Neil Vickers
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199271177
- eISBN:
- 9780191709647
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271177.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
This introductory chapter outlines the two central aims of Coleridge and the Doctors. The first is to throw into relief the ideas and influences informing Coleridge's activities in ‘philosophical ...
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This introductory chapter outlines the two central aims of Coleridge and the Doctors. The first is to throw into relief the ideas and influences informing Coleridge's activities in ‘philosophical medicine’, the term widely used by historians of medicine to describe the numerous attempts made between roughly 1770 and 1820 to explain the progress of medicine in the light of philosophical ideas. Coleridge's exposure to philosophic medicine came through his exposure to what he would later term neuropathology (his own coinage), specifically through his exposure to the controversies that had racked Edinburgh University Medical School from the 1750s to the 1790s. The second aim is to put forward an extended speculation about how Coleridge understood his descent into ill-health from late 1800 and how he used that understanding to develop his philosophic and aesthetic ideas. A chapter by chapter summary of the whole book is provided.Less
This introductory chapter outlines the two central aims of Coleridge and the Doctors. The first is to throw into relief the ideas and influences informing Coleridge's activities in ‘philosophical medicine’, the term widely used by historians of medicine to describe the numerous attempts made between roughly 1770 and 1820 to explain the progress of medicine in the light of philosophical ideas. Coleridge's exposure to philosophic medicine came through his exposure to what he would later term neuropathology (his own coinage), specifically through his exposure to the controversies that had racked Edinburgh University Medical School from the 1750s to the 1790s. The second aim is to put forward an extended speculation about how Coleridge understood his descent into ill-health from late 1800 and how he used that understanding to develop his philosophic and aesthetic ideas. A chapter by chapter summary of the whole book is provided.
Jeffrey Kaye
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195328875
- eISBN:
- 9780199864836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328875.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Development
The focus of this chapter is predicting cognitive decline or dementia in normal older people using structural imaging. Key questions addressed include the following: What are the major methods, both ...
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The focus of this chapter is predicting cognitive decline or dementia in normal older people using structural imaging. Key questions addressed include the following: What are the major methods, both clinical and imaging, that may help us to predict decline? What underlying pathologies do structural changes preceding decline suggest are developing in the brain? What is the evidence from structural studies that anatomical changes are present before behavioral ones or precede the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or dementia? Does imaging provide information about the pace of future decline? What are the limitations of these studies? Finally, what are the implications of structural imaging outcomes for application to the conduct of treatment studies and future research?Less
The focus of this chapter is predicting cognitive decline or dementia in normal older people using structural imaging. Key questions addressed include the following: What are the major methods, both clinical and imaging, that may help us to predict decline? What underlying pathologies do structural changes preceding decline suggest are developing in the brain? What is the evidence from structural studies that anatomical changes are present before behavioral ones or precede the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or dementia? Does imaging provide information about the pace of future decline? What are the limitations of these studies? Finally, what are the implications of structural imaging outcomes for application to the conduct of treatment studies and future research?
Po H. Lu, Negar Khanlou, and Jeffrey L. Cummings
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198565741
- eISBN:
- 9780191723971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565741.003.0024
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
Patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) manifest severe behavioral and personality alterations associated with orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) dysfunction. This chapter provides a review of the ...
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Patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) manifest severe behavioral and personality alterations associated with orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) dysfunction. This chapter provides a review of the clinical features, neuropathology, neuroimaging, genetics, and neuropsychology of FTD as well as presenting two prototypical cases that provide a clinical picture of the disorder. Neuropathological and neuroimaging studies have identified the OFC as the brain region most prominently involved in the frontal-variant of FTD. The neuroanatomy, circuitry, and functions of the OFC are summarized, emphasizing its role in emotional and social cognition. Theories involving deficits in recognition of emotional expression, decision-making, and theory of mind have been proposed to explain the mechanism underlying the clinical expression of FTD, and the OFC is intimately involved in studies examining the neural basis underlying these deficits.Less
Patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) manifest severe behavioral and personality alterations associated with orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) dysfunction. This chapter provides a review of the clinical features, neuropathology, neuroimaging, genetics, and neuropsychology of FTD as well as presenting two prototypical cases that provide a clinical picture of the disorder. Neuropathological and neuroimaging studies have identified the OFC as the brain region most prominently involved in the frontal-variant of FTD. The neuroanatomy, circuitry, and functions of the OFC are summarized, emphasizing its role in emotional and social cognition. Theories involving deficits in recognition of emotional expression, decision-making, and theory of mind have been proposed to explain the mechanism underlying the clinical expression of FTD, and the OFC is intimately involved in studies examining the neural basis underlying these deficits.
Rocco J. Gennaro (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029346
- eISBN:
- 9780262330213
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029346.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
In Disturbed Consciousness, philosophers and other scholars examine various psychopathologies in light of specific philosophical theories of consciousness. The contributing authors—some of them ...
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In Disturbed Consciousness, philosophers and other scholars examine various psychopathologies in light of specific philosophical theories of consciousness. The contributing authors—some of them discussing or defending their own theoretical work—consider not only how a theory of consciousness can account for a specific psychopathological condition but also how the characteristics of a psychopathology might challenge such a theory. Thus one essay defends the higher-order thought (HOT) theory of consciousness against the charge that it cannot account for somatoparaphrenia (a delusion in which one denies ownership of a limb). Another essay argues that various attempts to explain away such anomalies within subjective theories of consciousness fail. Other essays consider such topics as the application of a model of unified consciousness to cases of brain bisection and dissociative identity disorder; prefrontal and parietal underconnectivity in autism and other psychopathologies; self-deception and the self-model theory of subjectivity; schizophrenia and the vehicle theory of consciousness; and a shift in emphasis away from an internal (or brainbound) approach to psychopathology to an interactive one. Each essay offers a distinctive perspective from the intersection of philosophy, consciousness research, and psychiatry.Less
In Disturbed Consciousness, philosophers and other scholars examine various psychopathologies in light of specific philosophical theories of consciousness. The contributing authors—some of them discussing or defending their own theoretical work—consider not only how a theory of consciousness can account for a specific psychopathological condition but also how the characteristics of a psychopathology might challenge such a theory. Thus one essay defends the higher-order thought (HOT) theory of consciousness against the charge that it cannot account for somatoparaphrenia (a delusion in which one denies ownership of a limb). Another essay argues that various attempts to explain away such anomalies within subjective theories of consciousness fail. Other essays consider such topics as the application of a model of unified consciousness to cases of brain bisection and dissociative identity disorder; prefrontal and parietal underconnectivity in autism and other psychopathologies; self-deception and the self-model theory of subjectivity; schizophrenia and the vehicle theory of consciousness; and a shift in emphasis away from an internal (or brainbound) approach to psychopathology to an interactive one. Each essay offers a distinctive perspective from the intersection of philosophy, consciousness research, and psychiatry.
Brian Levine, Douglas I. Katz, Lauren Dade, and Sandra E. Black
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195134971
- eISBN:
- 9780199864157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.003.0028
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of frontal brain damage. This chapter describes interrelated streams of research aimed at improving the specificity of behavioral and brain imaging ...
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of frontal brain damage. This chapter describes interrelated streams of research aimed at improving the specificity of behavioral and brain imaging assessment of TBI. It begins with a brief review of TBI neuropathology. It then examines the cognitive and behavioral consequences of traumatic brain injury.Less
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of frontal brain damage. This chapter describes interrelated streams of research aimed at improving the specificity of behavioral and brain imaging assessment of TBI. It begins with a brief review of TBI neuropathology. It then examines the cognitive and behavioral consequences of traumatic brain injury.
Eugene A. Kiyatkin
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195326697
- eISBN:
- 9780199864874
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326697.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter deals with brain temperature as a physiological parameter, which is determined primarily by neural metabolism, regulated by cerebral blood flow, and affected by various environmental ...
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This chapter deals with brain temperature as a physiological parameter, which is determined primarily by neural metabolism, regulated by cerebral blood flow, and affected by various environmental factors and drugs. First, normal fluctuations in brain temperature that are induced by salient environmental stimuli and occur during motivated behavior at stable normothermic conditions are examined. On the basis of thermorecording data obtained in animals, the range of physiological fluctuations in brain temperature, their underlying mechanisms, and relations to body temperatures are described. The temperature dependence of neural activity and the dual “functions” of temperature as a reflection of metabolic brain activity and as a factor that affects this activity are considered. Third, pharmacological brain hyperthermia is discussed, focusing on the effects of psychomotor stimulants, highly popular drugs of abuse that increase brain metabolism, diminish heat dissipation, and may induce pathological brain overheating. The role of brain hyperthermia in leakage of the blood-brain barrier, development of brain edema, acute abnormalities of neural cells, and neurotoxicity, is also examined.Less
This chapter deals with brain temperature as a physiological parameter, which is determined primarily by neural metabolism, regulated by cerebral blood flow, and affected by various environmental factors and drugs. First, normal fluctuations in brain temperature that are induced by salient environmental stimuli and occur during motivated behavior at stable normothermic conditions are examined. On the basis of thermorecording data obtained in animals, the range of physiological fluctuations in brain temperature, their underlying mechanisms, and relations to body temperatures are described. The temperature dependence of neural activity and the dual “functions” of temperature as a reflection of metabolic brain activity and as a factor that affects this activity are considered. Third, pharmacological brain hyperthermia is discussed, focusing on the effects of psychomotor stimulants, highly popular drugs of abuse that increase brain metabolism, diminish heat dissipation, and may induce pathological brain overheating. The role of brain hyperthermia in leakage of the blood-brain barrier, development of brain edema, acute abnormalities of neural cells, and neurotoxicity, is also examined.
G. L. Collingridge and J. C. Watkins (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192625021
- eISBN:
- 9780191724701
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192625021.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This book comprises coverage of the NMDA receptor. The NMDA receptor is an important protein in the brain, which is involved in physiological processes such as synaptic transmission and synaptic ...
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This book comprises coverage of the NMDA receptor. The NMDA receptor is an important protein in the brain, which is involved in physiological processes such as synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity, which may underlie learning and memory. Pathological changes involving the NMDA receptors probably contribute to the development of epilepsy, acute neuronal damage such as that resulting from stroke and chronic neuropathologies such as Alzheimer's disease. There is considerable interest in the development of pharmacological agents active at NMDA receptors as new therapeutic agents. Each chapter in this book covers developments in the molecular biology and the molecular pharmacology of the NMDA receptor.Less
This book comprises coverage of the NMDA receptor. The NMDA receptor is an important protein in the brain, which is involved in physiological processes such as synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity, which may underlie learning and memory. Pathological changes involving the NMDA receptors probably contribute to the development of epilepsy, acute neuronal damage such as that resulting from stroke and chronic neuropathologies such as Alzheimer's disease. There is considerable interest in the development of pharmacological agents active at NMDA receptors as new therapeutic agents. Each chapter in this book covers developments in the molecular biology and the molecular pharmacology of the NMDA receptor.
James W. Fawcett, Anne E. Rosser, and Stephen B. Dunnett
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198523376
- eISBN:
- 9780191724534
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523376.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
Most dementias are associated with a widespread pattern of atrophy in the forebrain, which is most apparent as a reduction in the weight of the brain measured post-mortem. As the brain undergoes loss ...
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Most dementias are associated with a widespread pattern of atrophy in the forebrain, which is most apparent as a reduction in the weight of the brain measured post-mortem. As the brain undergoes loss of cells, there is a thinning of the neocortex, and an associated flattening of the sulci on the surface of the brain and the ventricles in its depths. Dementia can come about through a number of different causes. In a series of studies in the 1950s and 1960s, Sir Martin Roth and his colleagues at the University of Newcastle undertook a systematic evaluation of the nature of the post-mortem pathology in a large series of patients dying (both with and without dementia) in a psychogeriatric hospital. These studies highlighted the fact that the cognitive disturbances of senile dementia can be associated with a number of distinct patterns of neuropathology, associated with different causes and disease processes.Less
Most dementias are associated with a widespread pattern of atrophy in the forebrain, which is most apparent as a reduction in the weight of the brain measured post-mortem. As the brain undergoes loss of cells, there is a thinning of the neocortex, and an associated flattening of the sulci on the surface of the brain and the ventricles in its depths. Dementia can come about through a number of different causes. In a series of studies in the 1950s and 1960s, Sir Martin Roth and his colleagues at the University of Newcastle undertook a systematic evaluation of the nature of the post-mortem pathology in a large series of patients dying (both with and without dementia) in a psychogeriatric hospital. These studies highlighted the fact that the cognitive disturbances of senile dementia can be associated with a number of distinct patterns of neuropathology, associated with different causes and disease processes.
Andrew J. Larner
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198569275
- eISBN:
- 9780191724213
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569275.003.0012
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be possible, probable, or definite. In clinical practice, most diagnoses are of probable AD: dementia is established on the basis of clinical examination ...
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The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be possible, probable, or definite. In clinical practice, most diagnoses are of probable AD: dementia is established on the basis of clinical examination and neuropsychological testing, and there is evidence of progressive worsening of memory and other cognitive functions without disturbance of consciousness. Supportive features include impaired activities of daily living (ADL), behavioural changes, and a positive family history of similar disease, particularly if confirmed by neuropathology. Supportive investigations include a normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), normal or non-specific electroencephalographic (EEG) changes, and cerebral atrophy on computerized tomography (CT) with progression documented by serial observation. Other features deemed consistent with probable AD include plateaus in the course of the illness, various associated behavioural features, and certain neurological signs including myoclonus and seizures. Features that make the diagnosis uncertain or unlikely include sudden onset, focal neurological findings, or seizures early in the course, though none of these excludes the diagnosis.Less
The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be possible, probable, or definite. In clinical practice, most diagnoses are of probable AD: dementia is established on the basis of clinical examination and neuropsychological testing, and there is evidence of progressive worsening of memory and other cognitive functions without disturbance of consciousness. Supportive features include impaired activities of daily living (ADL), behavioural changes, and a positive family history of similar disease, particularly if confirmed by neuropathology. Supportive investigations include a normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), normal or non-specific electroencephalographic (EEG) changes, and cerebral atrophy on computerized tomography (CT) with progression documented by serial observation. Other features deemed consistent with probable AD include plateaus in the course of the illness, various associated behavioural features, and certain neurological signs including myoclonus and seizures. Features that make the diagnosis uncertain or unlikely include sudden onset, focal neurological findings, or seizures early in the course, though none of these excludes the diagnosis.
Lawrence Cohen
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520083967
- eISBN:
- 9780520925328
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520083967.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter discusses Zagreb Tamasha, an article in India Today about Alzheimer's disease, neuropathology, cerebral softening in the tropics, senility, dementia, and the city of Varanasi. Tamasha in ...
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This chapter discusses Zagreb Tamasha, an article in India Today about Alzheimer's disease, neuropathology, cerebral softening in the tropics, senility, dementia, and the city of Varanasi. Tamasha in Hindi is a commotion, a performance—song and dance, tragedy, burlesque, and romance strung together with lots of noise. In 1988, anthropologists from around the world convened in Zagreb for a global conference. Several sessions were devoted to old age. Meanwhile, a 1985 article India Today reported on a search for the characteristic neuropathological signs of Alzheimer's disease in Indian brains. A team of neurologists and neuropathologists concluded that some sort of protective factor might be preventing the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease in India.Less
This chapter discusses Zagreb Tamasha, an article in India Today about Alzheimer's disease, neuropathology, cerebral softening in the tropics, senility, dementia, and the city of Varanasi. Tamasha in Hindi is a commotion, a performance—song and dance, tragedy, burlesque, and romance strung together with lots of noise. In 1988, anthropologists from around the world convened in Zagreb for a global conference. Several sessions were devoted to old age. Meanwhile, a 1985 article India Today reported on a search for the characteristic neuropathological signs of Alzheimer's disease in Indian brains. A team of neurologists and neuropathologists concluded that some sort of protective factor might be preventing the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease in India.
Ronald G. Boothe
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198523161
- eISBN:
- 9780191724558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523161.003.0025
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
An understanding of the ways in which vision develops following treatment of an infantile cataract is of considerable interest to a broad spectrum of basic scientists and clinicians. Devising ...
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An understanding of the ways in which vision develops following treatment of an infantile cataract is of considerable interest to a broad spectrum of basic scientists and clinicians. Devising improved methods for treatment, or ideally methods for prevention, of the amblyopia that typically develops following the surgical removal of the cataract poses a significant challenge for clinicians. Psychophysicists are interested in the precise nature of the perceptual deficits that sometimes develop in these children. Neuroscientists are particularly interested in questions regarding the neuropathology in the visual pathways in the brain that correlate with reduced visual function. Developmental psychologists are intrigued by the implications this topic has for broad issues having to do with the relative importance of ‘nature versus nurture’ in guiding development. This chapter attempts to summarize some of the main findings from the literatures from all of these disciplines in order to synthesize an understanding of visual development in children being treated for infantile cataracts.Less
An understanding of the ways in which vision develops following treatment of an infantile cataract is of considerable interest to a broad spectrum of basic scientists and clinicians. Devising improved methods for treatment, or ideally methods for prevention, of the amblyopia that typically develops following the surgical removal of the cataract poses a significant challenge for clinicians. Psychophysicists are interested in the precise nature of the perceptual deficits that sometimes develop in these children. Neuroscientists are particularly interested in questions regarding the neuropathology in the visual pathways in the brain that correlate with reduced visual function. Developmental psychologists are intrigued by the implications this topic has for broad issues having to do with the relative importance of ‘nature versus nurture’ in guiding development. This chapter attempts to summarize some of the main findings from the literatures from all of these disciplines in order to synthesize an understanding of visual development in children being treated for infantile cataracts.
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226111728
- eISBN:
- 9780226111780
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226111780.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter discusses the model of the reasoning mind. Hunting was a favorite pastime among the Exner men. It was also a favorite diversion of Crown Prince Rudolph, Adolf Exner's former pupil. As an ...
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This chapter discusses the model of the reasoning mind. Hunting was a favorite pastime among the Exner men. It was also a favorite diversion of Crown Prince Rudolph, Adolf Exner's former pupil. As an exercise in the masculine virtues of liberal individualism, hunting served the Exners as one defense against “the herd existence.” Sigmund Exner's neurological research in the 1880s depended literally as well as symbolically on liberal power in Austria. The hunter provided the patterns for Sigmund's self-fashioning as a scientist and for his standard of liberal rationality. His study of cerebral localization led him to a great mystery of neuropathology. Exner's theory of visual memory naturalized a model of reason characteristic of Austrian science and liberalism. The culture of the summer retreat provided the Exners with embodied ideals of liberal morality and reason.Less
This chapter discusses the model of the reasoning mind. Hunting was a favorite pastime among the Exner men. It was also a favorite diversion of Crown Prince Rudolph, Adolf Exner's former pupil. As an exercise in the masculine virtues of liberal individualism, hunting served the Exners as one defense against “the herd existence.” Sigmund Exner's neurological research in the 1880s depended literally as well as symbolically on liberal power in Austria. The hunter provided the patterns for Sigmund's self-fashioning as a scientist and for his standard of liberal rationality. His study of cerebral localization led him to a great mystery of neuropathology. Exner's theory of visual memory naturalized a model of reason characteristic of Austrian science and liberalism. The culture of the summer retreat provided the Exners with embodied ideals of liberal morality and reason.
Paul M. Matthews
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262014571
- eISBN:
- 9780262289672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014571.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Research and Theory
This chapter discusses the use of neuropathology and neuroimaging in memory studies and how research applying these tools led efforts to relate a psychological view of memory to an understanding of ...
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This chapter discusses the use of neuropathology and neuroimaging in memory studies and how research applying these tools led efforts to relate a psychological view of memory to an understanding of the brain and the way it works. It also considers how imaging of memory-related phenomena at a systems level can be related to underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Integration across these levels provides the basis for current efforts to develop treatments that may limit or even reverse disorders of memory. The complexity of the challenge and even the definition of what we consider a disorder of memory are illustrated by the concluding clinical vignettes. These highlight the need for consilience in memory studies if we are powerfully and humanely to translate our understanding of memory into strategies for improving health and well-being.Less
This chapter discusses the use of neuropathology and neuroimaging in memory studies and how research applying these tools led efforts to relate a psychological view of memory to an understanding of the brain and the way it works. It also considers how imaging of memory-related phenomena at a systems level can be related to underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Integration across these levels provides the basis for current efforts to develop treatments that may limit or even reverse disorders of memory. The complexity of the challenge and even the definition of what we consider a disorder of memory are illustrated by the concluding clinical vignettes. These highlight the need for consilience in memory studies if we are powerfully and humanely to translate our understanding of memory into strategies for improving health and well-being.
Paul H. Patterson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231151245
- eISBN:
- 9780231521925
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231151245.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
This chapter presents animal experiments that study maternal infection as a risk factor for schizophrenia. Exposure of pregnant mice to a strain of human influenza virus results in offspring with ...
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This chapter presents animal experiments that study maternal infection as a risk factor for schizophrenia. Exposure of pregnant mice to a strain of human influenza virus results in offspring with several histologic abnormalities in the hippocampus and cortex. These offspring also display a spatially restricted deficit in Purkinje cells, which are commonly found in autism and also occur in schizophrenia, as well as smaller and more densely packed pyramidal cells, a finding also reminiscent of schizophrenia pathology. Moreover, rodent models of viral and bacterial maternal infection yield offspring with a series of abnormal behaviors and neuropathology consistent with those found in schizophrenia. These models are being used to investigate the molecular and cellular pathways that mediate the effects of maternal infection on fetal brain development.Less
This chapter presents animal experiments that study maternal infection as a risk factor for schizophrenia. Exposure of pregnant mice to a strain of human influenza virus results in offspring with several histologic abnormalities in the hippocampus and cortex. These offspring also display a spatially restricted deficit in Purkinje cells, which are commonly found in autism and also occur in schizophrenia, as well as smaller and more densely packed pyramidal cells, a finding also reminiscent of schizophrenia pathology. Moreover, rodent models of viral and bacterial maternal infection yield offspring with a series of abnormal behaviors and neuropathology consistent with those found in schizophrenia. These models are being used to investigate the molecular and cellular pathways that mediate the effects of maternal infection on fetal brain development.
Alifiya Kapasi and Julia A. Schneider
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- June 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190634230
- eISBN:
- 9780190634254
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190634230.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
There are numerous distinct brain pathologies that underlie a clinical diagnosis of dementia. This chapter focuses on the two most common and well-recognized brain pathologies associated with ...
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There are numerous distinct brain pathologies that underlie a clinical diagnosis of dementia. This chapter focuses on the two most common and well-recognized brain pathologies associated with dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. The authors describe the distinguishing pathological characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease, followed by the pathological hallmarks of vascular dementia including the characteristics of vessel disease and cerebrovascular tissue injuries. The chapter highlights the importance of mixed or co-morbid Alzheimer’s disease and vascular cerebral injury that has been described in multiple clinical pathologic studies, especially in community-based studies. Finally, the authors discuss how data obtained from both clinical and neuropsychological examination of the brain can be integrated.Less
There are numerous distinct brain pathologies that underlie a clinical diagnosis of dementia. This chapter focuses on the two most common and well-recognized brain pathologies associated with dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. The authors describe the distinguishing pathological characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease, followed by the pathological hallmarks of vascular dementia including the characteristics of vessel disease and cerebrovascular tissue injuries. The chapter highlights the importance of mixed or co-morbid Alzheimer’s disease and vascular cerebral injury that has been described in multiple clinical pathologic studies, especially in community-based studies. Finally, the authors discuss how data obtained from both clinical and neuropsychological examination of the brain can be integrated.