Olga F. Lazareva, Toru Shimizu, and Edward A. Wasserman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195334654
- eISBN:
- 9780199933167
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334654.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to bring together a diverse group of experts in comparative psychology, neurobiology, and the evolution of animal vision to ...
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This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to bring together a diverse group of experts in comparative psychology, neurobiology, and the evolution of animal vision to provide a snapshot of the current state of knowledge in these fields. An overview of the subsequent chapters is then presented.Less
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to bring together a diverse group of experts in comparative psychology, neurobiology, and the evolution of animal vision to provide a snapshot of the current state of knowledge in these fields. An overview of the subsequent chapters is then presented.
Joaquín M. Fuster
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195300840
- eISBN:
- 9780199863655
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300840.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This book explores whether the mental order corresponds to the order of structures, events, and processes in one part of the neural order, namely, the cerebral cortex. For clarity and simplicity, ...
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This book explores whether the mental order corresponds to the order of structures, events, and processes in one part of the neural order, namely, the cerebral cortex. For clarity and simplicity, this means the search for a spatial and temporal order in the cerebral cortex that matches the cognitive order in every respect. A change or difference in the cortical order corresponds to a change or difference in the mental order. The principal aim of this book is to map cognitive networks onto cortical networks. It has implications for cognitive neuroscience, neurophysiology, neurobiology, neuroimaging, neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry, cognitive psychology, and linguistics. The book will also interest students in all the disciplines of neuroscience and can be used as a text or collateral reading in courses on systems neuroscience, behavioral neuroscience, cognitive science, network modeling, physiological psychology, and linguistics.Less
This book explores whether the mental order corresponds to the order of structures, events, and processes in one part of the neural order, namely, the cerebral cortex. For clarity and simplicity, this means the search for a spatial and temporal order in the cerebral cortex that matches the cognitive order in every respect. A change or difference in the cortical order corresponds to a change or difference in the mental order. The principal aim of this book is to map cognitive networks onto cortical networks. It has implications for cognitive neuroscience, neurophysiology, neurobiology, neuroimaging, neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry, cognitive psychology, and linguistics. The book will also interest students in all the disciplines of neuroscience and can be used as a text or collateral reading in courses on systems neuroscience, behavioral neuroscience, cognitive science, network modeling, physiological psychology, and linguistics.
David Price and David Willshaw
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780192624277
- eISBN:
- 9780191723735
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192624277.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This is the first book that attempts to bring together what is known about the fundamental mechanisms that underlie the development of the cerebral cortex in mammals. Ranging from the emergence of ...
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This is the first book that attempts to bring together what is known about the fundamental mechanisms that underlie the development of the cerebral cortex in mammals. Ranging from the emergence of the forebrain from the neural plate, to the functioning adult form, the book draws on evidence from several species to provide a detailed description of processes at each stage. Where appropriate, evidence is extrapolated from non-mammalian species to generate hypotheses about mammalian development. In contrast to other texts of developmental biology, this book integrates information on regulatory processes at the levels of molecules, cells, and networks. It draws together an extensive literature on cellular development and structural morphology, biochemical and genetic events, and hypotheses that have been subject to mathematical modelling. Important methodologies such as transgenics and formal modelling, are explained for the non-specialist. Major future challenges are clearly identified. The book combines the fundamentals of experimental developmental neurobiology with accessible neural modelling.Less
This is the first book that attempts to bring together what is known about the fundamental mechanisms that underlie the development of the cerebral cortex in mammals. Ranging from the emergence of the forebrain from the neural plate, to the functioning adult form, the book draws on evidence from several species to provide a detailed description of processes at each stage. Where appropriate, evidence is extrapolated from non-mammalian species to generate hypotheses about mammalian development. In contrast to other texts of developmental biology, this book integrates information on regulatory processes at the levels of molecules, cells, and networks. It draws together an extensive literature on cellular development and structural morphology, biochemical and genetic events, and hypotheses that have been subject to mathematical modelling. Important methodologies such as transgenics and formal modelling, are explained for the non-specialist. Major future challenges are clearly identified. The book combines the fundamentals of experimental developmental neurobiology with accessible neural modelling.
Howard Eichenbaum
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199778614
- eISBN:
- 9780199932962
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199778614.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This book introduces the brain's remarkable capacity for memory. Like the first edition, this updated second edition begins with a history of memory research, starting with a ‘Golden Era’ at the turn ...
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This book introduces the brain's remarkable capacity for memory. Like the first edition, this updated second edition begins with a history of memory research, starting with a ‘Golden Era’ at the turn of the 20th century, and progressing to our current understanding of the neurobiology of memory. Subsequent sections of the book discuss the cellular basis of memory, amnesia in humans and animals, the physiology of memory; declarative, procedural, and emotional memory systems; memory consolidation, and the control of memory by the prefrontal cortex. The book is organized into four sections, which highlight the major themes of the text. The first theme is connection, which considers how memory is fundamentally based on alterations in the connectivity of neurons. The first section of the book covers the most well studied models of cellular mechanisms of neural plasticity that may underlie memory. The second theme is cognition, which involves fundamental issues in the psychological structure of memory. This next section of the book considers the competition among views on the nature of cognitive processes that underlie memory, and tells how the controversy was eventually resolved. The third theme is compartmentalization, which is akin to the classic problem of memory localization. However, unlike localization, the notion of ‘compartments’ is intended to avoid the notion that particular memories are pigeon-holed into specific loci, and instead emphasize that different forms of memory are accomplished by distinct modules or brain systems. This third section of the book surveys the evidence for multiple memory systems, and outlines how they are mediated by different brain structures and systems. The fourth and final theme is consolidation, the process by which memories are transformed from a labile trace into a permanent store.Less
This book introduces the brain's remarkable capacity for memory. Like the first edition, this updated second edition begins with a history of memory research, starting with a ‘Golden Era’ at the turn of the 20th century, and progressing to our current understanding of the neurobiology of memory. Subsequent sections of the book discuss the cellular basis of memory, amnesia in humans and animals, the physiology of memory; declarative, procedural, and emotional memory systems; memory consolidation, and the control of memory by the prefrontal cortex. The book is organized into four sections, which highlight the major themes of the text. The first theme is connection, which considers how memory is fundamentally based on alterations in the connectivity of neurons. The first section of the book covers the most well studied models of cellular mechanisms of neural plasticity that may underlie memory. The second theme is cognition, which involves fundamental issues in the psychological structure of memory. This next section of the book considers the competition among views on the nature of cognitive processes that underlie memory, and tells how the controversy was eventually resolved. The third theme is compartmentalization, which is akin to the classic problem of memory localization. However, unlike localization, the notion of ‘compartments’ is intended to avoid the notion that particular memories are pigeon-holed into specific loci, and instead emphasize that different forms of memory are accomplished by distinct modules or brain systems. This third section of the book surveys the evidence for multiple memory systems, and outlines how they are mediated by different brain structures and systems. The fourth and final theme is consolidation, the process by which memories are transformed from a labile trace into a permanent store.
Nikolas Rose and Joelle M. Abi-Rached
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149608
- eISBN:
- 9781400846337
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149608.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This concluding chapter suggests that for the human sciences, there is nothing to fear in the rise to prominence of neurobiological attempt to understand and account for human behavior. It is ...
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This concluding chapter suggests that for the human sciences, there is nothing to fear in the rise to prominence of neurobiological attempt to understand and account for human behavior. It is important to point out the many weaknesses in the experimental setups and procedures, for example, in the uses of animal models and in the interpretations of brain imaging data generated in the highly artificial social situations of the laboratory. In the necessity for this criticism, there is also opportunity. There are many opportunities for a more positive role for the social and human sciences that engages directly with these truth claims, that seizes on the new openness provided by conceptions of the neuromolecular, plastic, and social brain to find some rapprochement.Less
This concluding chapter suggests that for the human sciences, there is nothing to fear in the rise to prominence of neurobiological attempt to understand and account for human behavior. It is important to point out the many weaknesses in the experimental setups and procedures, for example, in the uses of animal models and in the interpretations of brain imaging data generated in the highly artificial social situations of the laboratory. In the necessity for this criticism, there is also opportunity. There are many opportunities for a more positive role for the social and human sciences that engages directly with these truth claims, that seizes on the new openness provided by conceptions of the neuromolecular, plastic, and social brain to find some rapprochement.
Nancey Murphy and Warren S. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199215393
- eISBN:
- 9780191707025
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215393.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
If humans are purely physical, and the brain does the work formerly assigned to the mind or soul, then how can it fail to be the case that our thoughts and actions are determined by the laws of ...
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If humans are purely physical, and the brain does the work formerly assigned to the mind or soul, then how can it fail to be the case that our thoughts and actions are determined by the laws of neurobiology, and that free will, moral responsibility, and reason itself are in jeopardy? Bringing together insights from both philosophy and neuroscience, this book defends a non-reductive version of physicalism whereby humans are (sometimes) the authors of their own thoughts and actions. One resource is an account of mind as embodied and constituted by action-feedback-evaluation-action loops in the environment, ‘scaffolded’ by culture. Another is a non-mysterious account of downward (mental) causation explained in terms of a complex, higher-order system exercising constraints on lower-level processes. These resources are utilized to take on two problems in philosophy of mind: the meaningfulness of language, and the causal efficacy of the mental. Solutions to these problems are a prerequisite to addressing the central problem of the book: how can biological organisms be free and morally responsible? The book argues that the real problem is not neurobiological determinism, but neurobiological reductionism. The relevant question is whether humans, as whole persons, exert downward causation over some of their own parts and processes. If all organisms do this to some extent, what needs to be added to this animalian flexibility to constitute free and responsible action? The keys are sophisticated language and hierarchically ordered cognitive processes allowing (mature) humans to evaluate their own actions, motives, goals, and moral principles.Less
If humans are purely physical, and the brain does the work formerly assigned to the mind or soul, then how can it fail to be the case that our thoughts and actions are determined by the laws of neurobiology, and that free will, moral responsibility, and reason itself are in jeopardy? Bringing together insights from both philosophy and neuroscience, this book defends a non-reductive version of physicalism whereby humans are (sometimes) the authors of their own thoughts and actions. One resource is an account of mind as embodied and constituted by action-feedback-evaluation-action loops in the environment, ‘scaffolded’ by culture. Another is a non-mysterious account of downward (mental) causation explained in terms of a complex, higher-order system exercising constraints on lower-level processes. These resources are utilized to take on two problems in philosophy of mind: the meaningfulness of language, and the causal efficacy of the mental. Solutions to these problems are a prerequisite to addressing the central problem of the book: how can biological organisms be free and morally responsible? The book argues that the real problem is not neurobiological determinism, but neurobiological reductionism. The relevant question is whether humans, as whole persons, exert downward causation over some of their own parts and processes. If all organisms do this to some extent, what needs to be added to this animalian flexibility to constitute free and responsible action? The keys are sophisticated language and hierarchically ordered cognitive processes allowing (mature) humans to evaluate their own actions, motives, goals, and moral principles.
Stephen J. Moss and Jeremy Henley (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192632241
- eISBN:
- 9780191724763
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632241.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This book reviews the recent advances in understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control the assembly, transport, targeting, and anchoring of the protein complexes making up the ...
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This book reviews the recent advances in understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control the assembly, transport, targeting, and anchoring of the protein complexes making up the most important ion channels and receptor families, fundamental to synaptic function. Improved understanding of these processes is expected to reveal novel therapeutic targets relevant to a range of disease states. The first section of the book contains three chapters dealing with cation channels and provides an account of what is known about the structures and the assembly and targeting of these multimeric proteins. The focus of the book then moves on to cover ligand-gated ion channels with two chapters on acetylcholine receptors. The final section of the book contains four chapters covering the excitatory and inhibitory amino acid receptors. The book provides an integrated overview of advances in the field of molecular neurobiology.Less
This book reviews the recent advances in understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control the assembly, transport, targeting, and anchoring of the protein complexes making up the most important ion channels and receptor families, fundamental to synaptic function. Improved understanding of these processes is expected to reveal novel therapeutic targets relevant to a range of disease states. The first section of the book contains three chapters dealing with cation channels and provides an account of what is known about the structures and the assembly and targeting of these multimeric proteins. The focus of the book then moves on to cover ligand-gated ion channels with two chapters on acetylcholine receptors. The final section of the book contains four chapters covering the excitatory and inhibitory amino acid receptors. The book provides an integrated overview of advances in the field of molecular neurobiology.
J. Douglas Bremner
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195308457
- eISBN:
- 9780199867387
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195308457.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter examines the association between brain development, trauma onset, memory, and neurobiological consequences of childhood trauma. It proposes a model of how stress-induced changes in the ...
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This chapter examines the association between brain development, trauma onset, memory, and neurobiological consequences of childhood trauma. It proposes a model of how stress-induced changes in the brain systems involved in stress and memory mediate changes in traumatic memories in patients with childhood abuse-related disorders. The relevance of the model to current controversies regarding the delayed recall of childhood abuse is discussed.Less
This chapter examines the association between brain development, trauma onset, memory, and neurobiological consequences of childhood trauma. It proposes a model of how stress-induced changes in the brain systems involved in stress and memory mediate changes in traumatic memories in patients with childhood abuse-related disorders. The relevance of the model to current controversies regarding the delayed recall of childhood abuse is discussed.
Nancey Murphy and Warren S. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199215393
- eISBN:
- 9780191707025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215393.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
The problem that is addressed by this book is given in the form of the question: ‘If humans are physical systems, and if it is their brains that allow them to think, how can it not be the case that ...
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The problem that is addressed by this book is given in the form of the question: ‘If humans are physical systems, and if it is their brains that allow them to think, how can it not be the case that all of their thoughts and behaviors are simply the product of neurobiology?’ The book's approach to this problem is described in terms of a reformulation of philosophical views based on neuroscience, most particularly the views of causal reduction and the mental as ‘inner’. Tangled terminology is sorted out (preliminarily) with respect to the meaning of ideas, such as physicalism, emergence, and downward causation. Finally, an overview of the progression of arguments of the book is given in the form of chapter summaries.Less
The problem that is addressed by this book is given in the form of the question: ‘If humans are physical systems, and if it is their brains that allow them to think, how can it not be the case that all of their thoughts and behaviors are simply the product of neurobiology?’ The book's approach to this problem is described in terms of a reformulation of philosophical views based on neuroscience, most particularly the views of causal reduction and the mental as ‘inner’. Tangled terminology is sorted out (preliminarily) with respect to the meaning of ideas, such as physicalism, emergence, and downward causation. Finally, an overview of the progression of arguments of the book is given in the form of chapter summaries.
Motoy Kuno
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198546870
- eISBN:
- 9780191724350
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198546870.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
The synapse not only provides a bridge from one nerve cell to the next; its function can be modified by experience, making it important for learning and memory. This overview of the synapse provides ...
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The synapse not only provides a bridge from one nerve cell to the next; its function can be modified by experience, making it important for learning and memory. This overview of the synapse provides a review of current concepts in neurobiology, with specific reference to synaptic plasticity, neurotransmission, and neurotrophism. These areas have been advanced dramatically by the application of molecular biology techniques, and this book provides a synthesis of these advances. The book incorporates all the latest thinking and current research together with a brief historical overview of research in the field.Less
The synapse not only provides a bridge from one nerve cell to the next; its function can be modified by experience, making it important for learning and memory. This overview of the synapse provides a review of current concepts in neurobiology, with specific reference to synaptic plasticity, neurotransmission, and neurotrophism. These areas have been advanced dramatically by the application of molecular biology techniques, and this book provides a synthesis of these advances. The book incorporates all the latest thinking and current research together with a brief historical overview of research in the field.
Kenneth R. Pugh, Stephen J. Frost, Rebecca Sandak, Nicole Landi, Dina Moore, Gina Della Porta, Jay G. Rueckl, and W. Einar Mencl
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195300369
- eISBN:
- 9780199863747
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300369.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
This chapter describes recent studies designed to generate data not only on the localization of reading-related brain activation, but also to examine patterns of interactions and dynamic trade-offs ...
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This chapter describes recent studies designed to generate data not only on the localization of reading-related brain activation, but also to examine patterns of interactions and dynamic trade-offs among these distributed reading-related systems. It begins with a review of relevant behavioral studies of component processing in fluent reading, with particular emphasis on the role of early (sublexical) phonology. It then discusses the current literature on the neurobiology of skilled and disabled reading, along with consideration of a series of recent studies that aim to capture brain correlates of component processing, again with an emphasis on phonological processing, adaptive learning, and complex trade-offs and interactions. Finally, it takes stock of what is considered to be crucial next steps (both technical and theoretical) in the emerging cognitive neuroscience of reading and its disorders.Less
This chapter describes recent studies designed to generate data not only on the localization of reading-related brain activation, but also to examine patterns of interactions and dynamic trade-offs among these distributed reading-related systems. It begins with a review of relevant behavioral studies of component processing in fluent reading, with particular emphasis on the role of early (sublexical) phonology. It then discusses the current literature on the neurobiology of skilled and disabled reading, along with consideration of a series of recent studies that aim to capture brain correlates of component processing, again with an emphasis on phonological processing, adaptive learning, and complex trade-offs and interactions. Finally, it takes stock of what is considered to be crucial next steps (both technical and theoretical) in the emerging cognitive neuroscience of reading and its disorders.
Joseph E. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226686547
- eISBN:
- 9780226686714
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226686714.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
For a generation, an intense debate has been waged over the expanding number of people who are diagnosed with a mental disorder and treated with prescription drugs such as Prozac and Adderall. One ...
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For a generation, an intense debate has been waged over the expanding number of people who are diagnosed with a mental disorder and treated with prescription drugs such as Prozac and Adderall. One side, the psychiatric, sees progress. People suffering from mental illness are finally getting the treatment they need. The other side challenges the psychiatric perspective and the medicalization and treatment of common personality traits and forms of distress as mental disorders. Neither side has much to say about how people themselves explain their suffering and or envision a resolution. Chemically Imbalanced, based on interviews, explores this sense-making among people dealing with experiences of loss, disappointment, and underachievement. At the heart of distress is a gap between experience and valued standards and ideals of selfhood, and confusion over why things are not going as they should. People are in a predicament, and the book explores how many take up diagnostic categories, biological explanations, and pharmaceuticals as social objects and narratives to make sense of their situation and ameliorate it. These efforts reveal that a quiet but profound revolution in consciousness is underway. Ways of conceiving of suffering in terms of the mind, interpersonal experience, and social circumstances are being replaced with a thin and mechanistic language of the body/brain. The appeal of this “neurobiological imaginary,” the book argues, is not its explanatory power but in what it promises people they can be in our fluid and depthless culture. Despite the vaunted freedom, the imaginary has troubling and entrapping consequences.Less
For a generation, an intense debate has been waged over the expanding number of people who are diagnosed with a mental disorder and treated with prescription drugs such as Prozac and Adderall. One side, the psychiatric, sees progress. People suffering from mental illness are finally getting the treatment they need. The other side challenges the psychiatric perspective and the medicalization and treatment of common personality traits and forms of distress as mental disorders. Neither side has much to say about how people themselves explain their suffering and or envision a resolution. Chemically Imbalanced, based on interviews, explores this sense-making among people dealing with experiences of loss, disappointment, and underachievement. At the heart of distress is a gap between experience and valued standards and ideals of selfhood, and confusion over why things are not going as they should. People are in a predicament, and the book explores how many take up diagnostic categories, biological explanations, and pharmaceuticals as social objects and narratives to make sense of their situation and ameliorate it. These efforts reveal that a quiet but profound revolution in consciousness is underway. Ways of conceiving of suffering in terms of the mind, interpersonal experience, and social circumstances are being replaced with a thin and mechanistic language of the body/brain. The appeal of this “neurobiological imaginary,” the book argues, is not its explanatory power but in what it promises people they can be in our fluid and depthless culture. Despite the vaunted freedom, the imaginary has troubling and entrapping consequences.
JEAN-MARC FELLOUS and MICHAEL A. ARBIB
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195166194
- eISBN:
- 9780199847020
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195166194.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter presents the text of the conversion between a roboticist and a theoretical neurobiologist about the issue of emotion. The roboticist ...
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This chapter presents the text of the conversion between a roboticist and a theoretical neurobiologist about the issue of emotion. The roboticist suggested that it would be useful to have a list of definitions of key terms on the subject of emotion that takes into account logical alternative views. The theoretical neurobiologist argued that there is a linguistic risk in defining terms such as emotions, and that even if definitions were established there would still be possible problems in achieving consensus.Less
This chapter presents the text of the conversion between a roboticist and a theoretical neurobiologist about the issue of emotion. The roboticist suggested that it would be useful to have a list of definitions of key terms on the subject of emotion that takes into account logical alternative views. The theoretical neurobiologist argued that there is a linguistic risk in defining terms such as emotions, and that even if definitions were established there would still be possible problems in achieving consensus.
Peter Politser
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195305821
- eISBN:
- 9780199867783
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305821.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter examines the alternative, behavioral economic models of evaluation. These models include diagnostic elements (differences in response to risk vs. ambiguity, attention to the chances of a ...
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This chapter examines the alternative, behavioral economic models of evaluation. These models include diagnostic elements (differences in response to risk vs. ambiguity, attention to the chances of a positive or negative event, sensitivity to changes in probability as well as optimism or pessimism), elements related to management (expectancy-related and goal-related utilities), as well as outcome evaluations (disappointment, elation, and regret, as well as the experienced disutility of waiting for outcomes to occur). In addition, these models considered other factors that can change evaluations, such as learning and context. The investigation of the neural correlates of these behavioral economic parameters of choice clarified why some irrational violations of the axioms or reasons may occur or even be justified. The chapter also describes other forms of inconsistency in evaluation, beyond mere inconsistency with the economic axioms. These include conflicts between remembered, experienced, predictive, expectancy-related, and goal-related utility.Less
This chapter examines the alternative, behavioral economic models of evaluation. These models include diagnostic elements (differences in response to risk vs. ambiguity, attention to the chances of a positive or negative event, sensitivity to changes in probability as well as optimism or pessimism), elements related to management (expectancy-related and goal-related utilities), as well as outcome evaluations (disappointment, elation, and regret, as well as the experienced disutility of waiting for outcomes to occur). In addition, these models considered other factors that can change evaluations, such as learning and context. The investigation of the neural correlates of these behavioral economic parameters of choice clarified why some irrational violations of the axioms or reasons may occur or even be justified. The chapter also describes other forms of inconsistency in evaluation, beyond mere inconsistency with the economic axioms. These include conflicts between remembered, experienced, predictive, expectancy-related, and goal-related utility.
David H. Hubel
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195176186
- eISBN:
- 9780199847013
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176186.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
The first-ever Department of Neurobiology was launched in 1966, with Kuffler as the chairman. In the 1960s and 1970s, the main problem between Torsten and David concerned the question of continuing ...
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The first-ever Department of Neurobiology was launched in 1966, with Kuffler as the chairman. In the 1960s and 1970s, the main problem between Torsten and David concerned the question of continuing collaboration. Kuffler was puzzled over how to justify two senior appointments to the rest of the faculty, especially two people working in the same field. Around the time the new department was being formed, the dean of the medical school offered David the position as chairman of the Department of Physiology. He accepted because it offered an opportunity to build his own group. Certain awkward aspects of the arrangement soon became evident for his and Torsten's backgrounds were neurology and psychiatry, not physiology. He later recognized that he made a mistake, and resigned the job before doing the Department of Physiology and his research any irreparable harm.Less
The first-ever Department of Neurobiology was launched in 1966, with Kuffler as the chairman. In the 1960s and 1970s, the main problem between Torsten and David concerned the question of continuing collaboration. Kuffler was puzzled over how to justify two senior appointments to the rest of the faculty, especially two people working in the same field. Around the time the new department was being formed, the dean of the medical school offered David the position as chairman of the Department of Physiology. He accepted because it offered an opportunity to build his own group. Certain awkward aspects of the arrangement soon became evident for his and Torsten's backgrounds were neurology and psychiatry, not physiology. He later recognized that he made a mistake, and resigned the job before doing the Department of Physiology and his research any irreparable harm.
Alex Fornito and Edward T. Bullmore
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has rapidly emerged as an important tool for understanding the neural correlates of myriad cognitive and emotional processes. By offering a direct window ...
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has rapidly emerged as an important tool for understanding the neural correlates of myriad cognitive and emotional processes. By offering a direct window into brain activity, fMRI promised to usher in a new era of psychiatry, in which clinical decisions would be based on objective neurobiological measures rather than often-contentious symptom classifications. However, research conducted over the past two decades has failed to realise this goal, and fMRI remains an unutilized tool in the psychiatric clinic. In this chapter, we consider reasons why fMRI has failed to fulfill its promise as a clinically useful tool for psychiatrists and consider recent progress towards this goal in three key clinical domains: diagnosis, prediction and treatment monitoring. In particular, we focus on moving away from using traditional case-control comparisons of mean differences in brain activation to more sophisticated statistical techniques using brain activity patterns to classify individual participants to key clinical outcome variables, such as diagnosis or treatment response.Less
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has rapidly emerged as an important tool for understanding the neural correlates of myriad cognitive and emotional processes. By offering a direct window into brain activity, fMRI promised to usher in a new era of psychiatry, in which clinical decisions would be based on objective neurobiological measures rather than often-contentious symptom classifications. However, research conducted over the past two decades has failed to realise this goal, and fMRI remains an unutilized tool in the psychiatric clinic. In this chapter, we consider reasons why fMRI has failed to fulfill its promise as a clinically useful tool for psychiatrists and consider recent progress towards this goal in three key clinical domains: diagnosis, prediction and treatment monitoring. In particular, we focus on moving away from using traditional case-control comparisons of mean differences in brain activation to more sophisticated statistical techniques using brain activity patterns to classify individual participants to key clinical outcome variables, such as diagnosis or treatment response.
Jacob S. Ballon, Ragy R. Girgis, and Jeffrey A. Lieberman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter discusses the potential for personalized medicine as it applies to schizophrenia, one of the most severe mental disorders. The first half of this chapter will address the genetics of ...
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This chapter discusses the potential for personalized medicine as it applies to schizophrenia, one of the most severe mental disorders. The first half of this chapter will address the genetics of schizophrenia, and in particular what is known about the pharmacogenomics of treatment response and side effects. The second half will focus on the neurobiology and physical abnormalities of schizophrenia, and discuss these in the context of endophenotypes and biomarkers of the illness. Finally, this chapter will conclude with a synthesis of the previously discussed genetic and neurobiological findings in schizophrenia and ideas on how this knowledge can be translated into the framework of personalized medicine.Less
This chapter discusses the potential for personalized medicine as it applies to schizophrenia, one of the most severe mental disorders. The first half of this chapter will address the genetics of schizophrenia, and in particular what is known about the pharmacogenomics of treatment response and side effects. The second half will focus on the neurobiology and physical abnormalities of schizophrenia, and discuss these in the context of endophenotypes and biomarkers of the illness. Finally, this chapter will conclude with a synthesis of the previously discussed genetic and neurobiological findings in schizophrenia and ideas on how this knowledge can be translated into the framework of personalized medicine.
David F. Sherry and Jennifer S. Hoshooley
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198569992
- eISBN:
- 9780191717802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569992.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
This chapter investigates the structural aspects of the avian brain, and how this can influence spatial memory. Using cross-species comparisons within the Paridae and comparing Parids to other ...
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This chapter investigates the structural aspects of the avian brain, and how this can influence spatial memory. Using cross-species comparisons within the Paridae and comparing Parids to other species, general spatial abilities of chickadees in food storing and other contexts are reviewed. The ability to form spatial memories is related to the structure, gene expression, and neurogenesis within the hippocampus. Chickadees and tits have made an unexpected contribution to our understanding of spatial ability and the hippocampus because of their specialized food storing behaviour. The jury is still out on the question of whether spatial ability or spatial cognition is specialized in chickadees and tits. Some properties of spatial ability and spatial memory in food-storing birds are very similar to those of other species. One notable pattern is that food-storing birds may tend to solve foraging tasks spatially to a degree not found in other birds.Less
This chapter investigates the structural aspects of the avian brain, and how this can influence spatial memory. Using cross-species comparisons within the Paridae and comparing Parids to other species, general spatial abilities of chickadees in food storing and other contexts are reviewed. The ability to form spatial memories is related to the structure, gene expression, and neurogenesis within the hippocampus. Chickadees and tits have made an unexpected contribution to our understanding of spatial ability and the hippocampus because of their specialized food storing behaviour. The jury is still out on the question of whether spatial ability or spatial cognition is specialized in chickadees and tits. Some properties of spatial ability and spatial memory in food-storing birds are very similar to those of other species. One notable pattern is that food-storing birds may tend to solve foraging tasks spatially to a degree not found in other birds.
Andreas C. Lehmann
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195304565
- eISBN:
- 9780199850723
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304565.003.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Psychology of Music
Research in perception and cognition in music has seen tremendous growth over the last two decades. In the wake of recent advances in neurobiology, trying to separate perception and cognition has ...
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Research in perception and cognition in music has seen tremendous growth over the last two decades. In the wake of recent advances in neurobiology, trying to separate perception and cognition has become less appropriate and useful. In order to be of maximal use for music educators, the work here tries to understand cognition in its broader sense, namely, how it applies in the context of experience, training, development, and culture. The first five chapters of this book proceed from the basic neurological and cognitive processes to a panoramic view of musical development and the theories behind research on learning. The last two chapters concentrate on music performance skills, musical expression, and the audience.Less
Research in perception and cognition in music has seen tremendous growth over the last two decades. In the wake of recent advances in neurobiology, trying to separate perception and cognition has become less appropriate and useful. In order to be of maximal use for music educators, the work here tries to understand cognition in its broader sense, namely, how it applies in the context of experience, training, development, and culture. The first five chapters of this book proceed from the basic neurological and cognitive processes to a panoramic view of musical development and the theories behind research on learning. The last two chapters concentrate on music performance skills, musical expression, and the audience.
Louis A. Schmidt and Jay Schulkin
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195118872
- eISBN:
- 9780199848232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118872.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
It is believed that science is at its best when it attempts to understand a phenomenon from multiple disciplines, multiple levels, and multiple systems. Thus, it is hoped that this belief was evident ...
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It is believed that science is at its best when it attempts to understand a phenomenon from multiple disciplines, multiple levels, and multiple systems. Thus, it is hoped that this belief was evident in the pages of this book. Due to the manifestation of animal analogs used to understand fear and anxiety and advances in neuroimaging techniques and molecular neurobiology, it is right to apply the knowledge established by the new theories and techniques to more fully understand the origins and developmental course of extreme fear and shyness in humans than ever before. Moreover, there are many positive qualities to some aspects of shyness and these should be emphasized. It is now the objective of future research to determine how the knowledge established by basic research can be most effectively employed.Less
It is believed that science is at its best when it attempts to understand a phenomenon from multiple disciplines, multiple levels, and multiple systems. Thus, it is hoped that this belief was evident in the pages of this book. Due to the manifestation of animal analogs used to understand fear and anxiety and advances in neuroimaging techniques and molecular neurobiology, it is right to apply the knowledge established by the new theories and techniques to more fully understand the origins and developmental course of extreme fear and shyness in humans than ever before. Moreover, there are many positive qualities to some aspects of shyness and these should be emphasized. It is now the objective of future research to determine how the knowledge established by basic research can be most effectively employed.
