Walter T. Grandy, Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199546176
- eISBN:
- 9780191720161
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546176.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This book is based on the premise that the entropy concept, a fundamental element of probability theory as logic governs all of the thermal physics, both equilibrium and nonequilibrium. The ...
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This book is based on the premise that the entropy concept, a fundamental element of probability theory as logic governs all of the thermal physics, both equilibrium and nonequilibrium. The variational algorithm of J. Willard Gibbs — dating from the 19th century and extended considerably over the following 100 years — is shown to be the governing feature over the entire range of thermal phenomena, such that only the nature of the macroscopic constraints changes. Beginning with a short history of the development of the entropy concept by Rudolph Clausius and his predecessors, along with the formalization of classical thermodynamics by Gibbs, the first part of the book describes the quest to uncover the meaning of thermodynamic entropy, which leads to its relationship probability and information as first envisioned by Ludwig Boltzmann. Recognition of entropy first of all as a fundamental element of probability theory in mid-20th Century led to deep insights into both statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, the details of which are presented here in several chapters. The later chapters extend these ideas to nonequilibrium statistical mechanics in an unambiguous manner, thereby exhibiting the overall unifying role of the entropy.Less
This book is based on the premise that the entropy concept, a fundamental element of probability theory as logic governs all of the thermal physics, both equilibrium and nonequilibrium. The variational algorithm of J. Willard Gibbs — dating from the 19th century and extended considerably over the following 100 years — is shown to be the governing feature over the entire range of thermal phenomena, such that only the nature of the macroscopic constraints changes. Beginning with a short history of the development of the entropy concept by Rudolph Clausius and his predecessors, along with the formalization of classical thermodynamics by Gibbs, the first part of the book describes the quest to uncover the meaning of thermodynamic entropy, which leads to its relationship probability and information as first envisioned by Ludwig Boltzmann. Recognition of entropy first of all as a fundamental element of probability theory in mid-20th Century led to deep insights into both statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, the details of which are presented here in several chapters. The later chapters extend these ideas to nonequilibrium statistical mechanics in an unambiguous manner, thereby exhibiting the overall unifying role of the entropy.
Nikolai Kopnin
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198507888
- eISBN:
- 9780191709722
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507888.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This book presents modern theory of nonstationary and nonequilibrium superconductivity. It deals with superconductors in external fields varying in time and studies transport phenomena in ...
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This book presents modern theory of nonstationary and nonequilibrium superconductivity. It deals with superconductors in external fields varying in time and studies transport phenomena in superconductors. The book provides the microscopic theory based on the Green function formalism within the Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer (BCS) theory. The method of quasiclassical Green functions is formulated for both stationary and nonequilibrium problems in the theory of superconductivity. Chapters 1 to 4 give an introduction to the Green function formalism in the BCS theory for clean materials and alloys. In next two chapters, the quasiclassical approximation is introduced and applied to some generic stationary problems such as the Ginzburg–Landau (GL) equations, critical magnetic fields, gapless superconductivity, d-wave superconductivity, bound states in the vortex core. Chapter 7 describes the quasiclassical method for layered superconductors. In Chapter 8 the nonstationary theory is formulated using both the method of analytical continuation and the Keldysh diagram technique. Next two chapters are devoted to the quasiclassical approximation and to generalized kinetic equations in nonstationary situations. Chapter 11 demonstrates how the GL model can be extended to nonstationary problems. A considerable part of the book is devoted to the vortex dynamics, which treats behaviour of type II superconductors when they carry electric currents in presence of a magnetic field. Chapters 12 to 15 deal with the dynamics of vortices. In Chapter 12, the time-dependent GL model is used to calculate the resistivity in the flux flow regime. Chapter 13 derives the forces acting on a moving vortex using the Green function formalism and applies the microscopic theory to the vortex dynamics in superconducting alloys. In Chapters 14 and 15 the vortex dynamics in clean superconductors is considered and the flux-flow conductivity, the vortex Hall effect, and the vortex mass are calculated.Less
This book presents modern theory of nonstationary and nonequilibrium superconductivity. It deals with superconductors in external fields varying in time and studies transport phenomena in superconductors. The book provides the microscopic theory based on the Green function formalism within the Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer (BCS) theory. The method of quasiclassical Green functions is formulated for both stationary and nonequilibrium problems in the theory of superconductivity. Chapters 1 to 4 give an introduction to the Green function formalism in the BCS theory for clean materials and alloys. In next two chapters, the quasiclassical approximation is introduced and applied to some generic stationary problems such as the Ginzburg–Landau (GL) equations, critical magnetic fields, gapless superconductivity, d-wave superconductivity, bound states in the vortex core. Chapter 7 describes the quasiclassical method for layered superconductors. In Chapter 8 the nonstationary theory is formulated using both the method of analytical continuation and the Keldysh diagram technique. Next two chapters are devoted to the quasiclassical approximation and to generalized kinetic equations in nonstationary situations. Chapter 11 demonstrates how the GL model can be extended to nonstationary problems. A considerable part of the book is devoted to the vortex dynamics, which treats behaviour of type II superconductors when they carry electric currents in presence of a magnetic field. Chapters 12 to 15 deal with the dynamics of vortices. In Chapter 12, the time-dependent GL model is used to calculate the resistivity in the flux flow regime. Chapter 13 derives the forces acting on a moving vortex using the Green function formalism and applies the microscopic theory to the vortex dynamics in superconducting alloys. In Chapters 14 and 15 the vortex dynamics in clean superconductors is considered and the flux-flow conductivity, the vortex Hall effect, and the vortex mass are calculated.
A. Townsend Peterson, Jorge Soberón, Richard G. Pearson, Robert P. Anderson, Enrique Martínez-Meyer, Miguel Nakamura, and Miguel Bastos Araújo
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691136868
- eISBN:
- 9781400840670
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691136868.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter explores the conceptual bases for the discrepancy between species’ potential geographic distributional areas and their occupied distributional areas, focusing on the case of conditions ...
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This chapter explores the conceptual bases for the discrepancy between species’ potential geographic distributional areas and their occupied distributional areas, focusing on the case of conditions when the Eltonian Noise Hypothesis is true as well as the necessary modifications when it is not. It first considers the meaning of the potential distributional area and the reasons why an ecological niche model may not estimate it correctly. It then explains why a species may not be at equilibrium with its potential distributional area, but rather inhabits only some subset of areas suitable for it. It also discusses nonequilibrium distributions that may arise in terms of the BAM diagram before concluding with an analysis of procedures for further processing of a niche model, which expresses potential geographic distributional area, to yield an estimate of occupied distributional area.Less
This chapter explores the conceptual bases for the discrepancy between species’ potential geographic distributional areas and their occupied distributional areas, focusing on the case of conditions when the Eltonian Noise Hypothesis is true as well as the necessary modifications when it is not. It first considers the meaning of the potential distributional area and the reasons why an ecological niche model may not estimate it correctly. It then explains why a species may not be at equilibrium with its potential distributional area, but rather inhabits only some subset of areas suitable for it. It also discusses nonequilibrium distributions that may arise in terms of the BAM diagram before concluding with an analysis of procedures for further processing of a niche model, which expresses potential geographic distributional area, to yield an estimate of occupied distributional area.
Kevin S. McCann
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691134178
- eISBN:
- 9781400840687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691134178.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter introduces the reader to some of the main conceptual ideas behind dynamical systems theory from the perspective of an experimentalist. It first considers the qualitative approaches used ...
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This chapter introduces the reader to some of the main conceptual ideas behind dynamical systems theory from the perspective of an experimentalist. It first considers the qualitative approaches used to study complex problems before discussing dynamical systems and bifurcations. In particular, it examines the use of time series to represent solutions and dynamics in the phase space, phase space respresentations of equilibrium and nonequilibrium steady states, the qualitative analysis of steady states, and some of the mechanics of local stability analysis for an equilibrium using the Lotka–Volterra model for an equilibrium steady state. It also explores the relationship between the type of model dynamics and the geometry of the underlying mathematical functions. Finally, it presents an empirical example from ecology, Hopf bifurcation in an aquatic microcosm, to illustrate the main concepts of dynamical systems theory and shows that the mathematics of dynamical systems underlies the dynamics of real ecological systems.Less
This chapter introduces the reader to some of the main conceptual ideas behind dynamical systems theory from the perspective of an experimentalist. It first considers the qualitative approaches used to study complex problems before discussing dynamical systems and bifurcations. In particular, it examines the use of time series to represent solutions and dynamics in the phase space, phase space respresentations of equilibrium and nonequilibrium steady states, the qualitative analysis of steady states, and some of the mechanics of local stability analysis for an equilibrium using the Lotka–Volterra model for an equilibrium steady state. It also explores the relationship between the type of model dynamics and the geometry of the underlying mathematical functions. Finally, it presents an empirical example from ecology, Hopf bifurcation in an aquatic microcosm, to illustrate the main concepts of dynamical systems theory and shows that the mathematics of dynamical systems underlies the dynamics of real ecological systems.
Kevin S. McCann
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691134178
- eISBN:
- 9781400840687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691134178.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter examines how nutrient recycling and decomposition affect the dynamics and stability of food webs. It first reviews some of the existing theory on detritus and food web dynamics before ...
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This chapter examines how nutrient recycling and decomposition affect the dynamics and stability of food webs. It first reviews some of the existing theory on detritus and food web dynamics before discussing the basics of a model that takes into account grazing food webs and whole ecosystems. It then describes the N-R-D (nutrient pool, resource, detritus) submodule as well as the full N-C-R-D (nutrient pool, consumer, resource, detritus) model. It also explores how detritus may act to distribute nutrients by considering a model that begets nonequilibrium dynamics. It shows that detritus tends to stabilize consumer–resource interactions relative to the purely community module (no recycling) because the detritus tends to fall out of phase with the resource–nutrient interaction. The addition of a consumer–resource incteraction to the N-R-D module, even in a closed system, eventually can drive overshoot dynamics and destabilization by increased production, coupling, or interaction strength.Less
This chapter examines how nutrient recycling and decomposition affect the dynamics and stability of food webs. It first reviews some of the existing theory on detritus and food web dynamics before discussing the basics of a model that takes into account grazing food webs and whole ecosystems. It then describes the N-R-D (nutrient pool, resource, detritus) submodule as well as the full N-C-R-D (nutrient pool, consumer, resource, detritus) model. It also explores how detritus may act to distribute nutrients by considering a model that begets nonequilibrium dynamics. It shows that detritus tends to stabilize consumer–resource interactions relative to the purely community module (no recycling) because the detritus tends to fall out of phase with the resource–nutrient interaction. The addition of a consumer–resource incteraction to the N-R-D module, even in a closed system, eventually can drive overshoot dynamics and destabilization by increased production, coupling, or interaction strength.
Daniel L. Stein and Charles M. Newman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147338
- eISBN:
- 9781400845637
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147338.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Science, Technology and Environment
This chapter refers to the previous chapter in which the discontinuous behavior of thermodynamic functions at a phase transition was referred to as “carefully controlled conditions.” To proceed to ...
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This chapter refers to the previous chapter in which the discontinuous behavior of thermodynamic functions at a phase transition was referred to as “carefully controlled conditions.” To proceed to the next part of the story, it is necessary to explain just what is meant by this. To do so, the chapter turns to the central notion of thermodynamic equilibrium. It chapter introduces systems with quenched disorder, namely, ordinary glasses. This requires an explanation of the central notions of equilibrium and nonequilibrium. The chapter shows how large a gap remains in our understanding of the condensed state, and how powerful is the challenge to conventional statistical mechanics presented by quenched disorder.Less
This chapter refers to the previous chapter in which the discontinuous behavior of thermodynamic functions at a phase transition was referred to as “carefully controlled conditions.” To proceed to the next part of the story, it is necessary to explain just what is meant by this. To do so, the chapter turns to the central notion of thermodynamic equilibrium. It chapter introduces systems with quenched disorder, namely, ordinary glasses. This requires an explanation of the central notions of equilibrium and nonequilibrium. The chapter shows how large a gap remains in our understanding of the condensed state, and how powerful is the challenge to conventional statistical mechanics presented by quenched disorder.
Daniel L. Stein and Charles M. Newman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147338
- eISBN:
- 9781400845637
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147338.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Science, Technology and Environment
This chapter finally deals with the concept of spin glasses. The intention is not to provide anything approaching a thorough history of the subject. The field today is broad, with threads and ...
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This chapter finally deals with the concept of spin glasses. The intention is not to provide anything approaching a thorough history of the subject. The field today is broad, with threads and subthreads extending in a multitude of different directions. Rather, the chapter focuses on a relatively narrow part of the overall subject. It discusses some of the history of their discovery, their basic properties and experimental phenomenology, and some of the mysteries surrounding them. It introduces some of the basic theoretical constructs that underlie much of the discussion in later chapters. Topics covered include dilute magnetic alloys and the Kondo effect, nonequilibrium and dynamical behavior, mechanisms underlying spin glass behavior, the Edwards–Anderson Hamiltonian, frustration, dimensionality and phase transitions, broken symmetry and the Edwards–Anderson Order Parameter, and energy landscapes and metastability.Less
This chapter finally deals with the concept of spin glasses. The intention is not to provide anything approaching a thorough history of the subject. The field today is broad, with threads and subthreads extending in a multitude of different directions. Rather, the chapter focuses on a relatively narrow part of the overall subject. It discusses some of the history of their discovery, their basic properties and experimental phenomenology, and some of the mysteries surrounding them. It introduces some of the basic theoretical constructs that underlie much of the discussion in later chapters. Topics covered include dilute magnetic alloys and the Kondo effect, nonequilibrium and dynamical behavior, mechanisms underlying spin glass behavior, the Edwards–Anderson Hamiltonian, frustration, dimensionality and phase transitions, broken symmetry and the Edwards–Anderson Order Parameter, and energy landscapes and metastability.
Robert E. Rudd
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199233854
- eISBN:
- 9780191715532
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233854.003.0005
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
Coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) is a computer modeling technique that couples conventional molecular dynamics (MD) in some spatial regions of the simulation to a more coarse-grained ...
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Coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) is a computer modeling technique that couples conventional molecular dynamics (MD) in some spatial regions of the simulation to a more coarse-grained description in others. This concurrent multiscale modeling approach allows a more efficient use of computer power as it focuses only on those degrees of freedom that are physically relevant. In the spirit of finite element modeling (FEM), the coarse-grained regions are modeled on a mesh with variable mesh size. CGMD is derived solely from the MD model, however, and has no continuum parameters. As a result, it provides a coupling that is smooth and provides control of errors that arise at the coupling between the atomistic and coarse-grained regions. In this chapter, we review the formulation of CGMD, describing how coarse graining, the systematic removal of irrelevant degrees of freedom, is accomplished for a finite temperature system. We then describe practical implementation of CGMD for large-scale simulations and some tests of validity. We conclude with an outlook on some of the directions future development may take.Less
Coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) is a computer modeling technique that couples conventional molecular dynamics (MD) in some spatial regions of the simulation to a more coarse-grained description in others. This concurrent multiscale modeling approach allows a more efficient use of computer power as it focuses only on those degrees of freedom that are physically relevant. In the spirit of finite element modeling (FEM), the coarse-grained regions are modeled on a mesh with variable mesh size. CGMD is derived solely from the MD model, however, and has no continuum parameters. As a result, it provides a coupling that is smooth and provides control of errors that arise at the coupling between the atomistic and coarse-grained regions. In this chapter, we review the formulation of CGMD, describing how coarse graining, the systematic removal of irrelevant degrees of freedom, is accomplished for a finite temperature system. We then describe practical implementation of CGMD for large-scale simulations and some tests of validity. We conclude with an outlook on some of the directions future development may take.
T. Grandy Walter
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199546176
- eISBN:
- 9780191720161
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546176.003.0006
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This chapter presents the first extension of the maximum entropy principle to nonequilibrium states, with applications to inhomogeneous systems. An initial contact with linear transport processes in ...
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This chapter presents the first extension of the maximum entropy principle to nonequilibrium states, with applications to inhomogeneous systems. An initial contact with linear transport processes in simple fluids is also included.Less
This chapter presents the first extension of the maximum entropy principle to nonequilibrium states, with applications to inhomogeneous systems. An initial contact with linear transport processes in simple fluids is also included.
T. Grandy Walter
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199546176
- eISBN:
- 9780191720161
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546176.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This chapter presents an application to nonequilibrium stationary processes, with a focus on simple fluids.
This chapter presents an application to nonequilibrium stationary processes, with a focus on simple fluids.
T. Grandy Walter
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199546176
- eISBN:
- 9780191720161
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546176.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This chapter introduces the concept of thermal driving, wherein very general external sources that go beyond simple mechanical and electrical forces are envisioned, from baseball bats to Bunsen ...
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This chapter introduces the concept of thermal driving, wherein very general external sources that go beyond simple mechanical and electrical forces are envisioned, from baseball bats to Bunsen burners. Elements of nonequilibrium thermodynamics are presented.Less
This chapter introduces the concept of thermal driving, wherein very general external sources that go beyond simple mechanical and electrical forces are envisioned, from baseball bats to Bunsen burners. Elements of nonequilibrium thermodynamics are presented.
S. G. Tikhodeev and H. Ueba
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199238873
- eISBN:
- 9780191716652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238873.003.0020
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter reviews recent results on the inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy of a single absorbed molecule. An adsorbate-induced resonance coupled to the molecular vibration is analyzed. A ...
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This chapter reviews recent results on the inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy of a single absorbed molecule. An adsorbate-induced resonance coupled to the molecular vibration is analyzed. A theoretical description of the inelastic electron tunneling is given in terms of the nonequilibrium Keldysh diagram technique.Less
This chapter reviews recent results on the inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy of a single absorbed molecule. An adsorbate-induced resonance coupled to the molecular vibration is analyzed. A theoretical description of the inelastic electron tunneling is given in terms of the nonequilibrium Keldysh diagram technique.
Vladilen Letokhov and Sveneric Johansson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199548279
- eISBN:
- 9780191720512
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548279.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This chapter presents an overview of ideas of the nonequilibrium state of matter that emerged in the last thirty years of the 20th century, which are surprisingly similar to the schemes for laser ...
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This chapter presents an overview of ideas of the nonequilibrium state of matter that emerged in the last thirty years of the 20th century, which are surprisingly similar to the schemes for laser pumping. Topics discussed include amplification under non-low thermal equilibrium (LTE) conditions, astrophysical predecessors of the laser, and manifestation of laser action under astrophysical conditions.Less
This chapter presents an overview of ideas of the nonequilibrium state of matter that emerged in the last thirty years of the 20th century, which are surprisingly similar to the schemes for laser pumping. Topics discussed include amplification under non-low thermal equilibrium (LTE) conditions, astrophysical predecessors of the laser, and manifestation of laser action under astrophysical conditions.
Niall Shanks
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195161991
- eISBN:
- 9780199835058
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195161998.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
The creationist claim that evolution is inconsistent with the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which states that entropy in the universe increases, is discussed and refuted: local reductions in entropy ...
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The creationist claim that evolution is inconsistent with the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which states that entropy in the universe increases, is discussed and refuted: local reductions in entropy can be offset against increases in entropy elsewhere, so that the net increase in entropy required by the Law is consistent with local decreases in entropy. It is explained how recent developments in nonequilibrium thermodynamics have shown how physical systems can organize themselves into highly ordered states under the influence of natural laws alone.Less
The creationist claim that evolution is inconsistent with the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which states that entropy in the universe increases, is discussed and refuted: local reductions in entropy can be offset against increases in entropy elsewhere, so that the net increase in entropy required by the Law is consistent with local decreases in entropy. It is explained how recent developments in nonequilibrium thermodynamics have shown how physical systems can organize themselves into highly ordered states under the influence of natural laws alone.
A.V Akimov
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198507321
- eISBN:
- 9780191709319
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507321.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This chapter discusses the interaction of two-dimensional excitons with phonons. The specific feature of the exciton-phonon interaction is the importance of both electrons and holes coupled by ...
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This chapter discusses the interaction of two-dimensional excitons with phonons. The specific feature of the exciton-phonon interaction is the importance of both electrons and holes coupled by Coulomb interaction. The main interest here is to review the role that acoustic phonons play in exciton dynamics. In GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells the excitons are strongly pronounced in the optical spectra as narrow spectral lines, which makes optical methods the main instrument for the studies of exciton-phonon interactions. Experiments are described where the excitons become a tool for phonon spectroscopy providing valuable information about the dynamical properties of phonons in semiconductor nanostructures. The chapter describes details of experimental work and also presents the results of calculations describing the effect of phonons on the energy distribution of two-dimensional (2-D) excitons in single and double quantum wells.Less
This chapter discusses the interaction of two-dimensional excitons with phonons. The specific feature of the exciton-phonon interaction is the importance of both electrons and holes coupled by Coulomb interaction. The main interest here is to review the role that acoustic phonons play in exciton dynamics. In GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells the excitons are strongly pronounced in the optical spectra as narrow spectral lines, which makes optical methods the main instrument for the studies of exciton-phonon interactions. Experiments are described where the excitons become a tool for phonon spectroscopy providing valuable information about the dynamical properties of phonons in semiconductor nanostructures. The chapter describes details of experimental work and also presents the results of calculations describing the effect of phonons on the energy distribution of two-dimensional (2-D) excitons in single and double quantum wells.
V. Jakšić, Y. Ogata, Y. Pautrat, and C.-A. Pillet
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199652495
- eISBN:
- 9780191741203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199652495.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This chapter presents a self-contained introduction to some recent developments in nonequilibrium quantum statistical mechanics. In the elementary framework of finite dimensional quantum systems it ...
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This chapter presents a self-contained introduction to some recent developments in nonequilibrium quantum statistical mechanics. In the elementary framework of finite dimensional quantum systems it introduces the concept of entropy production and discusses various generating functionals which encode the statistical properties of its fluctuations. It explores the physical interpretations of these functionals and their mathematical properties. In particular, it investigates their relations to linear response theory, full counting statistics, and quantum hypothesis testing. The chapter discusses very briefly more technical issues linked to the thermodynamic limit as well as to the large time limit. These two limits turn the elementary, finite time fluctuation theory into a powerful machinery, which yields important information on the asymptotic behaviour of infinitely extended quantum systems, e.g., open systems coupled to infinite reservoirs. An essential mathematical tool to deal with such a system is Tomita–Takesaki's modular theory of von Neumann algebras. The power of this theory is somewhat shadowed by its technical aspects. Finite dimensional quantum systems are special since all the structures and results of this machinery can be described by elementary tools.Less
This chapter presents a self-contained introduction to some recent developments in nonequilibrium quantum statistical mechanics. In the elementary framework of finite dimensional quantum systems it introduces the concept of entropy production and discusses various generating functionals which encode the statistical properties of its fluctuations. It explores the physical interpretations of these functionals and their mathematical properties. In particular, it investigates their relations to linear response theory, full counting statistics, and quantum hypothesis testing. The chapter discusses very briefly more technical issues linked to the thermodynamic limit as well as to the large time limit. These two limits turn the elementary, finite time fluctuation theory into a powerful machinery, which yields important information on the asymptotic behaviour of infinitely extended quantum systems, e.g., open systems coupled to infinite reservoirs. An essential mathematical tool to deal with such a system is Tomita–Takesaki's modular theory of von Neumann algebras. The power of this theory is somewhat shadowed by its technical aspects. Finite dimensional quantum systems are special since all the structures and results of this machinery can be described by elementary tools.
Rodrigo Soto
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- June 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198716051
- eISBN:
- 9780191824401
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716051.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This textbook presents kinetic theory, which is a systematic approach to describing nonequilibrium systems. The text is balanced between the fundamental concepts of kinetic theory (irreversibility, ...
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This textbook presents kinetic theory, which is a systematic approach to describing nonequilibrium systems. The text is balanced between the fundamental concepts of kinetic theory (irreversibility, transport processes, separation of time scales, conservations, coarse graining, distribution functions, etc.) and the results and predictions of the theory, where the relevant properties of different systems are computed. The book is organised in thematic chapters where different paradigmatic systems are studied. The specific features of these systems are described, building and analysing the appropriate kinetic equations. Specifically, the book considers the classical transport of charges, the dynamics of classical gases, Brownian motion, plasmas, and self-gravitating systems, quantum gases, the electronic transport in solids and, finally, semiconductors. Besides these systems that are studied in detail, concepts are applied to some modern examples including the quark–gluon plasma, the motion of bacterial suspensions, the electronic properties of graphene or the dynamics of a vortex gas, among others. In this way the reader will appreciate how the concepts and tools of kinetic theory can be applied to various situations. Besides these thematic chapters, a first chapter presents the main concepts in an introductory manner and then the formal kinetic theory for classical systems is presented in a general form, which will serve as the basis for subsequent thematic chapters. Finally, specific numerical methods for kinetic theory are given in a devoted chapter.Less
This textbook presents kinetic theory, which is a systematic approach to describing nonequilibrium systems. The text is balanced between the fundamental concepts of kinetic theory (irreversibility, transport processes, separation of time scales, conservations, coarse graining, distribution functions, etc.) and the results and predictions of the theory, where the relevant properties of different systems are computed. The book is organised in thematic chapters where different paradigmatic systems are studied. The specific features of these systems are described, building and analysing the appropriate kinetic equations. Specifically, the book considers the classical transport of charges, the dynamics of classical gases, Brownian motion, plasmas, and self-gravitating systems, quantum gases, the electronic transport in solids and, finally, semiconductors. Besides these systems that are studied in detail, concepts are applied to some modern examples including the quark–gluon plasma, the motion of bacterial suspensions, the electronic properties of graphene or the dynamics of a vortex gas, among others. In this way the reader will appreciate how the concepts and tools of kinetic theory can be applied to various situations. Besides these thematic chapters, a first chapter presents the main concepts in an introductory manner and then the formal kinetic theory for classical systems is presented in a general form, which will serve as the basis for subsequent thematic chapters. Finally, specific numerical methods for kinetic theory are given in a devoted chapter.
Norman J. Morgenstern Horing
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198791942
- eISBN:
- 9780191834165
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198791942.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
The methods of coupled quantum field theory, which had great initial success in relativistic elementary particle physics and have subsequently played a major role in the extensive development of ...
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The methods of coupled quantum field theory, which had great initial success in relativistic elementary particle physics and have subsequently played a major role in the extensive development of non-relativistic quantum many-particle theory and condensed matter physics, are at the core of this book. As an introduction to the subject, this presentation is intended to facilitate delivery of the material in an easily digestible form to students at a relatively early stage of their scientific development, specifically advanced undergraduates (rather than second or third year graduate students), who are mathematically strong physics majors. The mechanism to accomplish this is the early introduction of variational calculus with particle sources and the Schwinger Action Principle, accompanied by Green’s functions, and, in addition, a brief derivation of quantum mechanical ensemble theory introducing statistical thermodynamics. Important achievements of the theory in condensed matter and quantum statistical physics are reviewed in detail to help develop research capability. These include the derivation of coupled field Green’s function equations of motion for a model electron-hole-phonon system, extensive discussions of retarded, thermodynamic and non-equilibrium Green’s functions, and their associated spectral representations and approximation procedures. Phenomenology emerging in these discussions includes quantum plasma dynamic, nonlocal screening, plasmons, polaritons, linear electromagnetic response, excitons, polarons, phonons, magnetic Landau quantization, van der Waals interactions, chemisorption, etc. Considerable attention is also given to low-dimensional and nanostructured systems, including quantum wells, wires, dots and superlattices, as well as materials having exceptional conduction properties such as superconductors, superfluids and graphene.Less
The methods of coupled quantum field theory, which had great initial success in relativistic elementary particle physics and have subsequently played a major role in the extensive development of non-relativistic quantum many-particle theory and condensed matter physics, are at the core of this book. As an introduction to the subject, this presentation is intended to facilitate delivery of the material in an easily digestible form to students at a relatively early stage of their scientific development, specifically advanced undergraduates (rather than second or third year graduate students), who are mathematically strong physics majors. The mechanism to accomplish this is the early introduction of variational calculus with particle sources and the Schwinger Action Principle, accompanied by Green’s functions, and, in addition, a brief derivation of quantum mechanical ensemble theory introducing statistical thermodynamics. Important achievements of the theory in condensed matter and quantum statistical physics are reviewed in detail to help develop research capability. These include the derivation of coupled field Green’s function equations of motion for a model electron-hole-phonon system, extensive discussions of retarded, thermodynamic and non-equilibrium Green’s functions, and their associated spectral representations and approximation procedures. Phenomenology emerging in these discussions includes quantum plasma dynamic, nonlocal screening, plasmons, polaritons, linear electromagnetic response, excitons, polarons, phonons, magnetic Landau quantization, van der Waals interactions, chemisorption, etc. Considerable attention is also given to low-dimensional and nanostructured systems, including quantum wells, wires, dots and superlattices, as well as materials having exceptional conduction properties such as superconductors, superfluids and graphene.
Yas̨ar Demirel
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262201742
- eISBN:
- 9780262295246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262201742.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter describes and elaborates on the energy coupling processes of living systems. First, equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems are discussed, introducing living systems as open, ...
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This chapter describes and elaborates on the energy coupling processes of living systems. First, equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems are discussed, introducing living systems as open, nonequilibrium, and dissipative structures continuously interacting with their surroundings. The roles of thermodynamics and Gibbs free energy as they apply to energy coupling phenomena are then summarized, followed by a discussion of protein structures as playing a crucial role in information processes and energy couplings. The “well-informed” character of living systems and the control of free energy, or exergy, by information are also briefly discussed. Finally, using the linear nonequilibrium thermodynamic approach, energy couplings in ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation and active transport of ions by chemical pumps are discussed as a part of bioenergetics.Less
This chapter describes and elaborates on the energy coupling processes of living systems. First, equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems are discussed, introducing living systems as open, nonequilibrium, and dissipative structures continuously interacting with their surroundings. The roles of thermodynamics and Gibbs free energy as they apply to energy coupling phenomena are then summarized, followed by a discussion of protein structures as playing a crucial role in information processes and energy couplings. The “well-informed” character of living systems and the control of free energy, or exergy, by information are also briefly discussed. Finally, using the linear nonequilibrium thermodynamic approach, energy couplings in ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation and active transport of ions by chemical pumps are discussed as a part of bioenergetics.
Klaus Morawetz
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- February 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198797241
- eISBN:
- 9780191838743
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198797241.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
In quantum statistics based on many-body Green’s functions, the effective medium is represented by the selfenergy. This book aims to discuss the selfenergy from this point of view. The knowledge of ...
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In quantum statistics based on many-body Green’s functions, the effective medium is represented by the selfenergy. This book aims to discuss the selfenergy from this point of view. The knowledge of the exact selfenergy is equivalent to the knowledge of the exact correlation function from which one can evaluate any single-particle observable. Complete interpretations of the selfenergy are as rich as the properties of the many-body systems. It will be shown that classical features are helpful to understand the selfenergy, but in many cases we have to include additional aspects describing the internal dynamics of the interaction. The inductive presentation introduces the concept of Ludwig Boltzmann to describe correlations by the scattering of many particles from elementary principles up to refined approximations of many-body quantum systems. The ultimate goal is to contribute to the understanding of the time-dependent formation of correlations. Within this book an up-to-date most simple formalism of nonequilibrium Green’s functions is presented to cover different applications ranging from solid state physics (impurity scattering, semiconductor, superconductivity, Bose–Einstein condensation, spin-orbit coupled systems), plasma physics (screening, transport in magnetic fields), cold atoms in optical lattices up to nuclear reactions (heavy-ion collisions). Both possibilities are provided, to learn the quantum kinetic theory in terms of Green’s functions from the basics using experiences with phenomena, and experienced researchers can find a framework to develop and to apply the quantum many-body theory straight to versatile phenomena.Less
In quantum statistics based on many-body Green’s functions, the effective medium is represented by the selfenergy. This book aims to discuss the selfenergy from this point of view. The knowledge of the exact selfenergy is equivalent to the knowledge of the exact correlation function from which one can evaluate any single-particle observable. Complete interpretations of the selfenergy are as rich as the properties of the many-body systems. It will be shown that classical features are helpful to understand the selfenergy, but in many cases we have to include additional aspects describing the internal dynamics of the interaction. The inductive presentation introduces the concept of Ludwig Boltzmann to describe correlations by the scattering of many particles from elementary principles up to refined approximations of many-body quantum systems. The ultimate goal is to contribute to the understanding of the time-dependent formation of correlations. Within this book an up-to-date most simple formalism of nonequilibrium Green’s functions is presented to cover different applications ranging from solid state physics (impurity scattering, semiconductor, superconductivity, Bose–Einstein condensation, spin-orbit coupled systems), plasma physics (screening, transport in magnetic fields), cold atoms in optical lattices up to nuclear reactions (heavy-ion collisions). Both possibilities are provided, to learn the quantum kinetic theory in terms of Green’s functions from the basics using experiences with phenomena, and experienced researchers can find a framework to develop and to apply the quantum many-body theory straight to versatile phenomena.
