Raymond A. Swanson
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195152227
- eISBN:
- 9780199865024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152227.003.0027
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development, Disorders of the Nervous System
The action of neurotransmitters can be terminated by cleavage, diffusion, binding, or cellular uptake. In some cases, uptake is accomplished by glial cells localized at or near the synapse. Glial ...
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The action of neurotransmitters can be terminated by cleavage, diffusion, binding, or cellular uptake. In some cases, uptake is accomplished by glial cells localized at or near the synapse. Glial cells express a variety of neurotransmitter uptake systems, and these systems play a fundamental role in both normal brain function and disease states. All types of glial cells—astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia—can express transporters for neurotransmitter uptake. This chapter focuses on astrocyte glutamate uptake, which is the most fully characterized of the astrocyte neurotransmitter uptake systems.Less
The action of neurotransmitters can be terminated by cleavage, diffusion, binding, or cellular uptake. In some cases, uptake is accomplished by glial cells localized at or near the synapse. Glial cells express a variety of neurotransmitter uptake systems, and these systems play a fundamental role in both normal brain function and disease states. All types of glial cells—astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia—can express transporters for neurotransmitter uptake. This chapter focuses on astrocyte glutamate uptake, which is the most fully characterized of the astrocyte neurotransmitter uptake systems.
E. Anthony Jones and Nora V. Bergasa
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198525103
- eISBN:
- 9780191730238
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525103.003.0005
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This chapter discusses pruritus, which is a symptom of chronic cholestatic liver disease. Cholestasis is defined as a syndrome that arises as a consequence of impaired bile secretion and/or flow, ...
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This chapter discusses pruritus, which is a symptom of chronic cholestatic liver disease. Cholestasis is defined as a syndrome that arises as a consequence of impaired bile secretion and/or flow, which leads to the regurgitation of components of bile into plasma. A pathogenesis of pruritus of cholestasis is unknown. The chapter introduces the concept of pruritus of central origin, and then discusses the opioid neurotransmitter system. The next sections focus on the opioid system and the opioid antagonists.Less
This chapter discusses pruritus, which is a symptom of chronic cholestatic liver disease. Cholestasis is defined as a syndrome that arises as a consequence of impaired bile secretion and/or flow, which leads to the regurgitation of components of bile into plasma. A pathogenesis of pruritus of cholestasis is unknown. The chapter introduces the concept of pruritus of central origin, and then discusses the opioid neurotransmitter system. The next sections focus on the opioid system and the opioid antagonists.
Heather Ashton
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192622426
- eISBN:
- 9780191724749
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192622426.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter presents basic information related to functional systems of the brain. It describes the patterns of neural activity and the multiple neurotransmitter system. Disorders of the functional ...
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This chapter presents basic information related to functional systems of the brain. It describes the patterns of neural activity and the multiple neurotransmitter system. Disorders of the functional system and the effect of psychotropic drugs on the functional system are also discussed. Of great importance in the operation of the functional systems which determine behaviour is the fact that receptors for transmitters are diverse. There are several subtypes of receptor for each neurotransmitter, and the different subtypes mediate different effects.Less
This chapter presents basic information related to functional systems of the brain. It describes the patterns of neural activity and the multiple neurotransmitter system. Disorders of the functional system and the effect of psychotropic drugs on the functional system are also discussed. Of great importance in the operation of the functional systems which determine behaviour is the fact that receptors for transmitters are diverse. There are several subtypes of receptor for each neurotransmitter, and the different subtypes mediate different effects.
Michael W. Miller (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195183139
- eISBN:
- 9780199865147
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183139.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This is the first book about both normal development of the nervous system and how early exposure to alcohol and nicotine interferes with this development. The developing nervous system is highly ...
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This is the first book about both normal development of the nervous system and how early exposure to alcohol and nicotine interferes with this development. The developing nervous system is highly dynamic and vulnerable to genetic and epigenetic factors that can be additive or synergistic. Disruption of normal brain development leads to an array of developmental disorders. One of the most common of these is mental retardation, the prime cause of which is prenatal exposure to alcohol. As chapters in this book show, alcohol has direct effects on the developing neural system and it affects genetic regulation. Another common neurotoxin is nicotine, and it is discussed in this book for three reasons: (1) the number of adolescents who smoke cigarettes is rising in some populations; (2) prenatal exposure to nicotine affects neurotransmitter systems that are critical for normal brain development and cognition; and (3) prenatal exposure to nicotine is often accompanied by prenatal exposure to alcohol. The mature brain is the culmination of an orderly sequence of basic ontogenetic processes—cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and death. Neural stem cells and progenitors proliferate in discrete sites; then, young neurons migrate long distances to their residences where they form neural networks. During this sequence many immature cells die, presumably eliminating unsuitable or non-competitive cells. Each process is regulated by genetic and environmental factors. When this regulation goes awry, a dysmorphic and dysfunctional brain results. Though this can be tragic in clinical settings, in experimental contexts it provides keen insight into normal brain development. The book is divided into three parts. The first describes neural ontogeny in the normal brain. The second and third deal with the consequences of early exposure to alcohol and nicotine. Though there are similarities in the effects of these two toxins, there are also intriguing differences. The commonalities reflect the plasticity and resilience of the developing brain while the differences point to the targeted effects of the two toxins. Exploring these effects brings a richer appreciation of brain development.Less
This is the first book about both normal development of the nervous system and how early exposure to alcohol and nicotine interferes with this development. The developing nervous system is highly dynamic and vulnerable to genetic and epigenetic factors that can be additive or synergistic. Disruption of normal brain development leads to an array of developmental disorders. One of the most common of these is mental retardation, the prime cause of which is prenatal exposure to alcohol. As chapters in this book show, alcohol has direct effects on the developing neural system and it affects genetic regulation. Another common neurotoxin is nicotine, and it is discussed in this book for three reasons: (1) the number of adolescents who smoke cigarettes is rising in some populations; (2) prenatal exposure to nicotine affects neurotransmitter systems that are critical for normal brain development and cognition; and (3) prenatal exposure to nicotine is often accompanied by prenatal exposure to alcohol. The mature brain is the culmination of an orderly sequence of basic ontogenetic processes—cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and death. Neural stem cells and progenitors proliferate in discrete sites; then, young neurons migrate long distances to their residences where they form neural networks. During this sequence many immature cells die, presumably eliminating unsuitable or non-competitive cells. Each process is regulated by genetic and environmental factors. When this regulation goes awry, a dysmorphic and dysfunctional brain results. Though this can be tragic in clinical settings, in experimental contexts it provides keen insight into normal brain development. The book is divided into three parts. The first describes neural ontogeny in the normal brain. The second and third deal with the consequences of early exposure to alcohol and nicotine. Though there are similarities in the effects of these two toxins, there are also intriguing differences. The commonalities reflect the plasticity and resilience of the developing brain while the differences point to the targeted effects of the two toxins. Exploring these effects brings a richer appreciation of brain development.
