Agnes Andersson Djurfeldt, Göran Djurfeldt, Ola Hall, and Maria Archila Bustos
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198799283
- eISBN:
- 9780191839641
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines agrarian changes triggered by the structural transformation of the overall economy, focusing on their drivers and distributional outcomes. By means of multi-level modelling of ...
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This chapter examines agrarian changes triggered by the structural transformation of the overall economy, focusing on their drivers and distributional outcomes. By means of multi-level modelling of three processes—intensification of grain yields, diversification of cropping, and non-farm diversification (pluriactivity)—it concludes that intensification has moderately accelerated and is getting more important than its twin process. Similarly, crop diversification has accelerated, while non-farm diversification seems to be more pull- than push-driven. The most important drivers of the two first-mentioned processes are commercial ones: increasing local and domestic demand for grains and for other crops and institutional changes promoting market participation of smallholders. The chapter concludes that these processes are not pro-poor, but neither are they pro-rich; middling smallholder households tend to be more involved. The gender profile of agricultural diversification seems to involve and benefit male-managed farms, whereas non-farm diversification is gender neutral.Less
This chapter examines agrarian changes triggered by the structural transformation of the overall economy, focusing on their drivers and distributional outcomes. By means of multi-level modelling of three processes—intensification of grain yields, diversification of cropping, and non-farm diversification (pluriactivity)—it concludes that intensification has moderately accelerated and is getting more important than its twin process. Similarly, crop diversification has accelerated, while non-farm diversification seems to be more pull- than push-driven. The most important drivers of the two first-mentioned processes are commercial ones: increasing local and domestic demand for grains and for other crops and institutional changes promoting market participation of smallholders. The chapter concludes that these processes are not pro-poor, but neither are they pro-rich; middling smallholder households tend to be more involved. The gender profile of agricultural diversification seems to involve and benefit male-managed farms, whereas non-farm diversification is gender neutral.
Himanshu, Peter Lanjouw, Rinku Murgai, and Nicholas Stern
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- June 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199461868
- eISBN:
- 9780199086856
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199461868.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter analyses the changing nature of non-farm diversification over time at the all-India level along with changes in a small village in northern India. The analysis based on the longitudinal ...
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This chapter analyses the changing nature of non-farm diversification over time at the all-India level along with changes in a small village in northern India. The analysis based on the longitudinal survey of the village of Palanpur, Uttar Pradesh, confirms the growing importance and influence of the non-farm sector in the rural economy between the early 1980s and late 2000s. The preliminary analysis based on the secondary NSSO data as well as Palanpur data suggests a slow process of non-farm diversification, whose distributional incidence, on the margin, is increasingly pro-poor. The village-level analysis documents that the non-farm sector is not only increasing incomes and reducing poverty, but appears as well to be breaking down long-standing barriers to mobility amongst the poorest segments of rural society. The evidence from Palanpur also shows, however, that at the village-level a significant increase in income inequality has accompanied diversification away from the farm.Less
This chapter analyses the changing nature of non-farm diversification over time at the all-India level along with changes in a small village in northern India. The analysis based on the longitudinal survey of the village of Palanpur, Uttar Pradesh, confirms the growing importance and influence of the non-farm sector in the rural economy between the early 1980s and late 2000s. The preliminary analysis based on the secondary NSSO data as well as Palanpur data suggests a slow process of non-farm diversification, whose distributional incidence, on the margin, is increasingly pro-poor. The village-level analysis documents that the non-farm sector is not only increasing incomes and reducing poverty, but appears as well to be breaking down long-standing barriers to mobility amongst the poorest segments of rural society. The evidence from Palanpur also shows, however, that at the village-level a significant increase in income inequality has accompanied diversification away from the farm.
Himanshu, Peter Lanjouw, and Nicholas Stern
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198806509
- eISBN:
- 9780191844102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198806509.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Public and Welfare
Palanpur offers the rare opportunity to simultaneously examine levels and trends in poverty, inequality, and income mobility over an extended period. This chapter documents the evolution of these ...
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Palanpur offers the rare opportunity to simultaneously examine levels and trends in poverty, inequality, and income mobility over an extended period. This chapter documents the evolution of these distributional outcomes and points to some striking changes over time. It shows that the forces of agricultural change and non-farm diversification have combined to generate rising per capita incomes and falling poverty in Palanpur. Such forces have also, in recent years, fostered social mobility, with some households from the traditionally poorest castes finding remunerative earning opportunities in the non-farm sector. However, income inequality has also risen sharply in Palanpur, and this process is also seen to have been strongly driven by the expansion of the non-farm sector. When a long-term perspective is taken, the chapter shows that intergenerational mobility—considered here in terms of the strength of association between the incomes of fathers and sons—has declined over the entire survey period.Less
Palanpur offers the rare opportunity to simultaneously examine levels and trends in poverty, inequality, and income mobility over an extended period. This chapter documents the evolution of these distributional outcomes and points to some striking changes over time. It shows that the forces of agricultural change and non-farm diversification have combined to generate rising per capita incomes and falling poverty in Palanpur. Such forces have also, in recent years, fostered social mobility, with some households from the traditionally poorest castes finding remunerative earning opportunities in the non-farm sector. However, income inequality has also risen sharply in Palanpur, and this process is also seen to have been strongly driven by the expansion of the non-farm sector. When a long-term perspective is taken, the chapter shows that intergenerational mobility—considered here in terms of the strength of association between the incomes of fathers and sons—has declined over the entire survey period.
Stephen K. Wambugu, Joseph T. Karugia, and Willis Oluoch-Kosura
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198799283
- eISBN:
- 9780191839641
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines maize productivity, technology use in maize, and the impact of non-farm income (NFI) on agricultural investment in Kenya, giving them a gender dimension. The study first ...
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This chapter examines maize productivity, technology use in maize, and the impact of non-farm income (NFI) on agricultural investment in Kenya, giving them a gender dimension. The study first concludes that there are no significant differences in maize yields between male-managed farms and female-managed farms (FMFs) in the study areas, Nyeri and Kakamega. Second, technology use for maize production was lower and significant in some instances for FMFs. Significant differences, especially in the use of hybrid seeds and tractor ploughs, were noted. A third conclusion is that NFI is not used in farm investment. NFI had negative coefficients on adoption and intensity of agricultural input use. Policies that encourage both farm and non-farm income should be instituted given the complementary roles that they play. Any entry barriers for disadvantaged households, especially for the FMFs, to participate in higher-paying non-farm activities need to be overcome.Less
This chapter examines maize productivity, technology use in maize, and the impact of non-farm income (NFI) on agricultural investment in Kenya, giving them a gender dimension. The study first concludes that there are no significant differences in maize yields between male-managed farms and female-managed farms (FMFs) in the study areas, Nyeri and Kakamega. Second, technology use for maize production was lower and significant in some instances for FMFs. Significant differences, especially in the use of hybrid seeds and tractor ploughs, were noted. A third conclusion is that NFI is not used in farm investment. NFI had negative coefficients on adoption and intensity of agricultural input use. Policies that encourage both farm and non-farm income should be instituted given the complementary roles that they play. Any entry barriers for disadvantaged households, especially for the FMFs, to participate in higher-paying non-farm activities need to be overcome.
Himanshu, Peter Lanjouw, and Nicholas Stern
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198806509
- eISBN:
- 9780191844102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198806509.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Public and Welfare
This chapter examines theories of economic development and growth and asks how these can help in our understanding of the dynamics of changing individual circumstances in Palanpur. The core ideas of ...
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This chapter examines theories of economic development and growth and asks how these can help in our understanding of the dynamics of changing individual circumstances in Palanpur. The core ideas of the Palanpur study, namely of non-farm diversification, evolving mobility and inequality, the responsiveness of institutions to change, sluggish progress in human development, and the critical role of entrepreneurship and initiative, are explored through the lens of conventional theories of development. Deficiencies in our conceptual understanding are identified (ways forward are suggested in Chapter 13). The chapter notes, however, that the rapidly growing fields of institutional and behavioural economics are particularly relevant to the Palanpur study and may come to offer important insights.Less
This chapter examines theories of economic development and growth and asks how these can help in our understanding of the dynamics of changing individual circumstances in Palanpur. The core ideas of the Palanpur study, namely of non-farm diversification, evolving mobility and inequality, the responsiveness of institutions to change, sluggish progress in human development, and the critical role of entrepreneurship and initiative, are explored through the lens of conventional theories of development. Deficiencies in our conceptual understanding are identified (ways forward are suggested in Chapter 13). The chapter notes, however, that the rapidly growing fields of institutional and behavioural economics are particularly relevant to the Palanpur study and may come to offer important insights.
