modern science. Today, however, such bodies tend to strike us as freakish or grotesque—possibly even “against nature.” How did our cultural perspective, and with it, our values and emotional responses, change so radically? The shift in cultural views, ironically, paralleled deepening scientific understanding. Exceptions and anomalies can be powerful investigative tools. In this case, human monsters eventually prompted a new science, teratology, which compared normal and abnormal development. The scientific explanations and categories seemed to support value judgments. The history of monsters helps reveal the roots of a common belief (another sacred bovine): that the “normal” course of events reflects nature’s fundamental order. Well construed, monsters can help us rethink the meanings of normality and of the concept of laws of nature. Monsters are fascinating, of course, because they do not fit customary expectations. Such exceptions can be valuable opportunities for interpreting the unexceptional. One can begin to look for the relevant differences that reflect the underlying cause in both cases. It is a classic research strategy, especially in biology. Loss or modification of a structure can highlight its function. So, for example, vitamins were discovered through vitamin deficiency diseases, such as scurvy and beriberi. Likewise, the role of proteins in gene expression emerged from studying heritable enzyme deficiencies, such as alkaptonuria and phenylketonuria. Sickle cell anemia has become a classic example for learning in part because it was important historically in understanding hemoglobin and protein structure as well as the evolutionary consequences of the multiple effects of a single gene. Similarly, diabetes provides insight into the physiology of regulating blood glucose and the hormone insulin. Slips of the tongue are clues to how the brain processes language (missed notes in playing piano, too!).
Anna Creadick
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190458997
- eISBN:
- 9780190459024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190458997.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
The notion of “disability” relies on the concept of “normal.” Like disability, normality has a traceable history as an epistemological category. The mobilization of soldiers during World War II and, ...
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The notion of “disability” relies on the concept of “normal.” Like disability, normality has a traceable history as an epistemological category. The mobilization of soldiers during World War II and, to a lesser degree, World War I, meant thousands of minds and bodies could be, and were, measured. A curious obsession with defining “normal” took hold, as doctors, scientists, and anthropologists gathered and applied statistical data to try measure “normal” bodies and describe “normal” character. Enlistees were subjected to psychological testing; sexologists used anthropometric methods to map the “normal” American body; and an interdisciplinary team at Harvard launched a longitudinal study of “normal men.” Taken together, such pursuits of “normality” were inextricable from midcentury anxieties about mental health, embodiment, masculinity, and the nation. By illuminating and gendering the “normal,” such forces functioned both to evoke and then exclude “disabled” bodies from the social body.Less
The notion of “disability” relies on the concept of “normal.” Like disability, normality has a traceable history as an epistemological category. The mobilization of soldiers during World War II and, to a lesser degree, World War I, meant thousands of minds and bodies could be, and were, measured. A curious obsession with defining “normal” took hold, as doctors, scientists, and anthropologists gathered and applied statistical data to try measure “normal” bodies and describe “normal” character. Enlistees were subjected to psychological testing; sexologists used anthropometric methods to map the “normal” American body; and an interdisciplinary team at Harvard launched a longitudinal study of “normal men.” Taken together, such pursuits of “normality” were inextricable from midcentury anxieties about mental health, embodiment, masculinity, and the nation. By illuminating and gendering the “normal,” such forces functioned both to evoke and then exclude “disabled” bodies from the social body.
Vincenzo Ruggiero
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199248117
- eISBN:
- 9780191697708
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248117.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter attempts to identify a continuum between irregular, hidden, semi-legal, and overtly illegal economies. It proposes to call this continuum a bazaar to capture the notion of a constant ...
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This chapter attempts to identify a continuum between irregular, hidden, semi-legal, and overtly illegal economies. It proposes to call this continuum a bazaar to capture the notion of a constant movement between legitimate and illegitimate activity characterizing many urban contexts. It also discusses the so-called ‘scandalous normality’ of criminal markets that reproduce the most repulsive aspects of legitimate crimes.Less
This chapter attempts to identify a continuum between irregular, hidden, semi-legal, and overtly illegal economies. It proposes to call this continuum a bazaar to capture the notion of a constant movement between legitimate and illegitimate activity characterizing many urban contexts. It also discusses the so-called ‘scandalous normality’ of criminal markets that reproduce the most repulsive aspects of legitimate crimes.
Bruce Woodcock
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719043604
- eISBN:
- 9781781700532
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719043604.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This chapter studies Carey's first published novel, Bliss, which capitalised on the success of his stories. This novel presents the scenario of hippies versus capitalists and is characteristically ...
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This chapter studies Carey's first published novel, Bliss, which capitalised on the success of his stories. This novel presents the scenario of hippies versus capitalists and is characteristically eclectic. This chapter examines the elements of allegory and satirical comic fantasy in the novel, as well as the distinct combination of the clipped prose style and idiosyncratic imagery. It notes the study of the illusion of normality and the related issues of personal responsibility and considers the nature of capitalist delusions. This chapter also considers the various roles of the characters in Bliss.Less
This chapter studies Carey's first published novel, Bliss, which capitalised on the success of his stories. This novel presents the scenario of hippies versus capitalists and is characteristically eclectic. This chapter examines the elements of allegory and satirical comic fantasy in the novel, as well as the distinct combination of the clipped prose style and idiosyncratic imagery. It notes the study of the illusion of normality and the related issues of personal responsibility and considers the nature of capitalist delusions. This chapter also considers the various roles of the characters in Bliss.
