Siniša Vuković
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781529208191
- eISBN:
- 9781529208238
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529208191.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter elucidates the relevance of norm diffusion as a strategic tool through which mediators assert not only their control over the peacemaking process, but manage to use it to institute, ...
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This chapter elucidates the relevance of norm diffusion as a strategic tool through which mediators assert not only their control over the peacemaking process, but manage to use it to institute, consolidate and boost their international relevance, credibility and reputation more generally. While both legitimacy and soft power have received ample attention from various subfields in social sciences, surprisingly, very little is known about the role they play in international mediation broadly, and norm diffusion through mediation in particular. Building on existing international relations literature on legitimacy and soft power, the chapter aims to address this gap and examine which factors enable or deter norm diffusion through mediation, and their impact on mediators’ choices in peacemaking.Less
This chapter elucidates the relevance of norm diffusion as a strategic tool through which mediators assert not only their control over the peacemaking process, but manage to use it to institute, consolidate and boost their international relevance, credibility and reputation more generally. While both legitimacy and soft power have received ample attention from various subfields in social sciences, surprisingly, very little is known about the role they play in international mediation broadly, and norm diffusion through mediation in particular. Building on existing international relations literature on legitimacy and soft power, the chapter aims to address this gap and examine which factors enable or deter norm diffusion through mediation, and their impact on mediators’ choices in peacemaking.
Jürgen Rüland
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781503602854
- eISBN:
- 9781503604544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503602854.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The chapter recapitulates the norm appropriation by the Indonesian foreign policy community. Most stakeholders localized external ideas and norms. In the process, the government was exposed to ...
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The chapter recapitulates the norm appropriation by the Indonesian foreign policy community. Most stakeholders localized external ideas and norms. In the process, the government was exposed to localization pressures by nonstate actors from below. Legislators and business representatives mainly drew from extant beliefs, while in their majority NGOs, academics, and the press vocally propagated the European ideas of regional integration. By charting additional pathways of norm diffusion and distinguishing defensive and offensive localization, the study nuanced existing norm diffusion theory. Indonesian foreign policy stakeholders also imported ideas from Africa and Latin America, making norm diffusion an omnidirectional process. The study provides strong evidence that ASEAN’s cooperation norms continue to differ from the EU. Highlighting the normative agency of Indonesian foreign policy stakeholders, the study contributes to the project of a Global IR, which more than hitherto takes into account events and processes in the Global South.Less
The chapter recapitulates the norm appropriation by the Indonesian foreign policy community. Most stakeholders localized external ideas and norms. In the process, the government was exposed to localization pressures by nonstate actors from below. Legislators and business representatives mainly drew from extant beliefs, while in their majority NGOs, academics, and the press vocally propagated the European ideas of regional integration. By charting additional pathways of norm diffusion and distinguishing defensive and offensive localization, the study nuanced existing norm diffusion theory. Indonesian foreign policy stakeholders also imported ideas from Africa and Latin America, making norm diffusion an omnidirectional process. The study provides strong evidence that ASEAN’s cooperation norms continue to differ from the EU. Highlighting the normative agency of Indonesian foreign policy stakeholders, the study contributes to the project of a Global IR, which more than hitherto takes into account events and processes in the Global South.
Robyn Linde
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190601379
- eISBN:
- 9780190601393
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190601379.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Comparative Politics
Through case studies of four former colonies—Algeria, Kenya, Tanganyika/Tanzania, and Tunisia—and two additional states—Ethiopia and Japan—this chapter covers two types of norm diffusion. These are ...
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Through case studies of four former colonies—Algeria, Kenya, Tanganyika/Tanzania, and Tunisia—and two additional states—Ethiopia and Japan—this chapter covers two types of norm diffusion. These are voluntary diffusion, which occurs because states willingly bring in foreign jurists to craft a new legal system or to model their legal system after a foreign system of law; and coercive socialization, or forced socialization. Coercive socialization was the primary means or mechanism by which the norm against the death penalty for juvenile offenders (the child death penalty) spread through the British and French empires. The continuation of British and French legal norms and policies of child protection after independence occurred because these states had internalized key parts of the colonial state model that recognized the validity of children’s protection through law. The smaller cases of Ethiopia and Japan demonstrate that different forms of socialization and diffusion occurred outside the colonies.Less
Through case studies of four former colonies—Algeria, Kenya, Tanganyika/Tanzania, and Tunisia—and two additional states—Ethiopia and Japan—this chapter covers two types of norm diffusion. These are voluntary diffusion, which occurs because states willingly bring in foreign jurists to craft a new legal system or to model their legal system after a foreign system of law; and coercive socialization, or forced socialization. Coercive socialization was the primary means or mechanism by which the norm against the death penalty for juvenile offenders (the child death penalty) spread through the British and French empires. The continuation of British and French legal norms and policies of child protection after independence occurred because these states had internalized key parts of the colonial state model that recognized the validity of children’s protection through law. The smaller cases of Ethiopia and Japan demonstrate that different forms of socialization and diffusion occurred outside the colonies.
Jürgen Rüland
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781503602854
- eISBN:
- 9781503604544
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503602854.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This book challenges the proposition that regional organizations across the world exhibit increasing similarities with the European Union as a result of norm diffusion. It examines how and to what ...
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This book challenges the proposition that regional organizations across the world exhibit increasing similarities with the European Union as a result of norm diffusion. It examines how and to what extent Indonesian foreign policy stakeholders—the government, civil society, legislators, the academe, the press and business representatives—sought to influence reforms of Southeast Asian regionalism by adopting ideas and norms of regional integration championed by the EU. Triggering the Indonesian debate on regionalism was the decision of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), of which Indonesia is a founding member, to draft an ASEAN Charter, a quasi-constitutional document adjusting the grouping’s repository of cooperation norms to a changing international environment. Applying and developing further Amitav Acharya’s theory of “constitutive localization,” the analysis of the ASEAN Charter debate shows that—to varying degrees—Indonesian foreign policy stakeholders transfer the terminology of European integration to ASEAN’s organizational structure, but that they adopt only partially, if at all, the normative substance of the EU model for regional integration. Instead, they skillfully reconcile alien norms with local norms, with the effect of retaining what could be called an Indonesian way of foreign policy-making.Less
This book challenges the proposition that regional organizations across the world exhibit increasing similarities with the European Union as a result of norm diffusion. It examines how and to what extent Indonesian foreign policy stakeholders—the government, civil society, legislators, the academe, the press and business representatives—sought to influence reforms of Southeast Asian regionalism by adopting ideas and norms of regional integration championed by the EU. Triggering the Indonesian debate on regionalism was the decision of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), of which Indonesia is a founding member, to draft an ASEAN Charter, a quasi-constitutional document adjusting the grouping’s repository of cooperation norms to a changing international environment. Applying and developing further Amitav Acharya’s theory of “constitutive localization,” the analysis of the ASEAN Charter debate shows that—to varying degrees—Indonesian foreign policy stakeholders transfer the terminology of European integration to ASEAN’s organizational structure, but that they adopt only partially, if at all, the normative substance of the EU model for regional integration. Instead, they skillfully reconcile alien norms with local norms, with the effect of retaining what could be called an Indonesian way of foreign policy-making.
Miriam J. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190239534
- eISBN:
- 9780190239558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190239534.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
This chapter situates the book’s theme at the nexus of four literatures: peacebuilding, mediation/negotiation, women and politics, and norm diffusion. Peacebuilding literature assumes a liberal bias, ...
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This chapter situates the book’s theme at the nexus of four literatures: peacebuilding, mediation/negotiation, women and politics, and norm diffusion. Peacebuilding literature assumes a liberal bias, meaning that democracy, free markets, and protections for individual and minority rights are prioritized. The book shows that the liberal bias does not extend to women’s participation in peace negotiations. Mediation/negotiation literature assumes that civil society plays a role as a peace constituency, but the book illustrates that women’s groups’ interests include a peaceful resolution to the conflict and more complex political objectives. Literature on women and politics, human rights, and transitions illustrate that societal rupture is conducive to changes to gender roles. The book adds to this literature by theorizing the peace process as an opportunity to change gender roles in the long-term. Norm diffusion literature theorizes how ideas spread from one region to another. The book adds to this literature by illustrating that peace negotiations are sites for norm diffusion considering international women’s rights norms.Less
This chapter situates the book’s theme at the nexus of four literatures: peacebuilding, mediation/negotiation, women and politics, and norm diffusion. Peacebuilding literature assumes a liberal bias, meaning that democracy, free markets, and protections for individual and minority rights are prioritized. The book shows that the liberal bias does not extend to women’s participation in peace negotiations. Mediation/negotiation literature assumes that civil society plays a role as a peace constituency, but the book illustrates that women’s groups’ interests include a peaceful resolution to the conflict and more complex political objectives. Literature on women and politics, human rights, and transitions illustrate that societal rupture is conducive to changes to gender roles. The book adds to this literature by theorizing the peace process as an opportunity to change gender roles in the long-term. Norm diffusion literature theorizes how ideas spread from one region to another. The book adds to this literature by illustrating that peace negotiations are sites for norm diffusion considering international women’s rights norms.
Brian Greenhill
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190271633
- eISBN:
- 9780190299316
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190271633.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This is the main theoretical chapter of the book. It presents a three-stage model of social influence within intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). This model suggests that (1) individual IGOs ...
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This is the main theoretical chapter of the book. It presents a three-stage model of social influence within intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). This model suggests that (1) individual IGOs develop a “human rights culture” that reflects the norms that prevail among their member states; (2) each state is exposed to an “IGO Context” that reflects the norms to which it is exposed as a result of its IGO memberships; and that (3) states internalize these norms (to varying extents) as a function of their membership in these organizations. The chapter also discusses limitations to the norm-diffusion process at each stage of the model.Less
This is the main theoretical chapter of the book. It presents a three-stage model of social influence within intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). This model suggests that (1) individual IGOs develop a “human rights culture” that reflects the norms that prevail among their member states; (2) each state is exposed to an “IGO Context” that reflects the norms to which it is exposed as a result of its IGO memberships; and that (3) states internalize these norms (to varying extents) as a function of their membership in these organizations. The chapter also discusses limitations to the norm-diffusion process at each stage of the model.
Robyn Linde
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190601379
- eISBN:
- 9780190601393
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190601379.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Comparative Politics
Through the three principal means or mechanisms of norm diffusion discussed in chapters 3, 4, and 5—principled activism, coercive socialization, and the globalization of childhood—the norm abolishing ...
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Through the three principal means or mechanisms of norm diffusion discussed in chapters 3, 4, and 5—principled activism, coercive socialization, and the globalization of childhood—the norm abolishing the death penalty for child offenders successfully diffused in the twentieth century. There remained, however, a handful of laggards. These were states—including the United States, the hegemonic laggard—that continued to execute child offenders. This chapter examines three states that did not adopt the norm against the child death penalty during its cascade period or period of rapid spread: the United States, the hegemon or most powerful state since World War II, China, and Pakistan. A discussion of the domestic and international factors in abolition follows, including the roles of race, science, and the state in protections for children and the abolition or continuation of the child death penalty.Less
Through the three principal means or mechanisms of norm diffusion discussed in chapters 3, 4, and 5—principled activism, coercive socialization, and the globalization of childhood—the norm abolishing the death penalty for child offenders successfully diffused in the twentieth century. There remained, however, a handful of laggards. These were states—including the United States, the hegemonic laggard—that continued to execute child offenders. This chapter examines three states that did not adopt the norm against the child death penalty during its cascade period or period of rapid spread: the United States, the hegemon or most powerful state since World War II, China, and Pakistan. A discussion of the domestic and international factors in abolition follows, including the roles of race, science, and the state in protections for children and the abolition or continuation of the child death penalty.
Justin Alger
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- March 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197540534
- eISBN:
- 9780197540565
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197540534.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter introduces the norm of large marine protected areas (MPAs). It defines the norm and poses the two questions that this book seeks to answer: (1) Why have large MPAs emerged as the ...
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This chapter introduces the norm of large marine protected areas (MPAs). It defines the norm and poses the two questions that this book seeks to answer: (1) Why have large MPAs emerged as the solution of choice for governments. (2) What explains differences in how governments manage their large MPAs? It positions these questions within the norm diffusion literature in international relations and offers an alternative analytical approach to norm localization in international relations that foregrounds domestic political economies. The chapter then introduces the book’s process tracing methodology and details case selection and data collection.Less
This chapter introduces the norm of large marine protected areas (MPAs). It defines the norm and poses the two questions that this book seeks to answer: (1) Why have large MPAs emerged as the solution of choice for governments. (2) What explains differences in how governments manage their large MPAs? It positions these questions within the norm diffusion literature in international relations and offers an alternative analytical approach to norm localization in international relations that foregrounds domestic political economies. The chapter then introduces the book’s process tracing methodology and details case selection and data collection.
Justin Alger
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- March 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197540534
- eISBN:
- 9780197540565
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197540534.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter introduces a strategic actor framework of environmental norm diffusion, which it uses to develop a theory of the diffusion of the norm of large marine protected areas. By incorporating ...
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This chapter introduces a strategic actor framework of environmental norm diffusion, which it uses to develop a theory of the diffusion of the norm of large marine protected areas. By incorporating domestic material interests into environmental norm diffusion, it builds norm diffusion theory to better explain why certain environmental norms gain global traction while others do not, as well as why there is considerable variation in how environmental norms are localized. The chapter also examines the interests of key stakeholder groups, including the state, extractive and non-extractive industry, environmental groups, and local communities. The framework foregrounds business influence to explain how governments attempt to reconcile new environmental norms with commercial interests. In some instances, business influence can lead to stronger protections, but more often tends to undermine conservation goals. This chapter analyses the potential and the limits of business influence over state conservation policy.Less
This chapter introduces a strategic actor framework of environmental norm diffusion, which it uses to develop a theory of the diffusion of the norm of large marine protected areas. By incorporating domestic material interests into environmental norm diffusion, it builds norm diffusion theory to better explain why certain environmental norms gain global traction while others do not, as well as why there is considerable variation in how environmental norms are localized. The chapter also examines the interests of key stakeholder groups, including the state, extractive and non-extractive industry, environmental groups, and local communities. The framework foregrounds business influence to explain how governments attempt to reconcile new environmental norms with commercial interests. In some instances, business influence can lead to stronger protections, but more often tends to undermine conservation goals. This chapter analyses the potential and the limits of business influence over state conservation policy.
Himanshu Jha
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190124786
- eISBN:
- 9780190991234
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190124786.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics, Asian Politics
This chapter examines the role of global norms in institutional change. The nature and extent of the impact of global norm diffusion on the domestic discourse is traced in this chapter. The ...
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This chapter examines the role of global norms in institutional change. The nature and extent of the impact of global norm diffusion on the domestic discourse is traced in this chapter. The global–national processes around global norms on transparency, accountability, and access to information are spread over two phases outlined in this manuscript. This chapter shows that while the transparency norms evolved endogenously, they benefitted from the demonstration effect of international norms. At the same time the endogenous movement of ideas played a substantial role in localizing the global norms. Norm diffusion in this case was not part of the coercive conditionalities of multilateral agencies; it was adapted in conjunction with the ideational churning at the national level.Less
This chapter examines the role of global norms in institutional change. The nature and extent of the impact of global norm diffusion on the domestic discourse is traced in this chapter. The global–national processes around global norms on transparency, accountability, and access to information are spread over two phases outlined in this manuscript. This chapter shows that while the transparency norms evolved endogenously, they benefitted from the demonstration effect of international norms. At the same time the endogenous movement of ideas played a substantial role in localizing the global norms. Norm diffusion in this case was not part of the coercive conditionalities of multilateral agencies; it was adapted in conjunction with the ideational churning at the national level.
Miriam J. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190239534
- eISBN:
- 9780190239558
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190239534.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
This book illustrates how women’s advocacy groups seize peace negotiations to reconfigure their role in the state. Women’s groups overcome many challenges to gain access to peace talks and ensure ...
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This book illustrates how women’s advocacy groups seize peace negotiations to reconfigure their role in the state. Women’s groups overcome many challenges to gain access to peace talks and ensure women’s rights are included in peace agreements. They do this by forming advocacy groups based on a gender-based identity to transcend the divisions of the conflict, framing the peace negotiations as forums where their interests are at stake, and, when necessary, working with transnational feminist allies. The book offers both a cross-national overview of women’s references in 195 peace agreements signed between 1975 and 2011 as well as an in-depth analysis of the three case studies: Burundi, Macedonia, and Northern Ireland. It finds that the majority of women’s references in peace agreements reflect international norms on women’s rights. The case studies suggest that this convergence across agreements is due to the linkages between local women’s groups and transnational women’s networks, which means that international women’s rights norms are reproduced in peace agreements, making peace negotiations a site for international norm diffusion. The book’s findings demonstrate that despite the “liberal peace” bias inherent in contemporary peacebuilding, women have to exert significant efforts for their voices to be heard in the midst of conflict and political processes. The social rupture caused by armed conflict and peace talks create opportunities for gender-role transformation.Less
This book illustrates how women’s advocacy groups seize peace negotiations to reconfigure their role in the state. Women’s groups overcome many challenges to gain access to peace talks and ensure women’s rights are included in peace agreements. They do this by forming advocacy groups based on a gender-based identity to transcend the divisions of the conflict, framing the peace negotiations as forums where their interests are at stake, and, when necessary, working with transnational feminist allies. The book offers both a cross-national overview of women’s references in 195 peace agreements signed between 1975 and 2011 as well as an in-depth analysis of the three case studies: Burundi, Macedonia, and Northern Ireland. It finds that the majority of women’s references in peace agreements reflect international norms on women’s rights. The case studies suggest that this convergence across agreements is due to the linkages between local women’s groups and transnational women’s networks, which means that international women’s rights norms are reproduced in peace agreements, making peace negotiations a site for international norm diffusion. The book’s findings demonstrate that despite the “liberal peace” bias inherent in contemporary peacebuilding, women have to exert significant efforts for their voices to be heard in the midst of conflict and political processes. The social rupture caused by armed conflict and peace talks create opportunities for gender-role transformation.
Miriam J. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190239534
- eISBN:
- 9780190239558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190239534.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
This chapter summarizes the book’s findings and discusses the theoretical contribution that the book makes. Namely, the book demonstrates that peace negotiations are forums for norm diffusion and ...
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This chapter summarizes the book’s findings and discusses the theoretical contribution that the book makes. Namely, the book demonstrates that peace negotiations are forums for norm diffusion and present opportunities for women to advance their interests for improving their status in the long-term. These women’s groups are linked to transnational feminist networks and as such frame their demands in language that echoes international women’s rights instruments. Despite the noted “liberal peace” bias in peacebuilding, women still need to struggle to be included in peace negotiations and have women’s rights included in peace agreements.Less
This chapter summarizes the book’s findings and discusses the theoretical contribution that the book makes. Namely, the book demonstrates that peace negotiations are forums for norm diffusion and present opportunities for women to advance their interests for improving their status in the long-term. These women’s groups are linked to transnational feminist networks and as such frame their demands in language that echoes international women’s rights instruments. Despite the noted “liberal peace” bias in peacebuilding, women still need to struggle to be included in peace negotiations and have women’s rights included in peace agreements.
Tobias Berger
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198807865
- eISBN:
- 9780191845666
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198807865.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter introduces the book’s central arguments as well as the theoretical account of norm translation that is developed through the in-depth analysis of contemporary donor-sponsored projects ...
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This chapter introduces the book’s central arguments as well as the theoretical account of norm translation that is developed through the in-depth analysis of contemporary donor-sponsored projects with village courts in rural Bangladesh. It opens with brief ethnographic accounts of a non-state court session and a courtyard meeting through which international donor agencies seek to promote transnational notions of the rule of law in rural Bangladesh. The chapter then outlines the overall argument of the book and its contributions to existing scholarship on the diffusion of norms and ideas as well as to research on non-state justice institutions and the rule of law. Subsequently, the chapter introduces Bangladesh’s recent political history, delineates the methodological approach, and reflects on the challenges of doing translation research. In conclusion, it outlines the overall structure of the book and summarizes the key arguments advanced in its individual chapters.Less
This chapter introduces the book’s central arguments as well as the theoretical account of norm translation that is developed through the in-depth analysis of contemporary donor-sponsored projects with village courts in rural Bangladesh. It opens with brief ethnographic accounts of a non-state court session and a courtyard meeting through which international donor agencies seek to promote transnational notions of the rule of law in rural Bangladesh. The chapter then outlines the overall argument of the book and its contributions to existing scholarship on the diffusion of norms and ideas as well as to research on non-state justice institutions and the rule of law. Subsequently, the chapter introduces Bangladesh’s recent political history, delineates the methodological approach, and reflects on the challenges of doing translation research. In conclusion, it outlines the overall structure of the book and summarizes the key arguments advanced in its individual chapters.
Craig M. Kauffman
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190625733
- eISBN:
- 9780190625757
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190625733.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Environmental Politics
Chapter 2 presents a theory and process model of grassroots global governance. The process has three phases: (1) the diffusion of global ideas to particular localities, (2) local adaptation of global ...
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Chapter 2 presents a theory and process model of grassroots global governance. The process has three phases: (1) the diffusion of global ideas to particular localities, (2) local adaptation of global ideas and experimentation with innovative institutional applications, and (3) the evolution of global ideas through evolutionary learning and the scaling up of local experiments. Grassroots global governance theory builds on nodal governance theory to explain why this process endures or breaks down at particular points. Success (endurance) depends on the ability of transnational governance networks to incorporate actors that are influential in various policy arenas relevant to each stage of the process. Their ability to do so depends on the combination of: (1) framing strategies used to motivate influential organizations to contribute their resources to the governance network; and (2) network capacity building strategies needed to combine the resources accessible to each network member and convert these into action.Less
Chapter 2 presents a theory and process model of grassroots global governance. The process has three phases: (1) the diffusion of global ideas to particular localities, (2) local adaptation of global ideas and experimentation with innovative institutional applications, and (3) the evolution of global ideas through evolutionary learning and the scaling up of local experiments. Grassroots global governance theory builds on nodal governance theory to explain why this process endures or breaks down at particular points. Success (endurance) depends on the ability of transnational governance networks to incorporate actors that are influential in various policy arenas relevant to each stage of the process. Their ability to do so depends on the combination of: (1) framing strategies used to motivate influential organizations to contribute their resources to the governance network; and (2) network capacity building strategies needed to combine the resources accessible to each network member and convert these into action.
Justin Alger
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- March 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197540534
- eISBN:
- 9780197540565
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197540534.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Conserving the Oceans: The Politics of Large Marine Protected Areas documents the efforts of activists and states to increase the pace and scale of global ocean protections, leading to a new global ...
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Conserving the Oceans: The Politics of Large Marine Protected Areas documents the efforts of activists and states to increase the pace and scale of global ocean protections, leading to a new global norm in ocean conservation of large marine protected areas (MPAs) exceeding 200,000 km2. Through an analysis of domestic political economies, the book explains how states have protected millions of square kilometers of ocean space while remaining highly responsive to the interests of businesses. It argues that states design environmental policies above all around two key features of a given space: (1) the composition of extractive versus non-extractive industry interests; and (2) the salience of various industry interests, defined as the degree to which businesses would suffer tangible and significant costs in response to new environmental regulations. Through an analysis of large MPA advocacy campaigns in Australia, Palau, and the US, this book demonstrates how the political economy of a given marine space shapes how governments align their environmental and economic goals, sometimes strengthening conservation but more often than not undermining it. While recognizing important global progress and growing ambition to conserve ocean ecosystems, Conserving the Oceans demonstrates that even ambitious large MPAs have so far not fundamentally challenged a neoliberal paradigm of environmentalism that has caused considerable ecological harm.Less
Conserving the Oceans: The Politics of Large Marine Protected Areas documents the efforts of activists and states to increase the pace and scale of global ocean protections, leading to a new global norm in ocean conservation of large marine protected areas (MPAs) exceeding 200,000 km2. Through an analysis of domestic political economies, the book explains how states have protected millions of square kilometers of ocean space while remaining highly responsive to the interests of businesses. It argues that states design environmental policies above all around two key features of a given space: (1) the composition of extractive versus non-extractive industry interests; and (2) the salience of various industry interests, defined as the degree to which businesses would suffer tangible and significant costs in response to new environmental regulations. Through an analysis of large MPA advocacy campaigns in Australia, Palau, and the US, this book demonstrates how the political economy of a given marine space shapes how governments align their environmental and economic goals, sometimes strengthening conservation but more often than not undermining it. While recognizing important global progress and growing ambition to conserve ocean ecosystems, Conserving the Oceans demonstrates that even ambitious large MPAs have so far not fundamentally challenged a neoliberal paradigm of environmentalism that has caused considerable ecological harm.
Peace A. Medie
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- April 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190922962
- eISBN:
- 9780190922993
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190922962.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Comparative Politics
This concluding chapter discusses the theoretical and empirical contributions of the book. It explains that while international pressure is important for the creation of specialized mechanisms, ...
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This concluding chapter discusses the theoretical and empirical contributions of the book. It explains that while international pressure is important for the creation of specialized mechanisms, strong domestic pressure and favourable political and institutional conditions are key to how these mechanisms are institutionalized, and thus, to how the international women’s justice norm is implemented. The chapter connects this finding to the international relations, gender and politics, and African studies literatures and shows how the insights generated advance scholarship in these areas. It also discusses the policy implications of the findings and argues that specialized mechanisms can serve to increase girls’ and women’s access to justice in Africa, but only if embedded within a holistic framework.Less
This concluding chapter discusses the theoretical and empirical contributions of the book. It explains that while international pressure is important for the creation of specialized mechanisms, strong domestic pressure and favourable political and institutional conditions are key to how these mechanisms are institutionalized, and thus, to how the international women’s justice norm is implemented. The chapter connects this finding to the international relations, gender and politics, and African studies literatures and shows how the insights generated advance scholarship in these areas. It also discusses the policy implications of the findings and argues that specialized mechanisms can serve to increase girls’ and women’s access to justice in Africa, but only if embedded within a holistic framework.
Susan Park
- Published in print:
- 2022
- Published Online:
- June 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780197626481
- eISBN:
- 9780197626511
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197626481.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter recounts the main findings of the book to make three points: First, that the banks used a range of strategies for resisting a norm that threatened their autonomy and lending-imperative ...
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This chapter recounts the main findings of the book to make three points: First, that the banks used a range of strategies for resisting a norm that threatened their autonomy and lending-imperative culture. This included compromise over the design of the accountability mechanisms, acquiescence to periodic accountability mechanism reviews, avoidance in designing the mechanisms and responding to investigations, defiance in rejecting allegations of wrongdoing, and manipulation over the process, staff, and project affected people. Despite bank (and sometimes board) resistance, the norm is now a feature of the banks’ governance structures. Second, that persistent efforts by the United States using the power of the purse, voice, and vote may be used to shape the practices of other international organizations but ideas remain paramount to their likely success. Third, that once a process had been instituted to establish and oversee the accountability mechanisms, the review process enabled other actors like the accountability officers and activists and consultants to help strengthen the norm. This demonstrates a powerful state not just pushing for a norm but also enabling others to work to improve it over time.Less
This chapter recounts the main findings of the book to make three points: First, that the banks used a range of strategies for resisting a norm that threatened their autonomy and lending-imperative culture. This included compromise over the design of the accountability mechanisms, acquiescence to periodic accountability mechanism reviews, avoidance in designing the mechanisms and responding to investigations, defiance in rejecting allegations of wrongdoing, and manipulation over the process, staff, and project affected people. Despite bank (and sometimes board) resistance, the norm is now a feature of the banks’ governance structures. Second, that persistent efforts by the United States using the power of the purse, voice, and vote may be used to shape the practices of other international organizations but ideas remain paramount to their likely success. Third, that once a process had been instituted to establish and oversee the accountability mechanisms, the review process enabled other actors like the accountability officers and activists and consultants to help strengthen the norm. This demonstrates a powerful state not just pushing for a norm but also enabling others to work to improve it over time.
Craig M. Kauffman
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190625733
- eISBN:
- 9780190625757
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190625733.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Environmental Politics
Chapter 1 presents two research questions: (1) absent global agreement to address global problems, how do things nonetheless get done, and (2) how do ideas regarding the best way to tackle global ...
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Chapter 1 presents two research questions: (1) absent global agreement to address global problems, how do things nonetheless get done, and (2) how do ideas regarding the best way to tackle global problems evolve? The chapter summarizes the book’s main arguments and the implications for understanding how global governance is constructed. By analyzing the political struggles at the intersection of top-down and bottom-up norm diffusion processes, the book reveals (1) how global and local governance arrangements are co-constituted at the grassroots level, and (2) the importance of grassroots actors absent in most analyses. The chapter describes the formation of transnational networks to promote Integrated Watershed Management globally and explains why this provides a useful lens for analyzing the nexus between global and local governance. Finally, the chapter highlights two important features that become visible by analyzing contestation over global ideas at the local level: pressure from “beside” and local experimentation.Less
Chapter 1 presents two research questions: (1) absent global agreement to address global problems, how do things nonetheless get done, and (2) how do ideas regarding the best way to tackle global problems evolve? The chapter summarizes the book’s main arguments and the implications for understanding how global governance is constructed. By analyzing the political struggles at the intersection of top-down and bottom-up norm diffusion processes, the book reveals (1) how global and local governance arrangements are co-constituted at the grassroots level, and (2) the importance of grassroots actors absent in most analyses. The chapter describes the formation of transnational networks to promote Integrated Watershed Management globally and explains why this provides a useful lens for analyzing the nexus between global and local governance. Finally, the chapter highlights two important features that become visible by analyzing contestation over global ideas at the local level: pressure from “beside” and local experimentation.
Diane Orentlicher
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- April 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190882273
- eISBN:
- 9780190882303
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190882273.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Human Rights and Immigration
The span of an international tribunal’s local impact is not the same as its operational life, as Germany’s evolved relationship with Nuremberg highlights. Recognizing that the ICTY’s impact in Bosnia ...
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The span of an international tribunal’s local impact is not the same as its operational life, as Germany’s evolved relationship with Nuremberg highlights. Recognizing that the ICTY’s impact in Bosnia and Serbia will continue to evolve after the Tribunal ends its work, this chapter considers the Tribunal’s future impact, focusing in particular on its potential to stimulate a future reckoning with Serbia’s wartime past. While recognizing myriad differences between post-Milošević Serbia and postwar Germany, this chapter explores factors behind the latter’s eventual emergence as a “model penitent” long after German society rejected the moral message the Allies hoped Nuremberg would impart. It suggests that, after an extended period of “transitional denial,” Nuremberg may have contributed to Germany’s far-reaching reckoning with the past through a process of delayed norm diffusion.Less
The span of an international tribunal’s local impact is not the same as its operational life, as Germany’s evolved relationship with Nuremberg highlights. Recognizing that the ICTY’s impact in Bosnia and Serbia will continue to evolve after the Tribunal ends its work, this chapter considers the Tribunal’s future impact, focusing in particular on its potential to stimulate a future reckoning with Serbia’s wartime past. While recognizing myriad differences between post-Milošević Serbia and postwar Germany, this chapter explores factors behind the latter’s eventual emergence as a “model penitent” long after German society rejected the moral message the Allies hoped Nuremberg would impart. It suggests that, after an extended period of “transitional denial,” Nuremberg may have contributed to Germany’s far-reaching reckoning with the past through a process of delayed norm diffusion.
Hun Joon Kim
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- February 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198793427
- eISBN:
- 9780191835247
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793427.003.0016
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the nature and development of universal human rights in the context of global international society after the publication of The Expansion. The perennial problem of universal ...
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This chapter examines the nature and development of universal human rights in the context of global international society after the publication of The Expansion. The perennial problem of universal human rights has involved two issues: first, despite human rights being a highly institutionalized and legalized area in world politics, it is also marked by weak enforcement mechanisms; and second, the principle of universal human rights has always been in conflict with the basic organizing principle of world politics, that is, universal state sovereignty. The chapter focuses on research published after The Expansion showing how the oppositional understanding of human rights as a threat to sovereignty has come under increasing challenge from constructivist research on universal human rights. Also, the problem of weak enforcement has recently been strongly challenged by two processes of globalization—investigation and accountability.Less
This chapter examines the nature and development of universal human rights in the context of global international society after the publication of The Expansion. The perennial problem of universal human rights has involved two issues: first, despite human rights being a highly institutionalized and legalized area in world politics, it is also marked by weak enforcement mechanisms; and second, the principle of universal human rights has always been in conflict with the basic organizing principle of world politics, that is, universal state sovereignty. The chapter focuses on research published after The Expansion showing how the oppositional understanding of human rights as a threat to sovereignty has come under increasing challenge from constructivist research on universal human rights. Also, the problem of weak enforcement has recently been strongly challenged by two processes of globalization—investigation and accountability.