Naomi E. Chayen, John R. Helliwell, and Edward H. Snell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199213252
- eISBN:
- 9780191707575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213252.003.0015
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
Unusual diffraction geometries may seem a curiosity but may stimulate novel avenues of application. Not least they illustrate a diversity of diffraction‐measuring possibilities. Laue diffraction ...
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Unusual diffraction geometries may seem a curiosity but may stimulate novel avenues of application. Not least they illustrate a diversity of diffraction‐measuring possibilities. Laue diffraction including 3‐dimensional detector arrangements is described. The particular congestion of neutron Laue diffraction patterns with big crystals is highlighted. The large‐angle oscillation technique is discussed including the principle with the Ewald sphere construction and practical examples of ‘LOT’ diffraction patterns. Ultra‐fine‐phi‐slicing with perfect or near‐perfect crystals is described. Particular success has been obtained with Laue diffraction where applications to time‐resolved structural intermediates using synchrotron radiation as well as hydrogen and hydration in macromolecular structure are described.Less
Unusual diffraction geometries may seem a curiosity but may stimulate novel avenues of application. Not least they illustrate a diversity of diffraction‐measuring possibilities. Laue diffraction including 3‐dimensional detector arrangements is described. The particular congestion of neutron Laue diffraction patterns with big crystals is highlighted. The large‐angle oscillation technique is discussed including the principle with the Ewald sphere construction and practical examples of ‘LOT’ diffraction patterns. Ultra‐fine‐phi‐slicing with perfect or near‐perfect crystals is described. Particular success has been obtained with Laue diffraction where applications to time‐resolved structural intermediates using synchrotron radiation as well as hydrogen and hydration in macromolecular structure are described.
Naomi E. Chayen, John R. Helliwell, and Edward H. Snell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199213252
- eISBN:
- 9780191707575
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213252.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
Structural crystallography provides key information to understand the mechanism involved for biological processes. The technique requires high‐quality crystals. The book Macromolecular ...
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Structural crystallography provides key information to understand the mechanism involved for biological processes. The technique requires high‐quality crystals. The book Macromolecular crystallization and crystal perfection covers the techniques to get these high quality crystals and then obtain the best structural data from them. We focus on two areas, the crystal and the diffraction experiment. We briefly address crystallization theory and then focus on practical crystallization strategies discussing screening and optimization. Where high quality crystals are not initially obtained, remediation strategies and alternative approaches are discussed. Diffraction is covered from both the X‐ray and neutron viewpoint. A physical analysis of long and short‐range order is used to explain features seen in the diffraction pattern and the causes of those features. Diffraction disorders are discussed. Factors that cause degradation to the diffraction and strategies to mitigate those factors are addressed. We then address beamline and detector optimization as a means to improve the data quality. Crystallization is still a largely empirical process and our final chapters focus on the use of powder methods, where crystals are small, complementary techniques where we have no crystals at all and what the future holds with the advent of fourth generation X‐ray sources. Overall the book is aimed at both more experienced researchers and graduate students. We aim for it to become a reference work for all researchers in these interdisciplinary subjects on these topics.Less
Structural crystallography provides key information to understand the mechanism involved for biological processes. The technique requires high‐quality crystals. The book Macromolecular crystallization and crystal perfection covers the techniques to get these high quality crystals and then obtain the best structural data from them. We focus on two areas, the crystal and the diffraction experiment. We briefly address crystallization theory and then focus on practical crystallization strategies discussing screening and optimization. Where high quality crystals are not initially obtained, remediation strategies and alternative approaches are discussed. Diffraction is covered from both the X‐ray and neutron viewpoint. A physical analysis of long and short‐range order is used to explain features seen in the diffraction pattern and the causes of those features. Diffraction disorders are discussed. Factors that cause degradation to the diffraction and strategies to mitigate those factors are addressed. We then address beamline and detector optimization as a means to improve the data quality. Crystallization is still a largely empirical process and our final chapters focus on the use of powder methods, where crystals are small, complementary techniques where we have no crystals at all and what the future holds with the advent of fourth generation X‐ray sources. Overall the book is aimed at both more experienced researchers and graduate students. We aim for it to become a reference work for all researchers in these interdisciplinary subjects on these topics.
Naomi E. Chayen, John R. Helliwell, and Edward H. Snell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199213252
- eISBN:
- 9780191707575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213252.003.0020
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
This chapter summarizes the state‐of‐the‐art in the field and discusses upcoming techniques to solve and to improve the current problems.
This chapter summarizes the state‐of‐the‐art in the field and discusses upcoming techniques to solve and to improve the current problems.
Naomi E. Chayen, John R. Helliwell, and Edward H. Snell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199213252
- eISBN:
- 9780191707575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213252.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
The structural studies of membrane proteins lag those of their soluble counterparts. This is mainly due to the difficulty in crystallizing membrane proteins that have large hydrophobic regions that ...
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The structural studies of membrane proteins lag those of their soluble counterparts. This is mainly due to the difficulty in crystallizing membrane proteins that have large hydrophobic regions that are in contact with the alkyl chains of the lipids in the membrane. This chapter describes specific methods for membrane protein crystal growth including screening with detergents, lipidic cubic‐phase crystallization and antibody fragment approaches.Less
The structural studies of membrane proteins lag those of their soluble counterparts. This is mainly due to the difficulty in crystallizing membrane proteins that have large hydrophobic regions that are in contact with the alkyl chains of the lipids in the membrane. This chapter describes specific methods for membrane protein crystal growth including screening with detergents, lipidic cubic‐phase crystallization and antibody fragment approaches.
Louis A. Girifalco
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199228966
- eISBN:
- 9780191711183
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228966.003.0019
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
Gravity is responsible not only for the existence of stars and planets; it also creates the weirdest objects imaginable. A body with mass greater than 1.4 solar masses cannot remain a white dwarf and ...
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Gravity is responsible not only for the existence of stars and planets; it also creates the weirdest objects imaginable. A body with mass greater than 1.4 solar masses cannot remain a white dwarf and will collapse into a neutron star. But if the mass is greater than about two and a half solar masses, the collapse will continue until it becomes a black hole. This is the strangest object in the universe. Its gravity is so strong that even light cannot get out of it. Anything near it is sucked in, crushed to a point, and approaches infinite density. The laws of physics as now known do not apply at the centre of a black hole and the very meaning of its existence is in doubt.Less
Gravity is responsible not only for the existence of stars and planets; it also creates the weirdest objects imaginable. A body with mass greater than 1.4 solar masses cannot remain a white dwarf and will collapse into a neutron star. But if the mass is greater than about two and a half solar masses, the collapse will continue until it becomes a black hole. This is the strangest object in the universe. Its gravity is so strong that even light cannot get out of it. Anything near it is sucked in, crushed to a point, and approaches infinite density. The laws of physics as now known do not apply at the centre of a black hole and the very meaning of its existence is in doubt.
Hideki Asada, Toshifumi Futamase, and Peter Hogan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199584109
- eISBN:
- 9780191723421
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584109.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This book focuses attention on two aspects of equations of motion in general relativity: the motion of extended bodies(stars) and the motion of small black holes. The objective is to offer a guide to ...
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This book focuses attention on two aspects of equations of motion in general relativity: the motion of extended bodies(stars) and the motion of small black holes. The objective is to offer a guide to prospective researchers into these areas of general relativity and to point out open questions and topics that are ripe for further development. It is over forty years since a text on this subject was published and in that time the research area of equations of motion in general relativity has undergone extraordinary development stimulated by the discovery of the binary neutron star PSR 1913+16 in 1974, which was the first isolated gravitating system found in which general relativity plays a fundamental role in describing theoretically its evolution, and more recently by the advent of kilometre size interferometric gravitational wave detectors which are expected to detect gravitational waves produced by coalescing binary neutron stars. Included in the book are novel topics in general relativistic celestial mechanics: choreographic configurations and the relativistic motion of small black holes.Less
This book focuses attention on two aspects of equations of motion in general relativity: the motion of extended bodies(stars) and the motion of small black holes. The objective is to offer a guide to prospective researchers into these areas of general relativity and to point out open questions and topics that are ripe for further development. It is over forty years since a text on this subject was published and in that time the research area of equations of motion in general relativity has undergone extraordinary development stimulated by the discovery of the binary neutron star PSR 1913+16 in 1974, which was the first isolated gravitating system found in which general relativity plays a fundamental role in describing theoretically its evolution, and more recently by the advent of kilometre size interferometric gravitational wave detectors which are expected to detect gravitational waves produced by coalescing binary neutron stars. Included in the book are novel topics in general relativistic celestial mechanics: choreographic configurations and the relativistic motion of small black holes.
Rolf Hempelmann
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198517436
- eISBN:
- 9780191706974
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198517436.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
The book provides an account of quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) which has made many important contributions to the atomistic elucidation of diffusion processes in solids. The unique feature of ...
More
The book provides an account of quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) which has made many important contributions to the atomistic elucidation of diffusion processes in solids. The unique feature of QENS is that it probes the diffusion process on atomistic scales of space and time simultaneously. The aim of this book is to inform of the potential of QENS. Chapters 3-6 present the derivation of all equations in great details. Chapter 2 deals with neutron sources, and Chapter 7 with some experimental details of QENS. The second part addresses the expert and summarizes the scientific applications of quasielastic neutron scattering to special solid state material systems, as for example to diffusion in metals or to diffusion in solid state ionic conductors. By far the most favourable element for QENS is hydrogen: hydrogen is very mobile in metals and ceramics, so the restricted energy/time resolution of QENS is no limitation; hydrogen has a huge scattering cross section, so the limited intensity of existing neutron sources is no limitation; hydrogen leads to almost purely incoherent scattering which facilitates the theoretical treatment and interpretation of neutron scattering events appreciably.Less
The book provides an account of quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) which has made many important contributions to the atomistic elucidation of diffusion processes in solids. The unique feature of QENS is that it probes the diffusion process on atomistic scales of space and time simultaneously. The aim of this book is to inform of the potential of QENS. Chapters 3-6 present the derivation of all equations in great details. Chapter 2 deals with neutron sources, and Chapter 7 with some experimental details of QENS. The second part addresses the expert and summarizes the scientific applications of quasielastic neutron scattering to special solid state material systems, as for example to diffusion in metals or to diffusion in solid state ionic conductors. By far the most favourable element for QENS is hydrogen: hydrogen is very mobile in metals and ceramics, so the restricted energy/time resolution of QENS is no limitation; hydrogen has a huge scattering cross section, so the limited intensity of existing neutron sources is no limitation; hydrogen leads to almost purely incoherent scattering which facilitates the theoretical treatment and interpretation of neutron scattering events appreciably.
Eberhard Lehmann and Nikolay Kardjilov
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213245
- eISBN:
- 9780191707582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213245.003.0013
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter discusses neutron absorption tomography. Topics covered include the interaction of neutron radiation with matter and comparison to x-rays, specifics of neutron tomography, limitations in ...
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This chapter discusses neutron absorption tomography. Topics covered include the interaction of neutron radiation with matter and comparison to x-rays, specifics of neutron tomography, limitations in neutron tomography, and selected applications and experimental options.Less
This chapter discusses neutron absorption tomography. Topics covered include the interaction of neutron radiation with matter and comparison to x-rays, specifics of neutron tomography, limitations in neutron tomography, and selected applications and experimental options.
Joshua S. Bloom
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145570
- eISBN:
- 9781400837007
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145570.003.0005
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter discusses the object or objects responsible for gramma-ray bursts (GRBs). Until now, there are few absolute certainties with regard to the progenitors of GRBs. One clear standout is the ...
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This chapter discusses the object or objects responsible for gramma-ray bursts (GRBs). Until now, there are few absolute certainties with regard to the progenitors of GRBs. One clear standout is the progenitors of soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) which are very obviously neutron stars. There are a number of corroborating lines of evidence for this progenitor association: (1) some well-localized SGRs are associated with supernova remnants, suggesting they are byproducts of recent supernovae; (2) there is quiescent X-ray emission from the sites of SGRs, similar to a class of neutron stars called “anomalous X-ray pulsars”; (3) Galactic SGRs tend to be found in the Galactic plane, where most young neutron stars reside; and (4) the ringdown emission after SGR pulses is periodic, with periods comparable to that of slowly rotating neutron stars (few seconds).Less
This chapter discusses the object or objects responsible for gramma-ray bursts (GRBs). Until now, there are few absolute certainties with regard to the progenitors of GRBs. One clear standout is the progenitors of soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) which are very obviously neutron stars. There are a number of corroborating lines of evidence for this progenitor association: (1) some well-localized SGRs are associated with supernova remnants, suggesting they are byproducts of recent supernovae; (2) there is quiescent X-ray emission from the sites of SGRs, similar to a class of neutron stars called “anomalous X-ray pulsars”; (3) Galactic SGRs tend to be found in the Galactic plane, where most young neutron stars reside; and (4) the ringdown emission after SGR pulses is periodic, with periods comparable to that of slowly rotating neutron stars (few seconds).
Norman F. Ramsey
- Published in print:
- 1986
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198520214
- eISBN:
- 9780191706325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198520214.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
Neutron beam magnetic resonance experiments with slow neutrons are very similar to corresponding molecular beam experiments. Methods of polarizing neutron beams by total reflection and other means ...
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Neutron beam magnetic resonance experiments with slow neutrons are very similar to corresponding molecular beam experiments. Methods of polarizing neutron beams by total reflection and other means are discussed. The neutron beam experiments that measure the magnetic moment of the neutron are described. Magnetic resonance experiments in which the static magnetic fields are changed from parallel to anti-parallel provide a sensitive upper limit to the neutron electric dipole moment.Less
Neutron beam magnetic resonance experiments with slow neutrons are very similar to corresponding molecular beam experiments. Methods of polarizing neutron beams by total reflection and other means are discussed. The neutron beam experiments that measure the magnetic moment of the neutron are described. Magnetic resonance experiments in which the static magnetic fields are changed from parallel to anti-parallel provide a sensitive upper limit to the neutron electric dipole moment.
Nobuo Niimura and Alberto Podjarny
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199578863
- eISBN:
- 9780191725555
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578863.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
The basic principles and experimental configurations of neutron diffraction experiments are given in this chapter. First, the physics of neutrons and neutron diffraction, such as neutron-scattering ...
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The basic principles and experimental configurations of neutron diffraction experiments are given in this chapter. First, the physics of neutrons and neutron diffraction, such as neutron-scattering lengths and neutron absorption, are reviewed briefly, with special emphases on the comparison of neutron and X-ray diffraction phenomena and on specific features of the interactions between neutrons and bio-macromolecules. The basic principles of neutron protein crystallography (NPC) and the method of obtaining the positions of hydrogen atoms in proteins are also discussed. Two types of neutron sources—steady-state, reactor neutron sources and pulsed, accelerator-driven neutron sources—are then introduced, along with the different techniques used with each source. Because neutron detection is a key technique in NPC, a section is devoted to describing different types of neutron detectors. Based on the preceding knowledge, reactor sources and pulsed sources, as used for NPC, can finally be compared at the end of the chapter.Less
The basic principles and experimental configurations of neutron diffraction experiments are given in this chapter. First, the physics of neutrons and neutron diffraction, such as neutron-scattering lengths and neutron absorption, are reviewed briefly, with special emphases on the comparison of neutron and X-ray diffraction phenomena and on specific features of the interactions between neutrons and bio-macromolecules. The basic principles of neutron protein crystallography (NPC) and the method of obtaining the positions of hydrogen atoms in proteins are also discussed. Two types of neutron sources—steady-state, reactor neutron sources and pulsed, accelerator-driven neutron sources—are then introduced, along with the different techniques used with each source. Because neutron detection is a key technique in NPC, a section is devoted to describing different types of neutron detectors. Based on the preceding knowledge, reactor sources and pulsed sources, as used for NPC, can finally be compared at the end of the chapter.
Erich H. Kisi and Christopher J. Howard
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198515944
- eISBN:
- 9780191705663
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515944.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter opens with brief descriptions of neutrons, powders (polycrystalline materials), and diffraction, followed by an account of how the unique properties of neutrons and their interaction ...
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This chapter opens with brief descriptions of neutrons, powders (polycrystalline materials), and diffraction, followed by an account of how the unique properties of neutrons and their interaction with matter define a role for neutron powder diffraction in the study of condensed matter. The concepts are refined within an historical account of the development of neutron powder diffraction and its applications. Reference are made to the earliest demonstration of neutron diffraction, to the development of neutron sources (research reactors and accelerator-based sources), and to applications ranging from early investigation of simple crystal and magnetic structures to the more recent investigations of kinetic processes and complex crystal structures (high-temperature superconductors, fullerenes).Less
This chapter opens with brief descriptions of neutrons, powders (polycrystalline materials), and diffraction, followed by an account of how the unique properties of neutrons and their interaction with matter define a role for neutron powder diffraction in the study of condensed matter. The concepts are refined within an historical account of the development of neutron powder diffraction and its applications. Reference are made to the earliest demonstration of neutron diffraction, to the development of neutron sources (research reactors and accelerator-based sources), and to applications ranging from early investigation of simple crystal and magnetic structures to the more recent investigations of kinetic processes and complex crystal structures (high-temperature superconductors, fullerenes).
Andrew T. Boothroyd
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- October 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198862314
- eISBN:
- 9780191895081
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198862314.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
The book contains a comprehensive account of the theory and application of neutron scattering for the study of the structure and dynamics of condensed matter. All the principal experimental ...
More
The book contains a comprehensive account of the theory and application of neutron scattering for the study of the structure and dynamics of condensed matter. All the principal experimental techniques available at national and international neutron scattering facilities are covered. The formal theory is presented, and used to show how neutron scattering measurements give direct access to a variety of correlation and response functions which characterize the equilibrium properties of bulk matter. The determination of atomic arrangements and magnetic structures by neutron diffraction and neutron optical methods is described, including single-crystal and powder diffraction, diffuse scattering from disordered structures, total scattering, small-angle scattering, reflectometry, and imaging. The principles behind the main neutron spectroscopic techniques are explained, including continuous and time-of-flight inelastic scattering, quasielastic scattering, spin-echo spectroscopy, and Compton scattering. The scattering cross-sections for atomic vibrations in solids, diffusive motion in atomic and molecular fluids, and single-atom and cooperative magnetic excitations are calculated. A detailed account of neutron polarization analysis is given, together with examples of how polarized neutrons can be exploited to obtain information about structural and magnetic correlations which cannot be obtained by other methods. Alongside the theoretical aspects, the book also describes the essential practical information needed to perform experiments and to analyse and interpret the data. Exercises are included at the end of each chapter to consolidate and enhance understanding of the material, and a summary of relevant results from mathematics, quantum mechanics, and linear response theory, is given in the appendices.Less
The book contains a comprehensive account of the theory and application of neutron scattering for the study of the structure and dynamics of condensed matter. All the principal experimental techniques available at national and international neutron scattering facilities are covered. The formal theory is presented, and used to show how neutron scattering measurements give direct access to a variety of correlation and response functions which characterize the equilibrium properties of bulk matter. The determination of atomic arrangements and magnetic structures by neutron diffraction and neutron optical methods is described, including single-crystal and powder diffraction, diffuse scattering from disordered structures, total scattering, small-angle scattering, reflectometry, and imaging. The principles behind the main neutron spectroscopic techniques are explained, including continuous and time-of-flight inelastic scattering, quasielastic scattering, spin-echo spectroscopy, and Compton scattering. The scattering cross-sections for atomic vibrations in solids, diffusive motion in atomic and molecular fluids, and single-atom and cooperative magnetic excitations are calculated. A detailed account of neutron polarization analysis is given, together with examples of how polarized neutrons can be exploited to obtain information about structural and magnetic correlations which cannot be obtained by other methods. Alongside the theoretical aspects, the book also describes the essential practical information needed to perform experiments and to analyse and interpret the data. Exercises are included at the end of each chapter to consolidate and enhance understanding of the material, and a summary of relevant results from mathematics, quantum mechanics, and linear response theory, is given in the appendices.
Dante Gatteschi, Roberta Sessoli, and Jacques Villain
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567530
- eISBN:
- 9780191718298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567530.003.0003
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter is devoted to the observation of microscopic magnetism, working out in some detail the most commonly used magnetic techniques. The basic aspects of these techniques are only briefly ...
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This chapter is devoted to the observation of microscopic magnetism, working out in some detail the most commonly used magnetic techniques. The basic aspects of these techniques are only briefly recalled, and indication is given of relevant text books which will give a sound background knowledge. However, it is the goal of the chapter to allow the reader to be able to read the current literature with some acceptable understanding. The magnetic techniques include microSQUID and micro Hall probe techniques and torque magnetometry; specific heat measurements, including equilibrium and out of equilibrium measurements; and magnetic resonance techniques, including EPR, NMR, and muon spin resonance. Mention of neutron techniques, including polarized neutron diffraction and inelastic neutron scattering, will conclude the section.Less
This chapter is devoted to the observation of microscopic magnetism, working out in some detail the most commonly used magnetic techniques. The basic aspects of these techniques are only briefly recalled, and indication is given of relevant text books which will give a sound background knowledge. However, it is the goal of the chapter to allow the reader to be able to read the current literature with some acceptable understanding. The magnetic techniques include microSQUID and micro Hall probe techniques and torque magnetometry; specific heat measurements, including equilibrium and out of equilibrium measurements; and magnetic resonance techniques, including EPR, NMR, and muon spin resonance. Mention of neutron techniques, including polarized neutron diffraction and inelastic neutron scattering, will conclude the section.
Rolf Hempelmann
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198517436
- eISBN:
- 9780191706974
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198517436.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter introduces the basic idea of quasielastic neutron scattering as a probe for diffusion processes in condensed matter. Neutron scattering and solid state diffusion have in common that they ...
More
This chapter introduces the basic idea of quasielastic neutron scattering as a probe for diffusion processes in condensed matter. Neutron scattering and solid state diffusion have in common that they both can be separated into two problems: the single event (scattering on a single nucleus or single diffusive jump, respectively) and the cooperative combination (in space and time) of those events in solids. The history of neutron scattering is outlined with the development of neutron sources and neutron scattering instruments. All large scale neutron scattering facilities, based on research reactors or on neutron spallation sources, are nowadays operated as user facilities with the consequence that neutron scattering is not ‘big science’ like high energy particle physics, but the practise of neutron scattering is characterized by a large variety of small groups working on many different scientific problems. A brief summary of the remainder of the book covers the fundamentals of quasielastic neutron scattering and its application to different material systems.Less
This chapter introduces the basic idea of quasielastic neutron scattering as a probe for diffusion processes in condensed matter. Neutron scattering and solid state diffusion have in common that they both can be separated into two problems: the single event (scattering on a single nucleus or single diffusive jump, respectively) and the cooperative combination (in space and time) of those events in solids. The history of neutron scattering is outlined with the development of neutron sources and neutron scattering instruments. All large scale neutron scattering facilities, based on research reactors or on neutron spallation sources, are nowadays operated as user facilities with the consequence that neutron scattering is not ‘big science’ like high energy particle physics, but the practise of neutron scattering is characterized by a large variety of small groups working on many different scientific problems. A brief summary of the remainder of the book covers the fundamentals of quasielastic neutron scattering and its application to different material systems.
Naomi E. Chayen, John R. Helliwell, and Edward H. Snell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199213252
- eISBN:
- 9780191707575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213252.003.0016
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
The geometry of the crystallographic instrumentation is described with an emphasis on synchrotron radiation beamline setups in the hutch. The measurement principles of ‘signal to noise’ as well as ...
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The geometry of the crystallographic instrumentation is described with an emphasis on synchrotron radiation beamline setups in the hutch. The measurement principles of ‘signal to noise’ as well as random and systematic errors are described. The special case of microcrystals is described in detail including a short history of key developments. A brief resume of data for phasing is given and references to particular example apparatus is given. There is a growing number of opportunities for robotics, telepresence and automation and readers are referred to Facility websites. More specialized applications involving time‐resolved Laue, freeze trapping and neutron macromolecular crystallography are summarized. This chapter has had to be more indicative than detailed as the topic is large. The consultation of the example references given and wider literature is obviously important. Nevertheless, in the context of macromolecular crystallization and crystal perfection the chapter connects directly with the data collection requirements for structure determination and offers useful pointers in that direction in the various categories.Less
The geometry of the crystallographic instrumentation is described with an emphasis on synchrotron radiation beamline setups in the hutch. The measurement principles of ‘signal to noise’ as well as random and systematic errors are described. The special case of microcrystals is described in detail including a short history of key developments. A brief resume of data for phasing is given and references to particular example apparatus is given. There is a growing number of opportunities for robotics, telepresence and automation and readers are referred to Facility websites. More specialized applications involving time‐resolved Laue, freeze trapping and neutron macromolecular crystallography are summarized. This chapter has had to be more indicative than detailed as the topic is large. The consultation of the example references given and wider literature is obviously important. Nevertheless, in the context of macromolecular crystallization and crystal perfection the chapter connects directly with the data collection requirements for structure determination and offers useful pointers in that direction in the various categories.
Naomi E. Chayen, John R. Helliwell, and Edward H. Snell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199213252
- eISBN:
- 9780191707575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213252.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
Macromolecules are the machinery of life and their function is determined by their 3D structure. Visual observation with a light microscope is not possible as the sizes of macromolecules are well ...
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Macromolecules are the machinery of life and their function is determined by their 3D structure. Visual observation with a light microscope is not possible as the sizes of macromolecules are well below the wavelength of visible light. X‐rays and neutrons allow visualization but they cannot be focused, so diffraction techniques have to be used. An understanding of the three‐dimensional macromolecular structure gives us a deeper understanding of basic biological concepts and processes, and reveals the cause of diseases, helps rational pharmaceutical design and can lead to the design of macromolecules with novel properties. Visualizing these macromolecules is a complex ballet involving diverse but interrelated fields of endeavour. In this chapter we cover an introduction to crystallization and X‐ray and neutron diffraction techniques. We distinguish between long‐ and short‐range order and introduce the rest of the book.Less
Macromolecules are the machinery of life and their function is determined by their 3D structure. Visual observation with a light microscope is not possible as the sizes of macromolecules are well below the wavelength of visible light. X‐rays and neutrons allow visualization but they cannot be focused, so diffraction techniques have to be used. An understanding of the three‐dimensional macromolecular structure gives us a deeper understanding of basic biological concepts and processes, and reveals the cause of diseases, helps rational pharmaceutical design and can lead to the design of macromolecules with novel properties. Visualizing these macromolecules is a complex ballet involving diverse but interrelated fields of endeavour. In this chapter we cover an introduction to crystallization and X‐ray and neutron diffraction techniques. We distinguish between long‐ and short‐range order and introduce the rest of the book.
Erich H. Kisi and Christopher J. Howard
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198515944
- eISBN:
- 9780191705663
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515944.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter presents the properties of thermal neutrons. Their wavelength (from the de Broglie equation) is well suited to the investigation of condensed matter, i.e., to the study of liquids, ...
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This chapter presents the properties of thermal neutrons. Their wavelength (from the de Broglie equation) is well suited to the investigation of condensed matter, i.e., to the study of liquids, glasses (amorphous materials), and crystalline materials with varying degrees of order. That the neutrons carry magnetic moment also makes them well suited to the study of magnetic ordering. The theory of nuclear and magnetic scattering from individual atoms and from assemblies of atoms is presented, this leading to the definition of neutron scattering length and to the concepts of coherent and incoherent scattering. The focus then shifts to the direction and intensity of diffraction from crystalline materials (Bragg's law, structure factors), and to the description of this scattering when samples are presented in polycrystalline or powder form (Debye-Scherrer cones).Less
This chapter presents the properties of thermal neutrons. Their wavelength (from the de Broglie equation) is well suited to the investigation of condensed matter, i.e., to the study of liquids, glasses (amorphous materials), and crystalline materials with varying degrees of order. That the neutrons carry magnetic moment also makes them well suited to the study of magnetic ordering. The theory of nuclear and magnetic scattering from individual atoms and from assemblies of atoms is presented, this leading to the definition of neutron scattering length and to the concepts of coherent and incoherent scattering. The focus then shifts to the direction and intensity of diffraction from crystalline materials (Bragg's law, structure factors), and to the description of this scattering when samples are presented in polycrystalline or powder form (Debye-Scherrer cones).
Erich H. Kisi and Christopher J. Howard
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198515944
- eISBN:
- 9780191705663
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515944.003.0003
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter first gives the location of facilities for neutron powder diffraction. Constant wavelength (CW) and time-of-flight (TOF) diffractometers are introduced. The typical components ...
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This chapter first gives the location of facilities for neutron powder diffraction. Constant wavelength (CW) and time-of-flight (TOF) diffractometers are introduced. The typical components (monochromators, collimators, neutron detectors) are described in some detail and a comparison of CW with TOF instruments is presented. The chapter includes advice on planning and executing measurements by neutron powder diffraction, as well as detail on the important matter of sample environment, that is, the furnaces, cryostats, pressure cells, electrochemical cells, etc., that the experiments might involve. Sample preparation is also a matter that demands quite careful attention, so important considerations are presented.Less
This chapter first gives the location of facilities for neutron powder diffraction. Constant wavelength (CW) and time-of-flight (TOF) diffractometers are introduced. The typical components (monochromators, collimators, neutron detectors) are described in some detail and a comparison of CW with TOF instruments is presented. The chapter includes advice on planning and executing measurements by neutron powder diffraction, as well as detail on the important matter of sample environment, that is, the furnaces, cryostats, pressure cells, electrochemical cells, etc., that the experiments might involve. Sample preparation is also a matter that demands quite careful attention, so important considerations are presented.
Nobuo Niimura and Alberto Podjarny
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199578863
- eISBN:
- 9780191725555
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578863.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
This book on neutron protein crystallography (NPC) begins with a brief review of the physics of neutrons and neutron diffraction, highlighting the differences between neutron and X-ray diffraction ...
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This book on neutron protein crystallography (NPC) begins with a brief review of the physics of neutrons and neutron diffraction, highlighting the differences between neutron and X-ray diffraction phenomena, and specific features of the interactions between neutrons and bio-macromolecules. Two types of neutron sources—steady-state, reactor neutron sources and pulsed, accelerator-driven neutron sources—are described, along with the different techniques used with each source. A section is devoted to describing the key technologies of neutron detection. In the second part, aspects of the experimental procedures of NPC are discussed, including the techniques of growing and preparing large single crystals of good quality, the different types of diffractometers used for NPC, and the procedures for reducing and analyzing the data. The third and final part focuses on the results of NPC. One of the main repositories of the results from NPC is the “Hydrogen and Hydration in Proteins Data Base” (HHDB), which catalogs all the hydrogen-atom positions in biological macromolecules and in hydration water molecules that have been determined thus far. It provides a graphic interface for visualizing all types of interactions involving hydrogen atoms, such as methyl-group configurations, the potential numbers of hydrogen bonds of amino-acid residues, H/D exchange ratios, and bifurcated, noncolinear, and frustrated hydrogen bonds. The significances of these data are explained in detail by using two proteins, RNase A and insulin, as examples. Finally, the physiological significances of the protonation and deprotonation of biologically important amino-acid residues are illustrated through a survey of various proteins.Less
This book on neutron protein crystallography (NPC) begins with a brief review of the physics of neutrons and neutron diffraction, highlighting the differences between neutron and X-ray diffraction phenomena, and specific features of the interactions between neutrons and bio-macromolecules. Two types of neutron sources—steady-state, reactor neutron sources and pulsed, accelerator-driven neutron sources—are described, along with the different techniques used with each source. A section is devoted to describing the key technologies of neutron detection. In the second part, aspects of the experimental procedures of NPC are discussed, including the techniques of growing and preparing large single crystals of good quality, the different types of diffractometers used for NPC, and the procedures for reducing and analyzing the data. The third and final part focuses on the results of NPC. One of the main repositories of the results from NPC is the “Hydrogen and Hydration in Proteins Data Base” (HHDB), which catalogs all the hydrogen-atom positions in biological macromolecules and in hydration water molecules that have been determined thus far. It provides a graphic interface for visualizing all types of interactions involving hydrogen atoms, such as methyl-group configurations, the potential numbers of hydrogen bonds of amino-acid residues, H/D exchange ratios, and bifurcated, noncolinear, and frustrated hydrogen bonds. The significances of these data are explained in detail by using two proteins, RNase A and insulin, as examples. Finally, the physiological significances of the protonation and deprotonation of biologically important amino-acid residues are illustrated through a survey of various proteins.
