Walter Glannon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195307788
- eISBN:
- 9780199867431
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307788.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter examines different forms of neurosurgery, psychosurgery, and neurostimulation for neurological and psychiatric disorders. It discusses the weighing of benefits and risks in determining ...
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This chapter examines different forms of neurosurgery, psychosurgery, and neurostimulation for neurological and psychiatric disorders. It discusses the weighing of benefits and risks in determining whether neurosurgery or psychosurgery can be justified. The issue of consent from patients figures more importantly in brain surgery than in any other area of neuroethics because of the invasiveness of the procedure and the risk of significant neurological impairment following surgery. It is also because the competence necessary for consent may be impaired by dysfunction of the organ that is both the intended area of intervention and the basis for competence and consent. Different forms of neurostimulation are considered, from electrodes implanted inside the brain, as well as from devices outside the brain. Finally, the possible use of neurostimulation for managing pain is considered.Less
This chapter examines different forms of neurosurgery, psychosurgery, and neurostimulation for neurological and psychiatric disorders. It discusses the weighing of benefits and risks in determining whether neurosurgery or psychosurgery can be justified. The issue of consent from patients figures more importantly in brain surgery than in any other area of neuroethics because of the invasiveness of the procedure and the risk of significant neurological impairment following surgery. It is also because the competence necessary for consent may be impaired by dysfunction of the organ that is both the intended area of intervention and the basis for competence and consent. Different forms of neurostimulation are considered, from electrodes implanted inside the brain, as well as from devices outside the brain. Finally, the possible use of neurostimulation for managing pain is considered.
Bryan Kolb
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195162851
- eISBN:
- 9780199863891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162851.003.0042
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Techniques
This chapter examines some of the most well-developed models of human neurological disorders that involve the cerebral hemispheres. It discusses cortical organization in rats and models of ...
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This chapter examines some of the most well-developed models of human neurological disorders that involve the cerebral hemispheres. It discusses cortical organization in rats and models of neurological disorders.Less
This chapter examines some of the most well-developed models of human neurological disorders that involve the cerebral hemispheres. It discusses cortical organization in rats and models of neurological disorders.
Evian Gordon, MD, PhD and Stephen Koslow, PhD (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Key thoughts leaders and practitioners in personalized medicine distil its current status, future directions, and recommendation for successful implementation of for brain disorders. This text is a ...
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Key thoughts leaders and practitioners in personalized medicine distil its current status, future directions, and recommendation for successful implementation of for brain disorders. This text is a summary of the “science to patient” continuum in and integrative neuroscience. Included are measures of genes using whole genome approaches and SNIPS, as well as BRAINmarkers of direct brain function such as brain imaging, biophysical changes and objective cognitive and behavioral measurements. The chapters provide a review of relevant literature; show the personalized diagnostic and treatment prediction solutions for patient care achieved through integrative neuroscience, providing a practical guide. This book provides a summary of the key translations from laboratory discoveries to patient and reimbursement issues, in personalized medicine.Less
Key thoughts leaders and practitioners in personalized medicine distil its current status, future directions, and recommendation for successful implementation of for brain disorders. This text is a summary of the “science to patient” continuum in and integrative neuroscience. Included are measures of genes using whole genome approaches and SNIPS, as well as BRAINmarkers of direct brain function such as brain imaging, biophysical changes and objective cognitive and behavioral measurements. The chapters provide a review of relevant literature; show the personalized diagnostic and treatment prediction solutions for patient care achieved through integrative neuroscience, providing a practical guide. This book provides a summary of the key translations from laboratory discoveries to patient and reimbursement issues, in personalized medicine.
Leslie Iversen, Susan Iversen, Stephen Dunnett, and Anders Bjorklund (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
The discovery of dopamine in 1957-8 was one of the seminal events in the development of modern neuroscience, and has been extremely important for the development of modern therapies of neurological ...
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The discovery of dopamine in 1957-8 was one of the seminal events in the development of modern neuroscience, and has been extremely important for the development of modern therapies of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Dopamine has a fundamental role in almost all aspects of behavior — from motor control to mood regulation, cognition and addiction and reward — and dopamine research has been unique within the neurosciences in the way it has bridged basic science and clinical practice. Over the decades, research into the role of dopamine in health and disease has been at the forefront of modern neuroscience.Less
The discovery of dopamine in 1957-8 was one of the seminal events in the development of modern neuroscience, and has been extremely important for the development of modern therapies of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Dopamine has a fundamental role in almost all aspects of behavior — from motor control to mood regulation, cognition and addiction and reward — and dopamine research has been unique within the neurosciences in the way it has bridged basic science and clinical practice. Over the decades, research into the role of dopamine in health and disease has been at the forefront of modern neuroscience.
Doreen Oneschuk, Neil Hagen, and Neil MacDonald (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199694143
- eISBN:
- 9780191739255
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694143.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
Palliative care is now an integral part of the undergraduate medical curriculum. Medical education across the board is adopting a case-based approach. This book uses a series of cases to illustrate ...
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Palliative care is now an integral part of the undergraduate medical curriculum. Medical education across the board is adopting a case-based approach. This book uses a series of cases to illustrate critical points in palliative medicine. The case-studies have been carefully chosen to reflect real life clinical practice. The chapters illustrate, through the case studies, the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required in this field of medicine. Since publication of the second edition, many approaches to palliative care have been further refined and developed. Ongoing research has led to the improved use of existing medications, and the development of several new treatments. More is known about the psychosocial existential distress experienced by patients and their families resulting in an improved understanding by health care providers of how best to approach and assist those affected by advanced illness, and more is known about methadone and other medications with emerging uses. The third edition of this book continues to offer a panoramic view of palliative care. It introduces a number of new topics including neurological disorders, the last days, and palliative sedation.Less
Palliative care is now an integral part of the undergraduate medical curriculum. Medical education across the board is adopting a case-based approach. This book uses a series of cases to illustrate critical points in palliative medicine. The case-studies have been carefully chosen to reflect real life clinical practice. The chapters illustrate, through the case studies, the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required in this field of medicine. Since publication of the second edition, many approaches to palliative care have been further refined and developed. Ongoing research has led to the improved use of existing medications, and the development of several new treatments. More is known about the psychosocial existential distress experienced by patients and their families resulting in an improved understanding by health care providers of how best to approach and assist those affected by advanced illness, and more is known about methadone and other medications with emerging uses. The third edition of this book continues to offer a panoramic view of palliative care. It introduces a number of new topics including neurological disorders, the last days, and palliative sedation.
James W. Fawcett, Anne E. Rosser, and Stephen B. Dunnett
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198523376
- eISBN:
- 9780191724534
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523376.003.0020
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
Many neurological disorders lead in the long term to disability through dysfunction of various parts of the nervous system. This chapter discusses drug therapies and transplantation related to ...
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Many neurological disorders lead in the long term to disability through dysfunction of various parts of the nervous system. This chapter discusses drug therapies and transplantation related to neurological disorders using an anatomical approach which broadly defines several areas, including the association areas of the cerebral cortex, their subcortical connections, and limbic system structures causing cognitive deficits as well as epilepsy; the basal ganglia and their associated nuclei causing disorders of movement; and the cerebellum and its connections causing incoordination or ataxia. Although these symptom groupings are dealt with separately, in reality they are often combined, which is perhaps best illustrated by patients with the chronic CNS inflammatory disorder, multiple sclerosis (MS).Less
Many neurological disorders lead in the long term to disability through dysfunction of various parts of the nervous system. This chapter discusses drug therapies and transplantation related to neurological disorders using an anatomical approach which broadly defines several areas, including the association areas of the cerebral cortex, their subcortical connections, and limbic system structures causing cognitive deficits as well as epilepsy; the basal ganglia and their associated nuclei causing disorders of movement; and the cerebellum and its connections causing incoordination or ataxia. Although these symptom groupings are dealt with separately, in reality they are often combined, which is perhaps best illustrated by patients with the chronic CNS inflammatory disorder, multiple sclerosis (MS).
Gladys GonzáLez-Ramos
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195173727
- eISBN:
- 9780199893218
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173727.003.0009
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter covers two of the most prevalent neurological disorders, Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Although both diseases typically can be quite debilitating and impact a ...
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This chapter covers two of the most prevalent neurological disorders, Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Although both diseases typically can be quite debilitating and impact a person's entire life, social workers have been largely absent from involvement in the care of persons and families living with these diseases. The chapter aims to provide readers with a beginner's understanding of both PD and MS as they impact individuals and families, so that informed care and referrals can be provided. Social workers have an opportunity to make a true contribution to practice with and research about persons and caregivers affected by neurological disorders such as PD and MS.Less
This chapter covers two of the most prevalent neurological disorders, Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Although both diseases typically can be quite debilitating and impact a person's entire life, social workers have been largely absent from involvement in the care of persons and families living with these diseases. The chapter aims to provide readers with a beginner's understanding of both PD and MS as they impact individuals and families, so that informed care and referrals can be provided. Social workers have an opportunity to make a true contribution to practice with and research about persons and caregivers affected by neurological disorders such as PD and MS.
Jill B. Becker, Karen J. Berkley, Nori Geary, Elizabeth Hampson, James P. Herman, and Elizabeth Young (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195311587
- eISBN:
- 9780199865048
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311587.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
Sex is a fundamentally important biological variable. Recent years have seen significant progress in the integration of sex in many aspects of basic and clinical research, including analyses of sex ...
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Sex is a fundamentally important biological variable. Recent years have seen significant progress in the integration of sex in many aspects of basic and clinical research, including analyses of sex differences in brain function. Significant advances in the technology available for studying the endocrine and nervous systems are now coupled with a more sophisticated awareness of the interconnections of these two communication systems of the body. A thorough understanding of the current knowledge, conceptual approaches, methodological capabilities, and challenges is a prerequisite to continued progress in research and therapeutics in this interdisciplinary area. This book provides scientists with the basic tools for investigating sex differences in brain and behavior, and insight into areas where important progress in understanding physiologically relevant sex differences has already been made. The book is arranged in three parts. The first part of the book introduces the study of sex differences in the brain, with an overview of how the brain, stress systems, and pharmacogenetics differ in males and females and how this information is important for the study of behavior and neurobiology of both genders. The second part presents examples of sex differences in neurobiology and behavior from both basic and clinical research perspectives, covering both humans and nonhuman animals. The final part discusses sex differences in the neurobiology of disease and neurological disorders.Less
Sex is a fundamentally important biological variable. Recent years have seen significant progress in the integration of sex in many aspects of basic and clinical research, including analyses of sex differences in brain function. Significant advances in the technology available for studying the endocrine and nervous systems are now coupled with a more sophisticated awareness of the interconnections of these two communication systems of the body. A thorough understanding of the current knowledge, conceptual approaches, methodological capabilities, and challenges is a prerequisite to continued progress in research and therapeutics in this interdisciplinary area. This book provides scientists with the basic tools for investigating sex differences in brain and behavior, and insight into areas where important progress in understanding physiologically relevant sex differences has already been made. The book is arranged in three parts. The first part of the book introduces the study of sex differences in the brain, with an overview of how the brain, stress systems, and pharmacogenetics differ in males and females and how this information is important for the study of behavior and neurobiology of both genders. The second part presents examples of sex differences in neurobiology and behavior from both basic and clinical research perspectives, covering both humans and nonhuman animals. The final part discusses sex differences in the neurobiology of disease and neurological disorders.
Ad Vingerhoets
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198570240
- eISBN:
- 9780191744723
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570240.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology
This chapter specifically focuses on brain disorders and crying. A significant minority of patients with brain disorders (e.g., stroke, dementia, MS, ALS, etc.) suffers from what is called ...
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This chapter specifically focuses on brain disorders and crying. A significant minority of patients with brain disorders (e.g., stroke, dementia, MS, ALS, etc.) suffers from what is called pathological crying (or laughing). This term refers to the occurrence of crying (or laughing) spells, without any apparent reason. Some neurologists assert that there is absolutely no affect — that it is a mere motoric reaction, whereas others argue that the crying threshold is extremely low, but that there is always a, not always easily identifiable, trigger. The chapter criticizes the use of the term ‘pathological’ because this term can only be used, when one has sufficient knowledge about ‘normal’ crying and because neurologist seem to be insufficiently aware of the fact that excessive crying can also be observed in non-neurological serious diseases (heart infarction, cancer), where it reflects the suffering and struggling with the major losses. There is further attention to the social consequences of the condition and which possibilities for treatment exist.Less
This chapter specifically focuses on brain disorders and crying. A significant minority of patients with brain disorders (e.g., stroke, dementia, MS, ALS, etc.) suffers from what is called pathological crying (or laughing). This term refers to the occurrence of crying (or laughing) spells, without any apparent reason. Some neurologists assert that there is absolutely no affect — that it is a mere motoric reaction, whereas others argue that the crying threshold is extremely low, but that there is always a, not always easily identifiable, trigger. The chapter criticizes the use of the term ‘pathological’ because this term can only be used, when one has sufficient knowledge about ‘normal’ crying and because neurologist seem to be insufficiently aware of the fact that excessive crying can also be observed in non-neurological serious diseases (heart infarction, cancer), where it reflects the suffering and struggling with the major losses. There is further attention to the social consequences of the condition and which possibilities for treatment exist.
Adrián Yoris, Adolfo M. García, Paula Celeste Salamone, Lucas Sedeño, Indira García-Cordero, and Agustín Ibáñez
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- November 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198811930
- eISBN:
- 9780191850080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198811930.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Dimensional and transdiagnostic approaches have revealed multiple cognitive/emotional alterations shared by several neuropsychiatric conditions. While this has been shown for externally triggered ...
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Dimensional and transdiagnostic approaches have revealed multiple cognitive/emotional alterations shared by several neuropsychiatric conditions. While this has been shown for externally triggered neurocognitive processes, the disruption of interoception across neurological disorders remains poorly understood. This chapter aims to fill this gap while proposing cardiac interoception as a potential common biomarker across disorders. It focuses on key aspects of interoception, such as the mechanisms underlying different interoceptive dimensions; the relationship among interoception, emotion, and social cognition; and the roles of different interoceptive pathways. It considers behavioral and brain evidence in the context of an experimental and clinical agenda to evaluate the potential role of interoception as a predictor of clinical outcomes, a marker of neurocognitive deficits across diseases, and a general source of insights for breakthroughs in the treatment and prevention of multiple disorders. Finally, future directions to improve the dimensional and transdiagnostic assessment of interoception are outlined.Less
Dimensional and transdiagnostic approaches have revealed multiple cognitive/emotional alterations shared by several neuropsychiatric conditions. While this has been shown for externally triggered neurocognitive processes, the disruption of interoception across neurological disorders remains poorly understood. This chapter aims to fill this gap while proposing cardiac interoception as a potential common biomarker across disorders. It focuses on key aspects of interoception, such as the mechanisms underlying different interoceptive dimensions; the relationship among interoception, emotion, and social cognition; and the roles of different interoceptive pathways. It considers behavioral and brain evidence in the context of an experimental and clinical agenda to evaluate the potential role of interoception as a predictor of clinical outcomes, a marker of neurocognitive deficits across diseases, and a general source of insights for breakthroughs in the treatment and prevention of multiple disorders. Finally, future directions to improve the dimensional and transdiagnostic assessment of interoception are outlined.
STEPHEN G. WAXMAN
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195082937
- eISBN:
- 9780199865802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195082937.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter discusses the molecular architecture of the cell membrane of mammalian axons. It focuses on the distribution and development of voltage-gated ion channels, their roles in axonal ...
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This chapter discusses the molecular architecture of the cell membrane of mammalian axons. It focuses on the distribution and development of voltage-gated ion channels, their roles in axonal function, and their relevance to neurological disorders.Less
This chapter discusses the molecular architecture of the cell membrane of mammalian axons. It focuses on the distribution and development of voltage-gated ion channels, their roles in axonal function, and their relevance to neurological disorders.
Tim Schallert and Martin T. Woodlee
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195162851
- eISBN:
- 9780199863891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162851.003.0012
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Techniques
This chapter describes behavioral tests that have been useful for examining the potential clinical efficacy of interventions that might be beneficial for neurological disorders. It is important to ...
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This chapter describes behavioral tests that have been useful for examining the potential clinical efficacy of interventions that might be beneficial for neurological disorders. It is important to distinguish whether an intervention promotes brain repair mechanisms, saves cells, enhances motor learning and retraining, or reduces the extent of secondary degeneration of tissue. The chapter includes a subset of sensorimotor tests that are considered to be reliable, sensitive, quantitative, and easy to use in rat neurological models. The tests also cover the range of cellular degeneration typical of focal ischemic injury, nigrostriatal terminal loss, and cervical spinal trauma.Less
This chapter describes behavioral tests that have been useful for examining the potential clinical efficacy of interventions that might be beneficial for neurological disorders. It is important to distinguish whether an intervention promotes brain repair mechanisms, saves cells, enhances motor learning and retraining, or reduces the extent of secondary degeneration of tissue. The chapter includes a subset of sensorimotor tests that are considered to be reliable, sensitive, quantitative, and easy to use in rat neurological models. The tests also cover the range of cellular degeneration typical of focal ischemic injury, nigrostriatal terminal loss, and cervical spinal trauma.
Ad Vingerhoets
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198570240
- eISBN:
- 9780191744723
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570240.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology
This chapter discusses the different ways in which crying and health may be connected. Whereas in the popular media, the attention is in particular on the question if crying is healthy, or, if the ...
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This chapter discusses the different ways in which crying and health may be connected. Whereas in the popular media, the attention is in particular on the question if crying is healthy, or, if the inhibition of crying may increase the risk of developing health problems, this contribution also addresses other crying — health relationships. More precisely, it discusses (i) whether crying can be a symptom of disease; (ii) or a sign of disease; (iii) the consequence of disease; (iv) the effects of treatment for a disease; (v)Less
This chapter discusses the different ways in which crying and health may be connected. Whereas in the popular media, the attention is in particular on the question if crying is healthy, or, if the inhibition of crying may increase the risk of developing health problems, this contribution also addresses other crying — health relationships. More precisely, it discusses (i) whether crying can be a symptom of disease; (ii) or a sign of disease; (iii) the consequence of disease; (iv) the effects of treatment for a disease; (v)
David P. Corina
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198524519
- eISBN:
- 9780191689215
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524519.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter provides an overview of three neurological disorders affecting sign language use and serves to illustrate how knowledge of the structure of sign languages can be instrumental in ...
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This chapter provides an overview of three neurological disorders affecting sign language use and serves to illustrate how knowledge of the structure of sign languages can be instrumental in cultivating a more thorough understanding of the neurological basis of language and motor systems. Investigations of sign language aphasia serve to underscore the importance of left-hemisphere structures for signed languages. Studies of signers with Parkinson's disease provide novel insight into the extrapyramidal motor system's role in the execution of the complex sequential movements which comprise American Sign Language (ASL). Finally, a discussion of apraxic disorders helps to frame the differences between complex linguistic gestural systems such as ASL and limb control in the service of pantomime and object use.Less
This chapter provides an overview of three neurological disorders affecting sign language use and serves to illustrate how knowledge of the structure of sign languages can be instrumental in cultivating a more thorough understanding of the neurological basis of language and motor systems. Investigations of sign language aphasia serve to underscore the importance of left-hemisphere structures for signed languages. Studies of signers with Parkinson's disease provide novel insight into the extrapyramidal motor system's role in the execution of the complex sequential movements which comprise American Sign Language (ASL). Finally, a discussion of apraxic disorders helps to frame the differences between complex linguistic gestural systems such as ASL and limb control in the service of pantomime and object use.
Linda A. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035798
- eISBN:
- 9780262338448
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035798.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Research and Theory
Cannabinoids and the Brain introduces an informed general audience to the scientific discovery of the endocannabinoid system and recent preclinical research that explains its importance in brain ...
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Cannabinoids and the Brain introduces an informed general audience to the scientific discovery of the endocannabinoid system and recent preclinical research that explains its importance in brain functioning. The endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-AG, act on the same cannabinoid receptors, that are activated by the primary psychoactive compound found in marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Therefore, the scientific investigations of the functions of the endocannabinoid system are guided by the known effects of marijuana on the brain and body. The book reviews the scientific evidence of the role that the endocannabinoid system plays in regulating emotion, anxiety, depression, psychosis, reward and addiction, learning and memory, feeding, nausea/vomiting, pain, epilepsy, and other neurological disorders. Anecdotal reports are linked with the current scientific literature on the medicinal benefits of marijuana. Cannabis contains over 80 chemicals that have closely related structures, called cannabinoids, but the only major mood-altering constituent is THC. Another major plant cannabinoid is cannabidiol (CBD), which is not psychoactive; yet, considerable recent preclinical research reviewed in various chapters reveals that CBD has promising therapeutic potential in treatment of pain, anxiety, nausea and epilepsy. Only recently, has research been conducted with some of the other compounds found in cannabis. The subject matter of the book is extremely timely in light of the current ongoing debate not only about medical marijuana, but also about its legal status.Less
Cannabinoids and the Brain introduces an informed general audience to the scientific discovery of the endocannabinoid system and recent preclinical research that explains its importance in brain functioning. The endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-AG, act on the same cannabinoid receptors, that are activated by the primary psychoactive compound found in marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Therefore, the scientific investigations of the functions of the endocannabinoid system are guided by the known effects of marijuana on the brain and body. The book reviews the scientific evidence of the role that the endocannabinoid system plays in regulating emotion, anxiety, depression, psychosis, reward and addiction, learning and memory, feeding, nausea/vomiting, pain, epilepsy, and other neurological disorders. Anecdotal reports are linked with the current scientific literature on the medicinal benefits of marijuana. Cannabis contains over 80 chemicals that have closely related structures, called cannabinoids, but the only major mood-altering constituent is THC. Another major plant cannabinoid is cannabidiol (CBD), which is not psychoactive; yet, considerable recent preclinical research reviewed in various chapters reveals that CBD has promising therapeutic potential in treatment of pain, anxiety, nausea and epilepsy. Only recently, has research been conducted with some of the other compounds found in cannabis. The subject matter of the book is extremely timely in light of the current ongoing debate not only about medical marijuana, but also about its legal status.
David F. Hultsch, Michael A. Hunter, Stuart W. S. MacDonald, and Esther Strauss
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198566427
- eISBN:
- 9780191693588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566427.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter considers the proposition that intraindividual variability in speed of performance is a useful indicator of cognitive ageing. It reviews recent research that examines both group ...
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This chapter considers the proposition that intraindividual variability in speed of performance is a useful indicator of cognitive ageing. It reviews recent research that examines both group differences and longitudinal changes in performance inconsistency on reaction-time tasks. The chapter suggests that: (a) greater inconsistency in physical and cognitive performance is observed for older compared with younger adults; (b) greater inconsistency is observed for individuals with neurological disorders; (c) there are consistent and stable individual differences in inconsistency across tasks and time intervals, respectively; (d) there are cross-domain links between inconsistency on cognitive tasks and both level and variability of physical performance; (e) greater inconsistency is associated with poorer levels of performance on cognitive tasks and measures of intelligence; (f) greater inconsistency is associated with proximity to death; and (g) inconsistency increases with age. It concludes that measures of intraindividual variability may be plausible behavioural indicators of cognitive ageing.Less
This chapter considers the proposition that intraindividual variability in speed of performance is a useful indicator of cognitive ageing. It reviews recent research that examines both group differences and longitudinal changes in performance inconsistency on reaction-time tasks. The chapter suggests that: (a) greater inconsistency in physical and cognitive performance is observed for older compared with younger adults; (b) greater inconsistency is observed for individuals with neurological disorders; (c) there are consistent and stable individual differences in inconsistency across tasks and time intervals, respectively; (d) there are cross-domain links between inconsistency on cognitive tasks and both level and variability of physical performance; (e) greater inconsistency is associated with poorer levels of performance on cognitive tasks and measures of intelligence; (f) greater inconsistency is associated with proximity to death; and (g) inconsistency increases with age. It concludes that measures of intraindividual variability may be plausible behavioural indicators of cognitive ageing.
Lorene M. Nelson, Caroline M. Tanner, Stephen Van Den Eeden, and Valarie M. McGuire (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195133790
- eISBN:
- 9780199863730
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195133790.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book provides the foundation for conducting rigorous epidemiologic and clinical research on neurologic disorders. The book has three parts, each emphasizing the unique aspects of studying ...
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This book provides the foundation for conducting rigorous epidemiologic and clinical research on neurologic disorders. The book has three parts, each emphasizing the unique aspects of studying neurologic disorders. The first focuses on classic principles of epidemiologic and clinical research, including study design, sources of study bias, and methods for assessing the role of environmental and genetic factors in neurologic disorders. The second part covers each of the major neurologic disorders, with an emphasis on the methodologic aspects of studying these disorders and discussion of future research directions. The third part is devoted to clinical and translational research methods, including the design and conduct of clinical trials and prognostic studies, as well as the principles of health services research and evidence-based medicine. Throughout the book, the principles of neuroepidemiology are illustrated with examples from published studies.Less
This book provides the foundation for conducting rigorous epidemiologic and clinical research on neurologic disorders. The book has three parts, each emphasizing the unique aspects of studying neurologic disorders. The first focuses on classic principles of epidemiologic and clinical research, including study design, sources of study bias, and methods for assessing the role of environmental and genetic factors in neurologic disorders. The second part covers each of the major neurologic disorders, with an emphasis on the methodologic aspects of studying these disorders and discussion of future research directions. The third part is devoted to clinical and translational research methods, including the design and conduct of clinical trials and prognostic studies, as well as the principles of health services research and evidence-based medicine. Throughout the book, the principles of neuroepidemiology are illustrated with examples from published studies.
Encarnación Juárez-Almendros
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781786940780
- eISBN:
- 9781786945013
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781786940780.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
The book examines, from the perspective of feminist disability theories, the concepts and role of women in selected Spanish discourses and literary texts from the late fifteenth to seventeenth ...
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The book examines, from the perspective of feminist disability theories, the concepts and role of women in selected Spanish discourses and literary texts from the late fifteenth to seventeenth centuries. It explores a wide range of Spanish medical, regulatory and moral discourses in order to show how these inherit, reproduce and propagate an amalgam of Western traditional concepts of the female embodiment. The book also examines concrete representations of deviant female characters, with a focus in the figure of the syphilitic prostitute and the physically decayed aged women, in a variety of literary texts such Celestina, Lozana andaluza and selected works by Cervantes and Quevedo. The analysis of the personal testimony of Teresa de Avila, a nun suffering neurological disorders, complements the discussion of early modern women’s disability. By expanding the meanings of present materiality/social construction disability theories, the book concludes that femininity, bodily afflictions, and mental instability characterize the new literary heroes in paradoxical contrast with the Spanish apex of imperial power. The broken female bodies of pre-industrial Spanish literature reveal the cracks in the foundational principles of established masculine truths such as physical and moral integrity and religious and ethnic intolerance.Less
The book examines, from the perspective of feminist disability theories, the concepts and role of women in selected Spanish discourses and literary texts from the late fifteenth to seventeenth centuries. It explores a wide range of Spanish medical, regulatory and moral discourses in order to show how these inherit, reproduce and propagate an amalgam of Western traditional concepts of the female embodiment. The book also examines concrete representations of deviant female characters, with a focus in the figure of the syphilitic prostitute and the physically decayed aged women, in a variety of literary texts such Celestina, Lozana andaluza and selected works by Cervantes and Quevedo. The analysis of the personal testimony of Teresa de Avila, a nun suffering neurological disorders, complements the discussion of early modern women’s disability. By expanding the meanings of present materiality/social construction disability theories, the book concludes that femininity, bodily afflictions, and mental instability characterize the new literary heroes in paradoxical contrast with the Spanish apex of imperial power. The broken female bodies of pre-industrial Spanish literature reveal the cracks in the foundational principles of established masculine truths such as physical and moral integrity and religious and ethnic intolerance.
John C. M. Brust
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198525202
- eISBN:
- 9780191689314
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525202.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology
This chapter provides a historical perspective of music and the neurologist. Neurological disorders affecting musical function can produce either positive or negative symptoms. It starts by ...
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This chapter provides a historical perspective of music and the neurologist. Neurological disorders affecting musical function can produce either positive or negative symptoms. It starts by presenting the positive phenomena. This is followed by negative phenomena, such as amusia and aphasia. In addition, the studies of brain-damaged populations and normal subjects are reported. As with brain-damaged patients, studies of normal subjects involve particular aspects of musical experience — auditory (pitch, harmony, timbre, interval, contour); visual (notational score, which includes real words; notes designated by letter but represented spatially, with duration indicated by appearance; purely musical symbols, such as rests, fermata, clef, crescendo, staccato, and repeat; and display of both simultaneous and sequential sounds), motor (performance, dance); memory; and emotion.Less
This chapter provides a historical perspective of music and the neurologist. Neurological disorders affecting musical function can produce either positive or negative symptoms. It starts by presenting the positive phenomena. This is followed by negative phenomena, such as amusia and aphasia. In addition, the studies of brain-damaged populations and normal subjects are reported. As with brain-damaged patients, studies of normal subjects involve particular aspects of musical experience — auditory (pitch, harmony, timbre, interval, contour); visual (notational score, which includes real words; notes designated by letter but represented spatially, with duration indicated by appearance; purely musical symbols, such as rests, fermata, clef, crescendo, staccato, and repeat; and display of both simultaneous and sequential sounds), motor (performance, dance); memory; and emotion.
Risto Näätänen, Teija Kujala, and Gregory Light
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198705079
- eISBN:
- 9780191874192
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198705079.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
This book introduces the electrophysiological change-detection response of the brain called the mismatch negativity (MMN). MMN is elicited by any discriminable change in some repetitive aspect of ...
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This book introduces the electrophysiological change-detection response of the brain called the mismatch negativity (MMN). MMN is elicited by any discriminable change in some repetitive aspect of ongoing auditory stimulation even in the absence of attention, causing an attentional shift to change, hence representing a response of vital significance to the organism. In addition, an analogous response is also elicited in the other sensory modalities and occurs in different species and in the different developmental stages from infancy to the old age. Importantly, MMN, reflecting the NMDA-receptor functioning, is affected in different cognitive brain disorders, providing an index of the severity of the disorder and effectiveness of remediating treatments.Less
This book introduces the electrophysiological change-detection response of the brain called the mismatch negativity (MMN). MMN is elicited by any discriminable change in some repetitive aspect of ongoing auditory stimulation even in the absence of attention, causing an attentional shift to change, hence representing a response of vital significance to the organism. In addition, an analogous response is also elicited in the other sensory modalities and occurs in different species and in the different developmental stages from infancy to the old age. Importantly, MMN, reflecting the NMDA-receptor functioning, is affected in different cognitive brain disorders, providing an index of the severity of the disorder and effectiveness of remediating treatments.
