Christopher Mole and Colin Klein
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262014021
- eISBN:
- 9780262265850
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014021.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
This chapter focuses on the confirmation, refutation, and evidence of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, and discusses the application of neuroimaging techniques to various fields, ...
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This chapter focuses on the confirmation, refutation, and evidence of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, and discusses the application of neuroimaging techniques to various fields, including cognitive sciences. It addresses the question of the role of neuroimaging data in providing informative evidence regarding hypotheses in cognitive science and explains differences in data, high-level null hypotheses, and ways to accommodate null hypotheses. Finally, the chapter looks into the scope of neuroimaging data in the cognitive sciences.Less
This chapter focuses on the confirmation, refutation, and evidence of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, and discusses the application of neuroimaging techniques to various fields, including cognitive sciences. It addresses the question of the role of neuroimaging data in providing informative evidence regarding hypotheses in cognitive science and explains differences in data, high-level null hypotheses, and ways to accommodate null hypotheses. Finally, the chapter looks into the scope of neuroimaging data in the cognitive sciences.
Michael D. Rugg
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199217298
- eISBN:
- 9780191696077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217298.003.0024
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures
There are two principal ways in which neuroimaging data can be employed to inform functional models of cognition. First, the data can be treated in the same way as a behavioural measure, the idea ...
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There are two principal ways in which neuroimaging data can be employed to inform functional models of cognition. First, the data can be treated in the same way as a behavioural measure, the idea being to use task- or condition-related dissociations in brain activity to dissociate functionally distinct cognitive processes. A second way of using neuroimaging data to draw functional conclusions is through the use of ‘reverse inference’. In this case, the neural correlate of a given cognitive operation is assumed to be sufficiently reliable and specific that its presence can serve as a marker for the engagement of the operation. This chapter discusses issues surrounding these two ways of applying neuroimaging data to the investigation of memory at the functional level.Less
There are two principal ways in which neuroimaging data can be employed to inform functional models of cognition. First, the data can be treated in the same way as a behavioural measure, the idea being to use task- or condition-related dissociations in brain activity to dissociate functionally distinct cognitive processes. A second way of using neuroimaging data to draw functional conclusions is through the use of ‘reverse inference’. In this case, the neural correlate of a given cognitive operation is assumed to be sufficiently reliable and specific that its presence can serve as a marker for the engagement of the operation. This chapter discusses issues surrounding these two ways of applying neuroimaging data to the investigation of memory at the functional level.
Stephen Jose Hanson and Martin Bunzl (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262014021
- eISBN:
- 9780262265850
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014021.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
The field of neuroimaging has reached a watershed. Brain imaging research has been the source of many advances in cognitive neuroscience and cognitive science over the last decade, but recent ...
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The field of neuroimaging has reached a watershed. Brain imaging research has been the source of many advances in cognitive neuroscience and cognitive science over the last decade, but recent critiques and emerging trends have been raising foundational issues of methodology, measurement, and theory. Concerns over interpretation of brain maps have created serious controversies in social neuroscience, and, more importantly, point to a larger set of issues that lie at the heart of the entire brain mapping enterprise. In this book, neuroimagers and philosophers of the mind reexamine these central issues and explore current controversies that have arisen in cognitive science, cognitive neuroscience, computer science, and signal processing. The contributors address both the statistical and dynamic analysis and modeling of neuroimaging data and interpretation, discussing localization, modularity, and the neuroimagers’ tacit assumptions about how these two phenomena are related; controversies over the correlation of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data and social attributions (characterized for good or bad as “voodoo correlations”); and the standard inferential design approach in neuroimaging. Finally, they take a more philosophical approach, considering the nature of measurement in brain imaging, and offer a framework for novel neuroimaging data structures (effective and functional connectivity—“graphs”).Less
The field of neuroimaging has reached a watershed. Brain imaging research has been the source of many advances in cognitive neuroscience and cognitive science over the last decade, but recent critiques and emerging trends have been raising foundational issues of methodology, measurement, and theory. Concerns over interpretation of brain maps have created serious controversies in social neuroscience, and, more importantly, point to a larger set of issues that lie at the heart of the entire brain mapping enterprise. In this book, neuroimagers and philosophers of the mind reexamine these central issues and explore current controversies that have arisen in cognitive science, cognitive neuroscience, computer science, and signal processing. The contributors address both the statistical and dynamic analysis and modeling of neuroimaging data and interpretation, discussing localization, modularity, and the neuroimagers’ tacit assumptions about how these two phenomena are related; controversies over the correlation of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data and social attributions (characterized for good or bad as “voodoo correlations”); and the standard inferential design approach in neuroimaging. Finally, they take a more philosophical approach, considering the nature of measurement in brain imaging, and offer a framework for novel neuroimaging data structures (effective and functional connectivity—“graphs”).
Louise H. Phillips and Julie D. Henry
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198566427
- eISBN:
- 9780191693588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566427.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
In the 1990s, it was argued that age-related changes in the frontal lobes predict cognitive changes in older adults. However, evidence for this hypothesis from behavioural and neuroimaging studies ...
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In the 1990s, it was argued that age-related changes in the frontal lobes predict cognitive changes in older adults. However, evidence for this hypothesis from behavioural and neuroimaging studies were equivocal at best. This chapter reviews the following four issues. First, there is little strong evidence to support the conclusion that executive control is differentially affected by age in comparison with other cognitive functions. Second, there are differences in the pattern of deficits seen following focal frontal lobe damage and those accompanying the ageing process. Third, the effects of age on social and emotional functioning have been largely ignored, despite considerable evidence linking such functions to the frontal lobes of the brain. Fourth, functional neuroimaging data do not support a straightforward version of the frontal-lobe theory of ageing.Less
In the 1990s, it was argued that age-related changes in the frontal lobes predict cognitive changes in older adults. However, evidence for this hypothesis from behavioural and neuroimaging studies were equivocal at best. This chapter reviews the following four issues. First, there is little strong evidence to support the conclusion that executive control is differentially affected by age in comparison with other cognitive functions. Second, there are differences in the pattern of deficits seen following focal frontal lobe damage and those accompanying the ageing process. Third, the effects of age on social and emotional functioning have been largely ignored, despite considerable evidence linking such functions to the frontal lobes of the brain. Fourth, functional neuroimaging data do not support a straightforward version of the frontal-lobe theory of ageing.
Cathy M. Stinear
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199546251
- eISBN:
- 9780191701412
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546251.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
This chapter examines whether motor imagery may facilitate corticospinal activity in the areas corresponding to the muscles involved in the ...
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This chapter examines whether motor imagery may facilitate corticospinal activity in the areas corresponding to the muscles involved in the imagined movement. It notes that neuroimaging data provide evidence that the increase in brain activity is specific to the representation of the body part whose movement is imagined. It demonstrates that the facilitation of corticospinal excitability during motor imagery is associated with specific reductions in intracortical inhibition.Less
This chapter examines whether motor imagery may facilitate corticospinal activity in the areas corresponding to the muscles involved in the imagined movement. It notes that neuroimaging data provide evidence that the increase in brain activity is specific to the representation of the body part whose movement is imagined. It demonstrates that the facilitation of corticospinal excitability during motor imagery is associated with specific reductions in intracortical inhibition.