Thérèse Murphy (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199562572
- eISBN:
- 9780191705328
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562572.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law, Human Rights and Immigration
The first IVF baby was born in the 1970s. Less than twenty years later, cloning and GM food were popular talking-points, and information and communication technologies had transformed everyday life. ...
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The first IVF baby was born in the 1970s. Less than twenty years later, cloning and GM food were popular talking-points, and information and communication technologies had transformed everyday life. In 2000, the first map of the human genome was sequenced. More recently there has been much discussion of the economic and social benefits of nanotechnology. This book contributes to increasing calls for regulation — or better regulation — of these and other new technologies. Drawing on an international team of legal scholars, it reviews and develops the role of human rights in the regulation of new technologies. Three controversies at the intersection between human rights and new technologies are given particular attention. First, are human rights contributing to a brave new world of choice, where human dignity is fundamentally compromised? Second, are new technologies a threat to human rights? Finally, can human rights contribute to better regulation of these technologies?Less
The first IVF baby was born in the 1970s. Less than twenty years later, cloning and GM food were popular talking-points, and information and communication technologies had transformed everyday life. In 2000, the first map of the human genome was sequenced. More recently there has been much discussion of the economic and social benefits of nanotechnology. This book contributes to increasing calls for regulation — or better regulation — of these and other new technologies. Drawing on an international team of legal scholars, it reviews and develops the role of human rights in the regulation of new technologies. Three controversies at the intersection between human rights and new technologies are given particular attention. First, are human rights contributing to a brave new world of choice, where human dignity is fundamentally compromised? Second, are new technologies a threat to human rights? Finally, can human rights contribute to better regulation of these technologies?
Steven Casper
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269525
- eISBN:
- 9780191710025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269525.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
How easily can governments alter the industrial structure of economies? This introductory chapter explores competing perspectives on the ability of governments to promote competitiveness within new ...
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How easily can governments alter the industrial structure of economies? This introductory chapter explores competing perspectives on the ability of governments to promote competitiveness within new technology industries, such as biotechnology and software. A first approach, widely shared by governments, is that policy can orchestrate the allocation of resources into new technology sectors needed to promote competitiveness. A second approach, widely endorsed by recent academic research, is that enduring national institutional frameworks strongly impact the governance of new technology firms. A popular strand of institutional research known as the “varieties of capitalism” approach makes particularly strong claims linking institutions to innovation. According to this perspective, most European economies have “organized” institutional frameworks that impede competitiveness in new technology industries. This chapter explores this debate, and sets the agenda used by the book to evaluate the extent to which institutional frameworks impact the ability of governments to promote competitiveness within new technology industries.Less
How easily can governments alter the industrial structure of economies? This introductory chapter explores competing perspectives on the ability of governments to promote competitiveness within new technology industries, such as biotechnology and software. A first approach, widely shared by governments, is that policy can orchestrate the allocation of resources into new technology sectors needed to promote competitiveness. A second approach, widely endorsed by recent academic research, is that enduring national institutional frameworks strongly impact the governance of new technology firms. A popular strand of institutional research known as the “varieties of capitalism” approach makes particularly strong claims linking institutions to innovation. According to this perspective, most European economies have “organized” institutional frameworks that impede competitiveness in new technology industries. This chapter explores this debate, and sets the agenda used by the book to evaluate the extent to which institutional frameworks impact the ability of governments to promote competitiveness within new technology industries.
Eric Tanenbaum and Elinor Scarbrough
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292371
- eISBN:
- 9780191600159
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292376.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
An overview of how the environment of social science research has changed because of increased computing power and the development of techniques that, together, have allowed for the development of ...
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An overview of how the environment of social science research has changed because of increased computing power and the development of techniques that, together, have allowed for the development of new analytic strategies.Less
An overview of how the environment of social science research has changed because of increased computing power and the development of techniques that, together, have allowed for the development of new analytic strategies.
Terry Gourvish
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199250059
- eISBN:
- 9780191719516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250059.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter discusses the various aspects of British Rail's operations. Topics covered include passenger pricing and marketing, freight pricing and marketing, operating costs and productivity, trade ...
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This chapter discusses the various aspects of British Rail's operations. Topics covered include passenger pricing and marketing, freight pricing and marketing, operating costs and productivity, trade unions, search for cost savings, railway investment, and the challenge of new technologies. Significant progress was made during the period 1974-9 from a technical and operational perspective, with the appearance of high-speed trains, main-line electrification, and the launching of the Speedlink wagon service. However, insufficient investment in British Rail left managers frustrated.Less
This chapter discusses the various aspects of British Rail's operations. Topics covered include passenger pricing and marketing, freight pricing and marketing, operating costs and productivity, trade unions, search for cost savings, railway investment, and the challenge of new technologies. Significant progress was made during the period 1974-9 from a technical and operational perspective, with the appearance of high-speed trains, main-line electrification, and the launching of the Speedlink wagon service. However, insufficient investment in British Rail left managers frustrated.
Caroline Bassett
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719073427
- eISBN:
- 9781781700907
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719073427.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter explores how the connections between technology and culture have been drawn — and may be drawn — in relation to new media technologies. One key issue here is how and why newly introduced ...
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This chapter explores how the connections between technology and culture have been drawn — and may be drawn — in relation to new media technologies. One key issue here is how and why newly introduced information technologies are so often perceived to be powerful or transformative, able to create new cultural forms and practices, remediate others, and render others still entirely irrelevant — and why they so often disappoint. The first sections of the chapter consider this issue, exploring the interplay between innovation and determination, and showing how the circuit as a whole has a certain ideological force. It concludes by suggesting that these circuits of reception and acculturation temper the critical and popular reception new media technologies receive. The middle sections of the chapter go on to suggest that this dynamic also conditions ways in which developments in the history of information technology are understood within cultural theory. The final sections of the chapter bring the arguments about the relationship between technology and culture up to the present. It explores the contemporary techno-cultural climate, considering various ways in which information technology is understood within the contemporary constellation.Less
This chapter explores how the connections between technology and culture have been drawn — and may be drawn — in relation to new media technologies. One key issue here is how and why newly introduced information technologies are so often perceived to be powerful or transformative, able to create new cultural forms and practices, remediate others, and render others still entirely irrelevant — and why they so often disappoint. The first sections of the chapter consider this issue, exploring the interplay between innovation and determination, and showing how the circuit as a whole has a certain ideological force. It concludes by suggesting that these circuits of reception and acculturation temper the critical and popular reception new media technologies receive. The middle sections of the chapter go on to suggest that this dynamic also conditions ways in which developments in the history of information technology are understood within cultural theory. The final sections of the chapter bring the arguments about the relationship between technology and culture up to the present. It explores the contemporary techno-cultural climate, considering various ways in which information technology is understood within the contemporary constellation.
JAMES E. VESTAL
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198290278
- eISBN:
- 9780191684814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198290278.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Political Economy
This chapter evaluates the efficacy of industrial policy in the 1970s and the 1980s, examining both the rationality of such policy and its impact. It seems probable that industrial policy acted as a ...
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This chapter evaluates the efficacy of industrial policy in the 1970s and the 1980s, examining both the rationality of such policy and its impact. It seems probable that industrial policy acted as a drag on economic performance during much of the 1970s. Certainly, measures designed to ease inflation after the first oil crisis probably exacerbated it, and difficulties in adjusting to this external shock may have been compounded by past policy measures. However, by the 1980s policy rationality returned. With the notable exception of agriculture, policy has fostered even greater competition in distribution and amongst smaller companies, disengaging traditional anti-growth policy. Pro-growth policy has been reduced in scope and is associated increasingly with the development of new technologies. Finally, temporary adjustment measures have now combined elements of pro-growth policy with anti-growth policy, an appropriate response to declining industries.Less
This chapter evaluates the efficacy of industrial policy in the 1970s and the 1980s, examining both the rationality of such policy and its impact. It seems probable that industrial policy acted as a drag on economic performance during much of the 1970s. Certainly, measures designed to ease inflation after the first oil crisis probably exacerbated it, and difficulties in adjusting to this external shock may have been compounded by past policy measures. However, by the 1980s policy rationality returned. With the notable exception of agriculture, policy has fostered even greater competition in distribution and amongst smaller companies, disengaging traditional anti-growth policy. Pro-growth policy has been reduced in scope and is associated increasingly with the development of new technologies. Finally, temporary adjustment measures have now combined elements of pro-growth policy with anti-growth policy, an appropriate response to declining industries.
Johanna Laybourn-Parry and Warwick F. Vincent
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213887
- eISBN:
- 9780191707506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213887.003.0017
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Aquatic Biology
This concluding chapter identifies some of the emerging concepts and technologies that will drive future advances in polar limnology. These include the increased awareness of climate and related ...
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This concluding chapter identifies some of the emerging concepts and technologies that will drive future advances in polar limnology. These include the increased awareness of climate and related impacts in the polar regions, and the importance of high latitude lakes and rivers as sentinels of global change; the increased availability of wireless network technology to obtain high temporal resolution data sets from these remote sites; the emergence of new sensor technologies and underwater platforms, including robotic systems that may be used in the future to explore subglacial lakes and other polar waters; and the development of surface imagery approaches ranging from local-scale observations by unmanned aerial vehicles to circumpolar-scale measurements by satellite, for example by synthetic aperture radar. The chapter also examines the new opportunities provided by environmental genomics, including application towards bioprospecting for novel extremophiles and biomolecules of pharmaceutical and industrial interest.Less
This concluding chapter identifies some of the emerging concepts and technologies that will drive future advances in polar limnology. These include the increased awareness of climate and related impacts in the polar regions, and the importance of high latitude lakes and rivers as sentinels of global change; the increased availability of wireless network technology to obtain high temporal resolution data sets from these remote sites; the emergence of new sensor technologies and underwater platforms, including robotic systems that may be used in the future to explore subglacial lakes and other polar waters; and the development of surface imagery approaches ranging from local-scale observations by unmanned aerial vehicles to circumpolar-scale measurements by satellite, for example by synthetic aperture radar. The chapter also examines the new opportunities provided by environmental genomics, including application towards bioprospecting for novel extremophiles and biomolecules of pharmaceutical and industrial interest.
Roger Brownsword
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199562572
- eISBN:
- 9780191705328
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562572.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter describes two human rights challenges generated by new technologies. The first is that the presence of three sometimes conflicting ethics (utilitarianism, dignitarianism, and human ...
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This chapter describes two human rights challenges generated by new technologies. The first is that the presence of three sometimes conflicting ethics (utilitarianism, dignitarianism, and human rights) makes it difficult for regulators to set agreed limits to the development and exploitation of modern biotechnology. It also means that there is no guarantee that human rights will emerge as the pre-eminent ethic. Second, because new technologies are regulatory tools, not just regulatory targets, advocates of human rights need to consider the limits that should be imposed on regulators who turn who modern technologies as regulatory tools. To fail to do this would be to risk the displacement of law by technology.Less
This chapter describes two human rights challenges generated by new technologies. The first is that the presence of three sometimes conflicting ethics (utilitarianism, dignitarianism, and human rights) makes it difficult for regulators to set agreed limits to the development and exploitation of modern biotechnology. It also means that there is no guarantee that human rights will emerge as the pre-eminent ethic. Second, because new technologies are regulatory tools, not just regulatory targets, advocates of human rights need to consider the limits that should be imposed on regulators who turn who modern technologies as regulatory tools. To fail to do this would be to risk the displacement of law by technology.
Kenneth R. Foster
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198567219
- eISBN:
- 9780191724084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567219.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter examines the ethical issues raised by new technologies that allow investigators to monitor and control the brain, and how they are distinctive from those raised by other medical ...
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This chapter examines the ethical issues raised by new technologies that allow investigators to monitor and control the brain, and how they are distinctive from those raised by other medical technologies, such as genetic testing. It begins with a brief review of some new technologies that have emerged from neuroscience. These devices are intended to stimulate selected regions of the brain or peripheral nervous system for therapeutic purposes, or, more recently, as brain-computer interfaces to allow the brain to exchange information with the outsideworld through direct recording of potentials measured by means of electrodes implanted in the motor cortex, or placed on the surface of the head.Less
This chapter examines the ethical issues raised by new technologies that allow investigators to monitor and control the brain, and how they are distinctive from those raised by other medical technologies, such as genetic testing. It begins with a brief review of some new technologies that have emerged from neuroscience. These devices are intended to stimulate selected regions of the brain or peripheral nervous system for therapeutic purposes, or, more recently, as brain-computer interfaces to allow the brain to exchange information with the outsideworld through direct recording of potentials measured by means of electrodes implanted in the motor cortex, or placed on the surface of the head.
Victoria Serra-Sastre and Alistair McGuire
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199550685
- eISBN:
- 9780191720543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550685.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter discusses the role of technology diffusion in the area of pharmaceutical treatments. It is an up-to-date literature review of the main determinants of technology diffusion, including a ...
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This chapter discusses the role of technology diffusion in the area of pharmaceutical treatments. It is an up-to-date literature review of the main determinants of technology diffusion, including a discussion of the social, economic, and institutional constraints that enable pharmaceuticals to reach their targeted market.Less
This chapter discusses the role of technology diffusion in the area of pharmaceutical treatments. It is an up-to-date literature review of the main determinants of technology diffusion, including a discussion of the social, economic, and institutional constraints that enable pharmaceuticals to reach their targeted market.
Marc H. Meyer
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195180862
- eISBN:
- 9780199851270
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195180862.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
There are few examples of reshaping a withering traditional enterprise as dramatic as IBM's renewal of its mainframe computer business. It is perhaps the greatest industrial turnaround story in ...
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There are few examples of reshaping a withering traditional enterprise as dramatic as IBM's renewal of its mainframe computer business. It is perhaps the greatest industrial turnaround story in American business during the 1990s. Also, it clearly shows the differences between reinvigorating an existing product to better serve current users and uses and extending that product line to capture new users and new uses. The three areas of innovation are the focus of successive sections of this book and are challenges faced by every corporation, large or small, in the journey toward internally generated growth. IBM's turnaround is an amazing story of how a management team was able to integrate innovations in all three dimensions, first to save its core business in transactions processing and then to leverage new technology to new market applications. These new applications focused on Web-centric, on-demand computing across major industry vertical markets.Less
There are few examples of reshaping a withering traditional enterprise as dramatic as IBM's renewal of its mainframe computer business. It is perhaps the greatest industrial turnaround story in American business during the 1990s. Also, it clearly shows the differences between reinvigorating an existing product to better serve current users and uses and extending that product line to capture new users and new uses. The three areas of innovation are the focus of successive sections of this book and are challenges faced by every corporation, large or small, in the journey toward internally generated growth. IBM's turnaround is an amazing story of how a management team was able to integrate innovations in all three dimensions, first to save its core business in transactions processing and then to leverage new technology to new market applications. These new applications focused on Web-centric, on-demand computing across major industry vertical markets.
Maximilian J. Telford, D. Timothy, and J. Littlewood
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199549429
- eISBN:
- 9780191721601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549429.003.0018
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics, Developmental Biology
Drawing from the recent literature and the contributions in this volume this chapter considers some of the recent progress made in the study of animal evolution and the hurdles that remain. Modern ...
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Drawing from the recent literature and the contributions in this volume this chapter considers some of the recent progress made in the study of animal evolution and the hurdles that remain. Modern approaches to the study of animal evolution integrate palaeontology, evo-devo, phylogenetics, and data from genomes each in the pursuit of a greater understanding of homology as a means of revealing patterns and processes through time and across multiple levels of biological organization. Gaps in our knowledge are inevitable, but with caution, careful sampling and keeping an eye towards new technologies and opportunities, we should not be deterred from inferring the patterns and processes we wish to untangle.Less
Drawing from the recent literature and the contributions in this volume this chapter considers some of the recent progress made in the study of animal evolution and the hurdles that remain. Modern approaches to the study of animal evolution integrate palaeontology, evo-devo, phylogenetics, and data from genomes each in the pursuit of a greater understanding of homology as a means of revealing patterns and processes through time and across multiple levels of biological organization. Gaps in our knowledge are inevitable, but with caution, careful sampling and keeping an eye towards new technologies and opportunities, we should not be deterred from inferring the patterns and processes we wish to untangle.
Alan Burton-Jones
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198296225
- eISBN:
- 9780191685217
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198296225.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management, Strategy
Work and learning are becoming increasingly interrelated and interdependent and there is now this notion that education should be a preparation for work. The need for a new synthesis of education and ...
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Work and learning are becoming increasingly interrelated and interdependent and there is now this notion that education should be a preparation for work. The need for a new synthesis of education and industry arises as firms are now more inclined to employ highly-skilled individuals over low-skilled labour. Despite the largely and publicly funded infrastructure for schools, colleges, and universities, it is emphasized that individuals should be learning and practicing critical thought instead of merely being instructed. This chapter looks into past trends regarding the outdated educational models while exploring the potential for new learning technologies and the use of IT in educational processes. The chapter also examines the traditional suppliers of educational services and compares the risks and benefits of these with that of the new suppliers. Lastly, the interrelationships of learning with education and work are also analysed.Less
Work and learning are becoming increasingly interrelated and interdependent and there is now this notion that education should be a preparation for work. The need for a new synthesis of education and industry arises as firms are now more inclined to employ highly-skilled individuals over low-skilled labour. Despite the largely and publicly funded infrastructure for schools, colleges, and universities, it is emphasized that individuals should be learning and practicing critical thought instead of merely being instructed. This chapter looks into past trends regarding the outdated educational models while exploring the potential for new learning technologies and the use of IT in educational processes. The chapter also examines the traditional suppliers of educational services and compares the risks and benefits of these with that of the new suppliers. Lastly, the interrelationships of learning with education and work are also analysed.
Marian Stamp Dawkins
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198569350
- eISBN:
- 9780191717512
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569350.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Observation is a powerful, if often neglected, method of studying animal behaviour that is particularly valuable in studying animals in the wild, in zoos, on farms, or anywhere where experimental ...
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Observation is a powerful, if often neglected, method of studying animal behaviour that is particularly valuable in studying animals in the wild, in zoos, on farms, or anywhere where experimental intervention is either impossible or ethically undesirable. Observation should therefore be seen as one of the major ‘alternatives’ to animal experimentation, a way of providing scientific data of a high standard while safeguarding animal welfare at the same time. With the advent of new technology, we are now in a position to be able to ‘observe’ undisturbed animals for longer and in more places than was ever possible before. We are on the verge of an observational revolution.Less
Observation is a powerful, if often neglected, method of studying animal behaviour that is particularly valuable in studying animals in the wild, in zoos, on farms, or anywhere where experimental intervention is either impossible or ethically undesirable. Observation should therefore be seen as one of the major ‘alternatives’ to animal experimentation, a way of providing scientific data of a high standard while safeguarding animal welfare at the same time. With the advent of new technology, we are now in a position to be able to ‘observe’ undisturbed animals for longer and in more places than was ever possible before. We are on the verge of an observational revolution.
Geoffrey Tweedale
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198288664
- eISBN:
- 9780191684623
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198288664.003.0022
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
The crucible steel and tool trades in Sheffield reached a boom during the 1850s. The monopoly that Sheffield had on steel technology, along with how its cutlery industry dominated and the expansions ...
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The crucible steel and tool trades in Sheffield reached a boom during the 1850s. The monopoly that Sheffield had on steel technology, along with how its cutlery industry dominated and the expansions of markets overseas, initiated a decade of increased demand and various opportunities. However, it is important to note that economic competition is dynamic, and that innovation and improvements in technology are found to be continuous processes. When firms are endowed with the initial advantage, they have to come up with sufficient measures that would allow them to stay ahead and continue to improve. This chapter attempts to look into how Sheffield responded to the challenges posed by the introduction of steelmaking technologies and how the industries were able to adopt the new technologies in special steels.Less
The crucible steel and tool trades in Sheffield reached a boom during the 1850s. The monopoly that Sheffield had on steel technology, along with how its cutlery industry dominated and the expansions of markets overseas, initiated a decade of increased demand and various opportunities. However, it is important to note that economic competition is dynamic, and that innovation and improvements in technology are found to be continuous processes. When firms are endowed with the initial advantage, they have to come up with sufficient measures that would allow them to stay ahead and continue to improve. This chapter attempts to look into how Sheffield responded to the challenges posed by the introduction of steelmaking technologies and how the industries were able to adopt the new technologies in special steels.
Mark L Flear, Anne‐Maree Farrell, Tamara K Hervey, and Thérèse Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199659210
- eISBN:
- 9780191748165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199659210.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Medical Law
This chapter first sets out the book's principal objective, which is to analyzes European law and its relationships with new health technologies. The collective research agenda focuses on the ...
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This chapter first sets out the book's principal objective, which is to analyzes European law and its relationships with new health technologies. The collective research agenda focuses on the following inter-related questions: What — if any — are the defining features of European law approaches to new health technologies? What is the significance of European law to such technologies? To what extent, and if so, how is European law on new health technologies legitimated? In particular, what are — and what should be — the roles of markets, risk, human rights, and ethics in European law approaches to new health technologies? An overview of the five parts of the book is also presented.Less
This chapter first sets out the book's principal objective, which is to analyzes European law and its relationships with new health technologies. The collective research agenda focuses on the following inter-related questions: What — if any — are the defining features of European law approaches to new health technologies? What is the significance of European law to such technologies? To what extent, and if so, how is European law on new health technologies legitimated? In particular, what are — and what should be — the roles of markets, risk, human rights, and ethics in European law approaches to new health technologies? An overview of the five parts of the book is also presented.
Gordon Bache, Mark L Flear, and Tamara K Hervey
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199659210
- eISBN:
- 9780191748165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199659210.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Medical Law
This chapter determines the defining features of the relationships between EU law and new health technologies. It begins by mapping out the key elements of EU regulation of new health technologies. ...
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This chapter determines the defining features of the relationships between EU law and new health technologies. It begins by mapping out the key elements of EU regulation of new health technologies. The map covers the regulatory environment from the initial basic research up until the point at which a new health technology reaches the market and/or a patient receives treatment under a health care system. It then presents the results of the analysis of the contents of the map, with respect to the central research questions — what are the roles of risk, ethics, rights, and markets as framing devices for the EU's regulation of new health technologies? The chapter shows that markets are key to the EU approach to the regulation of new health technologies. Risk — in the sense of patient or consumer safety — is a very strong element of the frame, but in general it is not a ‘stand alone’ element of the frame — virtually all the elements of EU regulation of new health technologies that frame through risk do so with the importance of markets underlying that frame, and risk as a frame supports the market. Rights and ethics map back to markets in much the same way that risk does, and they do operate more as legitimating devices or even as ‘false fronts’ — but their role is greater than originally envisaged.Less
This chapter determines the defining features of the relationships between EU law and new health technologies. It begins by mapping out the key elements of EU regulation of new health technologies. The map covers the regulatory environment from the initial basic research up until the point at which a new health technology reaches the market and/or a patient receives treatment under a health care system. It then presents the results of the analysis of the contents of the map, with respect to the central research questions — what are the roles of risk, ethics, rights, and markets as framing devices for the EU's regulation of new health technologies? The chapter shows that markets are key to the EU approach to the regulation of new health technologies. Risk — in the sense of patient or consumer safety — is a very strong element of the frame, but in general it is not a ‘stand alone’ element of the frame — virtually all the elements of EU regulation of new health technologies that frame through risk do so with the importance of markets underlying that frame, and risk as a frame supports the market. Rights and ethics map back to markets in much the same way that risk does, and they do operate more as legitimating devices or even as ‘false fronts’ — but their role is greater than originally envisaged.
JAMES E. VESTAL
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198290278
- eISBN:
- 9780191684814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198290278.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Political Economy
This chapter contains concluding observations and qualifications about the importance of industrial policy for both developing and developed nations. Over the last four and a half decades, industrial ...
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This chapter contains concluding observations and qualifications about the importance of industrial policy for both developing and developed nations. Over the last four and a half decades, industrial policy has changed enormously. Instrumental in determining the allocation of resources in the first ten years after World War II, the power and scope of policy has gradually waned. Despite fluctuations, government measures to support employment by blocking competition have been gradually decreased from about 1960, and policies to support new industries have also been used with less frequency as time has passed. With the external shocks of the 1970s, industrial policy focused increasingly on facilitating adjustment. Industrial policy in Japan today is hardly more ambitious than policy in the US: both support the development of new technologies and both provide special measures for depressed industries.Less
This chapter contains concluding observations and qualifications about the importance of industrial policy for both developing and developed nations. Over the last four and a half decades, industrial policy has changed enormously. Instrumental in determining the allocation of resources in the first ten years after World War II, the power and scope of policy has gradually waned. Despite fluctuations, government measures to support employment by blocking competition have been gradually decreased from about 1960, and policies to support new industries have also been used with less frequency as time has passed. With the external shocks of the 1970s, industrial policy focused increasingly on facilitating adjustment. Industrial policy in Japan today is hardly more ambitious than policy in the US: both support the development of new technologies and both provide special measures for depressed industries.
Mark L Flear, Anne‐Maree Farrell, Tamara K Hervey, and Thérèse Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199659210
- eISBN:
- 9780191748165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199659210.003.0018
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Medical Law
This chapter reflects on the relationships between European law and new health technologies. In so doing, it asks a further question: To what extent does the current investigation define a new field ...
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This chapter reflects on the relationships between European law and new health technologies. In so doing, it asks a further question: To what extent does the current investigation define a new field of scholarship — European law of new health technologies? It begins by reflecting on the core concepts: first, ‘new health technologies’ and thereafter ‘European law’. It then turns to the defining features of European law approaches to new health technologies, and considers whether there is a European law of new health technologies. It suggests that if there is a European law of new health technologies, it is typified by a certain ‘European-ness’ in terms of four features: markets, risk, human rights, and ethics. Each of these is discussed in turn. The chapter concludes with suggested directions for future research.Less
This chapter reflects on the relationships between European law and new health technologies. In so doing, it asks a further question: To what extent does the current investigation define a new field of scholarship — European law of new health technologies? It begins by reflecting on the core concepts: first, ‘new health technologies’ and thereafter ‘European law’. It then turns to the defining features of European law approaches to new health technologies, and considers whether there is a European law of new health technologies. It suggests that if there is a European law of new health technologies, it is typified by a certain ‘European-ness’ in terms of four features: markets, risk, human rights, and ethics. Each of these is discussed in turn. The chapter concludes with suggested directions for future research.
Tarek El-Ariss
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181936
- eISBN:
- 9780691184913
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181936.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter examines the confrontational practices of Egyptian activist Wael Abbas. Investigating the interplay of leaks and scene-making in Wael's posts and language, which are often decried or ...
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This chapter examines the confrontational practices of Egyptian activist Wael Abbas. Investigating the interplay of leaks and scene-making in Wael's posts and language, which are often decried or dismissed as vulgar and offensive, the chapter problematizes the charge of qillat adab (uncivil, disrespectful, impolite, rude), exploring it both as practice and performance that is amplified by new media technology yet coincides with, is grounded in, and arises from local, affective models of protest and contestation. Tracing a trail of invectives and bruises, torture videos, and online attacks, it is argued that the activist-blogger is no longer tied to the disciplining project of the liberal state or to the “lonely intellectual” speaking truth to power.Less
This chapter examines the confrontational practices of Egyptian activist Wael Abbas. Investigating the interplay of leaks and scene-making in Wael's posts and language, which are often decried or dismissed as vulgar and offensive, the chapter problematizes the charge of qillat adab (uncivil, disrespectful, impolite, rude), exploring it both as practice and performance that is amplified by new media technology yet coincides with, is grounded in, and arises from local, affective models of protest and contestation. Tracing a trail of invectives and bruises, torture videos, and online attacks, it is argued that the activist-blogger is no longer tied to the disciplining project of the liberal state or to the “lonely intellectual” speaking truth to power.
