John Landers
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199279579
- eISBN:
- 9780191719448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279579.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Social History, Economic History
Organic economies with their restrictions on production, transportation, and the deployment of military force necessarily constrained the relationship between power and space, but the outcome of this ...
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Organic economies with their restrictions on production, transportation, and the deployment of military force necessarily constrained the relationship between power and space, but the outcome of this constraint was historically viable. The history and geography of political power is very largely the history and geography of states, thus, it is necessary to consider the state as a spatial phenomenon. The states of early modern Europe were mostly bordered by structural homologues: other states similarly organised and comparably armed. Most of the peoples with whom western rulers had to deal can be categorised as the ‘northern barbarians’ of antiquity, the early medieval Slavs and cognate peoples in eastern Europe and the Balkans, and the nomadic peoples who intruded periodically from the steppe and the desert fringes. Tributary dependence was often enforced by raiding strategies, but the expansion of control usually required occupation.Less
Organic economies with their restrictions on production, transportation, and the deployment of military force necessarily constrained the relationship between power and space, but the outcome of this constraint was historically viable. The history and geography of political power is very largely the history and geography of states, thus, it is necessary to consider the state as a spatial phenomenon. The states of early modern Europe were mostly bordered by structural homologues: other states similarly organised and comparably armed. Most of the peoples with whom western rulers had to deal can be categorised as the ‘northern barbarians’ of antiquity, the early medieval Slavs and cognate peoples in eastern Europe and the Balkans, and the nomadic peoples who intruded periodically from the steppe and the desert fringes. Tributary dependence was often enforced by raiding strategies, but the expansion of control usually required occupation.
Jonathan Karam Skaff
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199734139
- eISBN:
- 9780199950195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734139.003.0000
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, World History: BCE to 500CE, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This introductory chapter discusses the relations between the Sui and Tang Empires and the surrounding Turko-Mongol pastoral nomadic peoples during the medieval period (580–800 ad). It explains the ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the relations between the Sui and Tang Empires and the surrounding Turko-Mongol pastoral nomadic peoples during the medieval period (580–800 ad). It explains the method and theory used in the present study and studies the China-Inner Asia relations, where it introduces the term “Chinese worldview.” The final part of the chapter discusses several concepts that are included in the following chapters, such as patrimonialism, the China-Inner Asia borderlands, and Sui-Tang cosmopolitanism.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the relations between the Sui and Tang Empires and the surrounding Turko-Mongol pastoral nomadic peoples during the medieval period (580–800 ad). It explains the method and theory used in the present study and studies the China-Inner Asia relations, where it introduces the term “Chinese worldview.” The final part of the chapter discusses several concepts that are included in the following chapters, such as patrimonialism, the China-Inner Asia borderlands, and Sui-Tang cosmopolitanism.
Lindsey N. Kingston
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190918262
- eISBN:
- 9780190918293
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190918262.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Democratization
Under pressure from sedentary majority populations, nomadic peoples face serious threats to their cultural survival and livelihood. Nomadic groups have long faced suspicion and discrimination—as ...
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Under pressure from sedentary majority populations, nomadic peoples face serious threats to their cultural survival and livelihood. Nomadic groups have long faced suspicion and discrimination—as illustrated by the ongoing marginalization of European Roma and Travellers, the Maasai of Tanzania and Kenya, and the Bedouin of the MENA region—and modern societies tend to see human rights, including the basic rights of freedom of movement and property rights, through a lens that privileges settlement. Indeed, nomadic peoples are often viewed with suspicion and excluded from the citizenry because they move “too much” and do not conform to majority views related to settlement, land use, and community membership. This bias leaves nomadic peoples without functioning citizenship in regard to state governments, who fail to understand their basic needs and perspectives. Resulting rights abuses center not only on rights to land and natural resources but also on cultural and political expression.Less
Under pressure from sedentary majority populations, nomadic peoples face serious threats to their cultural survival and livelihood. Nomadic groups have long faced suspicion and discrimination—as illustrated by the ongoing marginalization of European Roma and Travellers, the Maasai of Tanzania and Kenya, and the Bedouin of the MENA region—and modern societies tend to see human rights, including the basic rights of freedom of movement and property rights, through a lens that privileges settlement. Indeed, nomadic peoples are often viewed with suspicion and excluded from the citizenry because they move “too much” and do not conform to majority views related to settlement, land use, and community membership. This bias leaves nomadic peoples without functioning citizenship in regard to state governments, who fail to understand their basic needs and perspectives. Resulting rights abuses center not only on rights to land and natural resources but also on cultural and political expression.
Suzanne E. Joseph
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780813044613
- eISBN:
- 9780813046389
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813044613.003.0008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
The question taken up in this chapter is whether similar forms of class-like differentiation shape the transitional experiences of less stratified peoples peripheral to state control, particularly ...
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The question taken up in this chapter is whether similar forms of class-like differentiation shape the transitional experiences of less stratified peoples peripheral to state control, particularly nomadic groups. Upon reviewing local empirical studies of women's fertility and health in tribal pastoral and hunting-gathering economies, the chapter affirms the presence of sociodemographic equality in multiple contexts.Less
The question taken up in this chapter is whether similar forms of class-like differentiation shape the transitional experiences of less stratified peoples peripheral to state control, particularly nomadic groups. Upon reviewing local empirical studies of women's fertility and health in tribal pastoral and hunting-gathering economies, the chapter affirms the presence of sociodemographic equality in multiple contexts.
Ter Ellingson
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520222687
- eISBN:
- 9780520925922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520222687.003.0011
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
As ethnographic interest in North American Indians shifted from the Northeast to peoples farther to the West in the first half of the nineteenth century, the greatest excitement arose from the ...
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As ethnographic interest in North American Indians shifted from the Northeast to peoples farther to the West in the first half of the nineteenth century, the greatest excitement arose from the discovery of the nomadic hunting peoples of the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase territories. Innovations in ethnographic method came along with the new direction in ethnographic area. One such innovation was the practice of what anthropologists would later call participant observation, living for substantial periods with the people studied and taking part, as much as possible, in their way of life. Few had voluntarily undertaken it with the primary motivation of using it as a source of ethnographic information. Some saw the advantages of such an approach; and by the 1830s it was applied to American Indian ethnography by Charles Murray and George Catlin.Less
As ethnographic interest in North American Indians shifted from the Northeast to peoples farther to the West in the first half of the nineteenth century, the greatest excitement arose from the discovery of the nomadic hunting peoples of the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase territories. Innovations in ethnographic method came along with the new direction in ethnographic area. One such innovation was the practice of what anthropologists would later call participant observation, living for substantial periods with the people studied and taking part, as much as possible, in their way of life. Few had voluntarily undertaken it with the primary motivation of using it as a source of ethnographic information. Some saw the advantages of such an approach; and by the 1830s it was applied to American Indian ethnography by Charles Murray and George Catlin.
Michal Biran
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824839789
- eISBN:
- 9780824869526
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824839789.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This paper examines the Mongol ethnic reconfiguration of the Eurasian steppe people through the case study of the Kitans in China. It argues that Mongol imperial policies played a crucial role in ...
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This paper examines the Mongol ethnic reconfiguration of the Eurasian steppe people through the case study of the Kitans in China. It argues that Mongol imperial policies played a crucial role in determining the direction of identity change among their nomadic population and contributed to the Kitan assimilation in China. While in the United Empire period many Kitans soldiers and administrators joined the Mongol ranks and “became Mongols,” in the long run, most of them ended up assimilating into China. This was due to Mongol policies of dissolving the Kitan political frameworks; their geographical dispersion and their classification with the northern Chinese (not with the Mongols or steppe people). The penetration of Mongolian social norms—that were similar to the Kitans’—into Yuan China, facilitated this process. The paper reviews and analyzes the Kitans’ process of identity change and its expressions, comparing the Kitans in China to their counterparts in Iran.Less
This paper examines the Mongol ethnic reconfiguration of the Eurasian steppe people through the case study of the Kitans in China. It argues that Mongol imperial policies played a crucial role in determining the direction of identity change among their nomadic population and contributed to the Kitan assimilation in China. While in the United Empire period many Kitans soldiers and administrators joined the Mongol ranks and “became Mongols,” in the long run, most of them ended up assimilating into China. This was due to Mongol policies of dissolving the Kitan political frameworks; their geographical dispersion and their classification with the northern Chinese (not with the Mongols or steppe people). The penetration of Mongolian social norms—that were similar to the Kitans’—into Yuan China, facilitated this process. The paper reviews and analyzes the Kitans’ process of identity change and its expressions, comparing the Kitans in China to their counterparts in Iran.
Lindsey N. Kingston
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190918262
- eISBN:
- 9780190918293
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190918262.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Democratization
Fully Human: Personhood, Citizenship, and Rights critically considers how inequalities related to citizenship and recognition impact one’s ability to claim so-called universal and inalienable rights. ...
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Fully Human: Personhood, Citizenship, and Rights critically considers how inequalities related to citizenship and recognition impact one’s ability to claim so-called universal and inalienable rights. Today, citizenship itself serves to recognize an individual as fully human or worthy of fundamental human rights—yet this robust form of political membership is limited or missing entirely for some vulnerable groups. These protection gaps are central to hierarchies of personhood—inequalities that render some people more “worthy” than others for protections and political membership—that lead to gross violations of the rights to place and purpose that are essential for a person to live a life of human dignity. This book presents various manifestations of hierarchies of personhood, beginning with statelessness (the most direct and obvious lack of functioning citizenship) and progressing through the forcibly displaced, irregular migrants, nomadic peoples, indigenous nations, and “second-class” citizens in the United States. It challenges the binary construct between citizen and noncitizen, arguing that rights to place and purpose are routinely violated in the space between. To resist hierarchies of personhood, functioning citizenship necessitates the opening of political space for those who cannot be neatly categorized. Only by recognizing that all people are inherently worthy of full personhood—and by advocating expanded forms of political membership and voice—can the ideals of modern human rights be realized.Less
Fully Human: Personhood, Citizenship, and Rights critically considers how inequalities related to citizenship and recognition impact one’s ability to claim so-called universal and inalienable rights. Today, citizenship itself serves to recognize an individual as fully human or worthy of fundamental human rights—yet this robust form of political membership is limited or missing entirely for some vulnerable groups. These protection gaps are central to hierarchies of personhood—inequalities that render some people more “worthy” than others for protections and political membership—that lead to gross violations of the rights to place and purpose that are essential for a person to live a life of human dignity. This book presents various manifestations of hierarchies of personhood, beginning with statelessness (the most direct and obvious lack of functioning citizenship) and progressing through the forcibly displaced, irregular migrants, nomadic peoples, indigenous nations, and “second-class” citizens in the United States. It challenges the binary construct between citizen and noncitizen, arguing that rights to place and purpose are routinely violated in the space between. To resist hierarchies of personhood, functioning citizenship necessitates the opening of political space for those who cannot be neatly categorized. Only by recognizing that all people are inherently worthy of full personhood—and by advocating expanded forms of political membership and voice—can the ideals of modern human rights be realized.
Charles Officer and Jake Page
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199837809
- eISBN:
- 9780190267872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199837809.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter describes the geographical features of the Arctic, particularly its landscape, its inhabitants, and its seasons. Most of the Arctic lands are underlain by permanent ice (called ...
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This chapter describes the geographical features of the Arctic, particularly its landscape, its inhabitants, and its seasons. Most of the Arctic lands are underlain by permanent ice (called permafrost) to depths of 800 to 1,500 feet. The lands bordering the Arctic are inhabited by nomadic peoples. Since plant life cannot take root in permanently frozen ground, the nomadic people hunt to make a living. The polar climate results from the heat imbalance of the spheroidal Earth. The rotation Earth causes each pole-to-equator system to break up into three separate circulation cells: one is polar, the next is at midlatitude (called the Ferrel cell), and one is equatorial (called the Hadley cell).Less
This chapter describes the geographical features of the Arctic, particularly its landscape, its inhabitants, and its seasons. Most of the Arctic lands are underlain by permanent ice (called permafrost) to depths of 800 to 1,500 feet. The lands bordering the Arctic are inhabited by nomadic peoples. Since plant life cannot take root in permanently frozen ground, the nomadic people hunt to make a living. The polar climate results from the heat imbalance of the spheroidal Earth. The rotation Earth causes each pole-to-equator system to break up into three separate circulation cells: one is polar, the next is at midlatitude (called the Ferrel cell), and one is equatorial (called the Hadley cell).
