Minoru Fukuda, Urs Rutishauser, and Ronald L. Schnaar (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525387
- eISBN:
- 9780191723872
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525387.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
In the past decade, there have been tremendous developments in the understanding of the structure, biosynthesis, and function of glycoconjugates present in the nervous system. These developments were ...
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In the past decade, there have been tremendous developments in the understanding of the structure, biosynthesis, and function of glycoconjugates present in the nervous system. These developments were initiated by advances in the molecular cloning of glycosyltransferases that direct the synthesis of these complex carbohydrates. In particular, the molecular cloning of polysialyltransferases, HNK-1 sulfotransferase, ganglioside sialyltransferases, and proteoglycan sulfotransferases provided a great opportunity to determine the roles of these glycans in the nervous system. Moreover, the availability of gene inactivation by homologous recombination in mouse, the ‘knockout mouse’, has led to an explosion of knowledge in understanding the physiological functions of glycoconjugates during embryonic development and organogenesis. In certain studies, the physiological function of glycoconjugates in adult mice can be evaluated in depth by examining the phenotype of adult knockout mice. This book focuses on topics in and expands descriptions of neuroglycobiology, based on recent advances in this field. The book includes eight chapters from various authors representing the field of neuroglycobiology. In the first two chapters, the biosynthesis and roles of glycoprotein glycosylation are described. Chapter 3 describes HNK-1 glycans. Chapter 4 describes the biosynthesis and roles of the brain glycolipids. The biosynthetic pathway and the roles of gangliosides based on gene knockout mice are described in Chapter 5. The final two chapters are devoted to summarizing recent findings on diseases caused by abnormal metabolism in glycoproteins and glycolipids.Less
In the past decade, there have been tremendous developments in the understanding of the structure, biosynthesis, and function of glycoconjugates present in the nervous system. These developments were initiated by advances in the molecular cloning of glycosyltransferases that direct the synthesis of these complex carbohydrates. In particular, the molecular cloning of polysialyltransferases, HNK-1 sulfotransferase, ganglioside sialyltransferases, and proteoglycan sulfotransferases provided a great opportunity to determine the roles of these glycans in the nervous system. Moreover, the availability of gene inactivation by homologous recombination in mouse, the ‘knockout mouse’, has led to an explosion of knowledge in understanding the physiological functions of glycoconjugates during embryonic development and organogenesis. In certain studies, the physiological function of glycoconjugates in adult mice can be evaluated in depth by examining the phenotype of adult knockout mice. This book focuses on topics in and expands descriptions of neuroglycobiology, based on recent advances in this field. The book includes eight chapters from various authors representing the field of neuroglycobiology. In the first two chapters, the biosynthesis and roles of glycoprotein glycosylation are described. Chapter 3 describes HNK-1 glycans. Chapter 4 describes the biosynthesis and roles of the brain glycolipids. The biosynthetic pathway and the roles of gangliosides based on gene knockout mice are described in Chapter 5. The final two chapters are devoted to summarizing recent findings on diseases caused by abnormal metabolism in glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Javier DeFelipe
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195392708
- eISBN:
- 9780199863525
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195392708.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, History of Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This book contains a large collection of beautiful figures produced throughout the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, which represent some characteristic examples of the early days of research ...
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This book contains a large collection of beautiful figures produced throughout the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, which represent some characteristic examples of the early days of research in neuroscience. The main aim of this work is to demonstrate to the general public that the study of the nervous system is not only important for the many obvious reasons related to brain function in both health and disease, but also for the unexpected natural beauty that it beholds. This beauty has been discovered thanks to the techniques used to visualize the microscopic structure of the brain, a true forest of colorful and florid neural cells. As illustrated by his marvelous drawings, the studies of Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934) no doubt contributed more than those of any other researcher at the time to the growth of modern neuroscience. Thus, his name has been honored in the title of this book, even though the figures contained in the main body of it are from 91 different authors. Looking at the illustrations in this book, the readers will find that many of the early researchers that studied the nervous system were also true artists, of considerable talent and esthetic sensibility. Hence, the present book contains numerous drawings of some of the most important pioneers in neuroscience, including Deiters, Kolliker, Meynert, Ranvier, Golgi, Retzius, Nissl, Dogiel, Alzheimer, del Rio-Hortega, and de Castro.Less
This book contains a large collection of beautiful figures produced throughout the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, which represent some characteristic examples of the early days of research in neuroscience. The main aim of this work is to demonstrate to the general public that the study of the nervous system is not only important for the many obvious reasons related to brain function in both health and disease, but also for the unexpected natural beauty that it beholds. This beauty has been discovered thanks to the techniques used to visualize the microscopic structure of the brain, a true forest of colorful and florid neural cells. As illustrated by his marvelous drawings, the studies of Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934) no doubt contributed more than those of any other researcher at the time to the growth of modern neuroscience. Thus, his name has been honored in the title of this book, even though the figures contained in the main body of it are from 91 different authors. Looking at the illustrations in this book, the readers will find that many of the early researchers that studied the nervous system were also true artists, of considerable talent and esthetic sensibility. Hence, the present book contains numerous drawings of some of the most important pioneers in neuroscience, including Deiters, Kolliker, Meynert, Ranvier, Golgi, Retzius, Nissl, Dogiel, Alzheimer, del Rio-Hortega, and de Castro.
Javier Defelipe
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195392708
- eISBN:
- 9780199863525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195392708.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, History of Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter traces the history of various theories on the microscopic anatomy of the nervous system, with corresponding illustrations by the scientists themselves. The chapter is divided into three, ...
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This chapter traces the history of various theories on the microscopic anatomy of the nervous system, with corresponding illustrations by the scientists themselves. The chapter is divided into three, covering the Benedictine period, the Black period, and the Colorful period.Less
This chapter traces the history of various theories on the microscopic anatomy of the nervous system, with corresponding illustrations by the scientists themselves. The chapter is divided into three, covering the Benedictine period, the Black period, and the Colorful period.
Luis Miguel García-Segura
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195326611
- eISBN:
- 9780199864881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326611.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
This chapter examines the prominent role that hormones have in defining the timing and regional specificity of the plastic developmental changes in the central nervous system, and how they coordinate ...
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This chapter examines the prominent role that hormones have in defining the timing and regional specificity of the plastic developmental changes in the central nervous system, and how they coordinate neural maturation with the maturation of other body systems. It analyzes the consequences that physiological, experimental, and pathological alterations in hormonal levels during the developmental period have for the future plastic responses of the central nervous system in response to the changing external and internal environment.Less
This chapter examines the prominent role that hormones have in defining the timing and regional specificity of the plastic developmental changes in the central nervous system, and how they coordinate neural maturation with the maturation of other body systems. It analyzes the consequences that physiological, experimental, and pathological alterations in hormonal levels during the developmental period have for the future plastic responses of the central nervous system in response to the changing external and internal environment.
Ted R. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304114
- eISBN:
- 9780199790012
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304114.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
This chapter summarizes research on the anatomy and physiology of the House Sparrow based on organ systems: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, ...
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This chapter summarizes research on the anatomy and physiology of the House Sparrow based on organ systems: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, and reproductive. The energetics of the species is also discussed, as well as body mass and composition.Less
This chapter summarizes research on the anatomy and physiology of the House Sparrow based on organ systems: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, and reproductive. The energetics of the species is also discussed, as well as body mass and composition.
Kunlin Wei and Konrad P. Körding
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195387247
- eISBN:
- 9780199918379
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387247.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter focuses on the issue of causal inference in perception and action, arguing that ambiguous sensory cues only make sense when the brain understands their causes. It takes a normative view, ...
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This chapter focuses on the issue of causal inference in perception and action, arguing that ambiguous sensory cues only make sense when the brain understands their causes. It takes a normative view, which focuses on how the nervous system could optimally infer properties of the body or world for perception and sensorimotor control given assumptions about noise in the body and the environment. The normative approach aims to understand why the nervous system works the way it does and not the specific mechanisms that give rise to behavior. Specifically, it asks how the nervous system should estimate the causal relation of events (e.g., errors and movements) and then compare the predictions of these optimal inference models to the way humans actually behave.Less
This chapter focuses on the issue of causal inference in perception and action, arguing that ambiguous sensory cues only make sense when the brain understands their causes. It takes a normative view, which focuses on how the nervous system could optimally infer properties of the body or world for perception and sensorimotor control given assumptions about noise in the body and the environment. The normative approach aims to understand why the nervous system works the way it does and not the specific mechanisms that give rise to behavior. Specifically, it asks how the nervous system should estimate the causal relation of events (e.g., errors and movements) and then compare the predictions of these optimal inference models to the way humans actually behave.
Nikolas Rose and Joelle M. Abi-Rached
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149608
- eISBN:
- 9781400846337
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149608.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the emergence of a neuromolecular vision of the brain. This means a new scale at which the brain and nervous system was conceptualized, and a new way ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of the emergence of a neuromolecular vision of the brain. This means a new scale at which the brain and nervous system was conceptualized, and a new way in which their activities were understood. At this molecular level, the structure and processes of the brain and central nervous system were made understandable as material processes of interaction among molecules in neurons and the synapses between them. These were conceived in terms of the biophysical, chemical, and electrical properties of their constituent parts. At this scale, in a profoundly reductionist approach, despite the recognition that there was much that could not yet be explained, there seemed nothing mysterious about the operations of the nervous system. Indeed, mental processes—cognition, emotion, volition—could be explained in entirely material ways, as the outcome of biological processes in the brain.Less
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the emergence of a neuromolecular vision of the brain. This means a new scale at which the brain and nervous system was conceptualized, and a new way in which their activities were understood. At this molecular level, the structure and processes of the brain and central nervous system were made understandable as material processes of interaction among molecules in neurons and the synapses between them. These were conceived in terms of the biophysical, chemical, and electrical properties of their constituent parts. At this scale, in a profoundly reductionist approach, despite the recognition that there was much that could not yet be explained, there seemed nothing mysterious about the operations of the nervous system. Indeed, mental processes—cognition, emotion, volition—could be explained in entirely material ways, as the outcome of biological processes in the brain.
Gary G. Berntson and John T. Cacioppo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195324273
- eISBN:
- 9780199893966
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195324273.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter describes a collaborative interdisciplinary program to elucidate the links and underlying mechanisms of psychophysiological relations and their implications for health. This ranges from ...
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This chapter describes a collaborative interdisciplinary program to elucidate the links and underlying mechanisms of psychophysiological relations and their implications for health. This ranges from psychophysiological studies in humans to neural and physiological investigations in animals. Work on basic patterns of autonomic control has helped clarify psychophysiological relationships, their links to multiple levels of functional organization, and their implications for health. Additional studies of brain mechanisms have revealed important neural systems and processes that may underlie cognitive contributions to anxiety and autonomic control.Less
This chapter describes a collaborative interdisciplinary program to elucidate the links and underlying mechanisms of psychophysiological relations and their implications for health. This ranges from psychophysiological studies in humans to neural and physiological investigations in animals. Work on basic patterns of autonomic control has helped clarify psychophysiological relationships, their links to multiple levels of functional organization, and their implications for health. Additional studies of brain mechanisms have revealed important neural systems and processes that may underlie cognitive contributions to anxiety and autonomic control.
Detlev Arendt, Alexandru S. Denes, Gáspár Jékely, and Kristin Tessmar-Raible
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199549429
- eISBN:
- 9780191721601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549429.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics, Developmental Biology
It is currently unknown when and in what form the central nervous system (CNS) in Bilateria first appeared, and how it further evolved in the different bilaterian phyla. To find out, a series of ...
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It is currently unknown when and in what form the central nervous system (CNS) in Bilateria first appeared, and how it further evolved in the different bilaterian phyla. To find out, a series of recent molecular studies has compared neurodevelopment in slow-evolving deuterostome and protostome invertebrates such as the enteropneust hemichordate Saccoglossus and the polychaete annelid Platynereis. These studies focus on the spatially different activation and, when accessible, function of genes that set up the molecular anatomy of the neuroectoderm, and specify neuron types that emerge from distinct molecular coordinates. Complex similarities are detected that reveal aspects of neurodevelopment that most likely already occurred in a similar manner in the last common ancestor of the bilaterians, Urbilateria. Using this approach, different aspects of the molecular architecture of the urbilaterian nervous system are being reconstructed and are yielding insight into the degree of centralization that was in place in the bilaterian ancestors.Less
It is currently unknown when and in what form the central nervous system (CNS) in Bilateria first appeared, and how it further evolved in the different bilaterian phyla. To find out, a series of recent molecular studies has compared neurodevelopment in slow-evolving deuterostome and protostome invertebrates such as the enteropneust hemichordate Saccoglossus and the polychaete annelid Platynereis. These studies focus on the spatially different activation and, when accessible, function of genes that set up the molecular anatomy of the neuroectoderm, and specify neuron types that emerge from distinct molecular coordinates. Complex similarities are detected that reveal aspects of neurodevelopment that most likely already occurred in a similar manner in the last common ancestor of the bilaterians, Urbilateria. Using this approach, different aspects of the molecular architecture of the urbilaterian nervous system are being reconstructed and are yielding insight into the degree of centralization that was in place in the bilaterian ancestors.
Christopher J. Lowe
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199549429
- eISBN:
- 9780191721601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549429.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics, Developmental Biology
Progress in developmental biology, phylogenomics, and palaeontology over the past five years has made major contributions to a long-enduring problem in comparative biology: the early origins of the ...
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Progress in developmental biology, phylogenomics, and palaeontology over the past five years has made major contributions to a long-enduring problem in comparative biology: the early origins of the deuterostome phyla. A detailed characterization of the early development of the enteropneust hemichordate, Saccoglossus kowalevskii, revealed close developmental genetic similarities between hemichordates and chordates during early body plan formation. The two phyla share close transcriptional and signaling ligand expression patterns during the early development of the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes, despite large morphological disparity between the body plans. These genetic networks have been proposed to play conserved roles in patterning centralized nervous systems in metazoans, yet likely play conserved roles in patterning the diffusely organized basiepithelial nerve net of the hemichordates. Developmental genetic data are providing a unique insight into early deuterostome evolution, revealing a complexity of genetic regulation previously attributed only to vertebrates. Although these data allow for key insights into the development of early deuterostomes, their utility for reconstructing ancestral morphologies is less certain; morphological, palaeontological and molecular datasets should all be considered carefully when speculating about ancestral deuterostome features.Less
Progress in developmental biology, phylogenomics, and palaeontology over the past five years has made major contributions to a long-enduring problem in comparative biology: the early origins of the deuterostome phyla. A detailed characterization of the early development of the enteropneust hemichordate, Saccoglossus kowalevskii, revealed close developmental genetic similarities between hemichordates and chordates during early body plan formation. The two phyla share close transcriptional and signaling ligand expression patterns during the early development of the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes, despite large morphological disparity between the body plans. These genetic networks have been proposed to play conserved roles in patterning centralized nervous systems in metazoans, yet likely play conserved roles in patterning the diffusely organized basiepithelial nerve net of the hemichordates. Developmental genetic data are providing a unique insight into early deuterostome evolution, revealing a complexity of genetic regulation previously attributed only to vertebrates. Although these data allow for key insights into the development of early deuterostomes, their utility for reconstructing ancestral morphologies is less certain; morphological, palaeontological and molecular datasets should all be considered carefully when speculating about ancestral deuterostome features.
Jens Herberholz
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179927
- eISBN:
- 9780199790111
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179927.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
Crustaceans are used as model systems for studying behavioral and physiological processes common to many animals. Crustaceans are especially attractive to neuroethologists since most of their ...
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Crustaceans are used as model systems for studying behavioral and physiological processes common to many animals. Crustaceans are especially attractive to neuroethologists since most of their behavioral repertoire is controlled by a nervous system of relatively low complexity readily accessible for a variety of experimental techniques. Many basic neural mechanisms were first discovered in crustacean preparations and have then been generalized to many other organisms. In several taxa of social crustaceans, communication signals of different modalities are exchanged between conspecifics. Incoming signals are received, relayed, and sometimes integrated by the peripheral nervous system. The underlying mechanisms have been intensively studied and are reasonably well understood. Presently, the experimental transition from research on the peripheral nervous system to the central brain areas of higher order processing has begun. This will significantly improve our understanding of how signals are integrated into adaptive behavioral responses, thus illustrating how nervous systems shape communication.Less
Crustaceans are used as model systems for studying behavioral and physiological processes common to many animals. Crustaceans are especially attractive to neuroethologists since most of their behavioral repertoire is controlled by a nervous system of relatively low complexity readily accessible for a variety of experimental techniques. Many basic neural mechanisms were first discovered in crustacean preparations and have then been generalized to many other organisms. In several taxa of social crustaceans, communication signals of different modalities are exchanged between conspecifics. Incoming signals are received, relayed, and sometimes integrated by the peripheral nervous system. The underlying mechanisms have been intensively studied and are reasonably well understood. Presently, the experimental transition from research on the peripheral nervous system to the central brain areas of higher order processing has begun. This will significantly improve our understanding of how signals are integrated into adaptive behavioral responses, thus illustrating how nervous systems shape communication.
Gordon M. Shepherd
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391503
- eISBN:
- 9780199863464
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391503.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, History of Neuroscience
In the 1950s, the microelectrode opened the door not only to understanding the properties of the individual nerve cell, but also to how they are connected; how they “talk” to each other. Two ...
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In the 1950s, the microelectrode opened the door not only to understanding the properties of the individual nerve cell, but also to how they are connected; how they “talk” to each other. Two philosophies emerged. One was to aim at working out connections in order to build up the circuits responsible for the responses of the cells. The other approach was to record and characterize the responses of the cells to physiological stimuli, to show what the brain does, and to leave to future work identifying the circuits involved. Both philosophies arose in the 1950s and produced dramatic results that shaped all subsequent studies of the physiology of the central nervous system. This chapter considers the spinal cord, retina, and invertebrate systems.Less
In the 1950s, the microelectrode opened the door not only to understanding the properties of the individual nerve cell, but also to how they are connected; how they “talk” to each other. Two philosophies emerged. One was to aim at working out connections in order to build up the circuits responsible for the responses of the cells. The other approach was to record and characterize the responses of the cells to physiological stimuli, to show what the brain does, and to leave to future work identifying the circuits involved. Both philosophies arose in the 1950s and produced dramatic results that shaped all subsequent studies of the physiology of the central nervous system. This chapter considers the spinal cord, retina, and invertebrate systems.
Kostantin Dobrenis
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198508786
- eISBN:
- 9780191723803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508786.003.00014
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Diseases that involve the central nervous system (CNS) pose one of the most difficult challenges in human therapy. Cell-mediated therapy (CMT) is a uniquely complex and powerful approach that offers ...
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Diseases that involve the central nervous system (CNS) pose one of the most difficult challenges in human therapy. Cell-mediated therapy (CMT) is a uniquely complex and powerful approach that offers an unparalleled advantage. This chapter reviews work in the area of CMT with a bias towards understanding the critical mechanisms that underlie successful CMT for CNS storage disease. It highlights the advantages offered by employing cells as the therapeutic agent.Less
Diseases that involve the central nervous system (CNS) pose one of the most difficult challenges in human therapy. Cell-mediated therapy (CMT) is a uniquely complex and powerful approach that offers an unparalleled advantage. This chapter reviews work in the area of CMT with a bias towards understanding the critical mechanisms that underlie successful CMT for CNS storage disease. It highlights the advantages offered by employing cells as the therapeutic agent.
Emmanuel Guigon
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195395273
- eISBN:
- 9780199863518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395273.003.0020
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
For the purpose of motor coordination, the nervous system faces a complex control problem, involving redundant degrees of freedom, nonlinear dynamics of limbs and actuators, noise, and perturbations. ...
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For the purpose of motor coordination, the nervous system faces a complex control problem, involving redundant degrees of freedom, nonlinear dynamics of limbs and actuators, noise, and perturbations. Models and architectures have been proposed to describe motor coordination in terms of computational processes, and to identify possible simplifying strategies that would alleviate the workload of the nervous system. This chapter reviews several strategies ranging from biomechanical to function levels. It concludes that none of the proposed strategies actually tackle the overall problem of motor coordination. It presents a principled approach that provides an overarching account of motor control.Less
For the purpose of motor coordination, the nervous system faces a complex control problem, involving redundant degrees of freedom, nonlinear dynamics of limbs and actuators, noise, and perturbations. Models and architectures have been proposed to describe motor coordination in terms of computational processes, and to identify possible simplifying strategies that would alleviate the workload of the nervous system. This chapter reviews several strategies ranging from biomechanical to function levels. It concludes that none of the proposed strategies actually tackle the overall problem of motor coordination. It presents a principled approach that provides an overarching account of motor control.
Harold G. Koenig and Harvey J. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195143607
- eISBN:
- 9780199893256
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195143607.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
This book presents new medical research establishing a connection between religion and health and examines the implications for Eastern and Western religious traditions and for society and culture. ...
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This book presents new medical research establishing a connection between religion and health and examines the implications for Eastern and Western religious traditions and for society and culture. It examines a series of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) topics that relate to religious faith and behavior. PNI studies the relationships between mental states and the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Among the issues explored are how mental states in general and belief states in particular affect physical health. The book argues that religious involvement and belief can affect certain neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms, and that these mechanisms, in turn, positively affect a wide variety of health outcomes such as susceptibility to cancer and recovery following surgery.Less
This book presents new medical research establishing a connection between religion and health and examines the implications for Eastern and Western religious traditions and for society and culture. It examines a series of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) topics that relate to religious faith and behavior. PNI studies the relationships between mental states and the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Among the issues explored are how mental states in general and belief states in particular affect physical health. The book argues that religious involvement and belief can affect certain neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms, and that these mechanisms, in turn, positively affect a wide variety of health outcomes such as susceptibility to cancer and recovery following surgery.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199577736
- eISBN:
- 9780191595196
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577736.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
The final chapter of Part I examines the relationships between pathology, nervous physiology, and notions of race during the early nineteenth century. The chapter is divided between British India and ...
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The final chapter of Part I examines the relationships between pathology, nervous physiology, and notions of race during the early nineteenth century. The chapter is divided between British India and the West Indies, the latter section concentrating on the pathology and physiology of yellow fever. The chapter shows how pathological ideas were disseminated within the colonies and more widely through channels such as Edinburgh University. It also examines the emergence of clinico‐anatomical medicine in Paris from the 1790s and its affects on colonial medicine. It argues that Paris Medicine was grafted onto an already vibrant tradition of hospital medicine in the British colonies and that while colonial practitioners were enthusiastic promoters of French medicine, they did so partly to vindicate their own long‐established practices.Less
The final chapter of Part I examines the relationships between pathology, nervous physiology, and notions of race during the early nineteenth century. The chapter is divided between British India and the West Indies, the latter section concentrating on the pathology and physiology of yellow fever. The chapter shows how pathological ideas were disseminated within the colonies and more widely through channels such as Edinburgh University. It also examines the emergence of clinico‐anatomical medicine in Paris from the 1790s and its affects on colonial medicine. It argues that Paris Medicine was grafted onto an already vibrant tradition of hospital medicine in the British colonies and that while colonial practitioners were enthusiastic promoters of French medicine, they did so partly to vindicate their own long‐established practices.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199577736
- eISBN:
- 9780191595196
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577736.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
In the early years of the nineteenth century, medical practice in Britain's colonies changed radically. Having been marginalized in tropical therapeutics since the 1750s, bleeding now began to ...
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In the early years of the nineteenth century, medical practice in Britain's colonies changed radically. Having been marginalized in tropical therapeutics since the 1750s, bleeding now began to replace the mercurial therapies that had dominated the previous half‐century. Starting in the West Indies, under the influence of Robert Jackson, and continuing in India under the direction of James Johnson, among others, bloodletting, often combined with ‘stimulant’ practices such as cold bathing, made a remarkable come‐back. The revival of bloodletting depended largely upon the growing acceptance of nervous physiology and the decline of notions of putrefaction. However, it was accompanied by growing interest in the practices of the radical Edinburgh practitioner John Brown which harmonized with the reformist worldview of many practitioners in the tropics, including the turbulent ‘demagogue’ Charles Maclean. In their practices, there remained a role for mercury as a nervous stimulant, together with other substances such as opium.Less
In the early years of the nineteenth century, medical practice in Britain's colonies changed radically. Having been marginalized in tropical therapeutics since the 1750s, bleeding now began to replace the mercurial therapies that had dominated the previous half‐century. Starting in the West Indies, under the influence of Robert Jackson, and continuing in India under the direction of James Johnson, among others, bloodletting, often combined with ‘stimulant’ practices such as cold bathing, made a remarkable come‐back. The revival of bloodletting depended largely upon the growing acceptance of nervous physiology and the decline of notions of putrefaction. However, it was accompanied by growing interest in the practices of the radical Edinburgh practitioner John Brown which harmonized with the reformist worldview of many practitioners in the tropics, including the turbulent ‘demagogue’ Charles Maclean. In their practices, there remained a role for mercury as a nervous stimulant, together with other substances such as opium.
Richard Gevirtz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter explores the use of autonomic nervous system (ANS) measures as potential biomarkers for medically unexplained disorders. It is proposed that these disorders are better classified and ...
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This chapter explores the use of autonomic nervous system (ANS) measures as potential biomarkers for medically unexplained disorders. It is proposed that these disorders are better classified and treated as related symptom clusters with logical physiological and psychophysiological involving the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS. Heart rate variability is described and several examples are given of how specific autonomic biomarkers are related to mental and physical function. Some examples from the worlds of chronic pain and gastroenterology are presented as exemplars using of a simple marker (HRV) that reflects imbalance between the body’s primary excitatory and inhibitory systems, that can readily be linked to gene-brain personalized medicine markers underlying excitation-inhibitory imbalances in brain-based disorders.Less
This chapter explores the use of autonomic nervous system (ANS) measures as potential biomarkers for medically unexplained disorders. It is proposed that these disorders are better classified and treated as related symptom clusters with logical physiological and psychophysiological involving the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS. Heart rate variability is described and several examples are given of how specific autonomic biomarkers are related to mental and physical function. Some examples from the worlds of chronic pain and gastroenterology are presented as exemplars using of a simple marker (HRV) that reflects imbalance between the body’s primary excitatory and inhibitory systems, that can readily be linked to gene-brain personalized medicine markers underlying excitation-inhibitory imbalances in brain-based disorders.
Fuad Lechin and Bertha van der Dijs
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195326697
- eISBN:
- 9780199864874
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326697.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter summarizes anatomical, physiological, pathophysiological, pharmacological, immunological, and some therapeutic information dealing with most types of diseases. Evidence is presented to ...
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This chapter summarizes anatomical, physiological, pathophysiological, pharmacological, immunological, and some therapeutic information dealing with most types of diseases. Evidence is presented to support the notion that clinical symptoms (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, dermatological, nephrological, rheumatological, hematological, endocrinological, and others) depend on central nervous system (CNS) disorders that project to the peripheral organs throughout the peripheral autonomic nervous system (ANS) and neuroendocrine pathways. In addition, psychological disorders such as depression and psychosis also provoke ANS, hormonal, and immunological disorders that are responsible for different somatic symptoms. The chapter also demonstrates that the adrenal glands are hypoactive during both childhood and senescence. This peripheral ANS profile explains why they are affected by specific pathophysiological disorders that are rarely observed in young adult subjects. This chapter also presents data emanating from the routine assessment of circulating neurotransmitters that showed that diseases are underlain by peripheral nervous system or adrenal sympathetic overactivity.Less
This chapter summarizes anatomical, physiological, pathophysiological, pharmacological, immunological, and some therapeutic information dealing with most types of diseases. Evidence is presented to support the notion that clinical symptoms (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, dermatological, nephrological, rheumatological, hematological, endocrinological, and others) depend on central nervous system (CNS) disorders that project to the peripheral organs throughout the peripheral autonomic nervous system (ANS) and neuroendocrine pathways. In addition, psychological disorders such as depression and psychosis also provoke ANS, hormonal, and immunological disorders that are responsible for different somatic symptoms. The chapter also demonstrates that the adrenal glands are hypoactive during both childhood and senescence. This peripheral ANS profile explains why they are affected by specific pathophysiological disorders that are rarely observed in young adult subjects. This chapter also presents data emanating from the routine assessment of circulating neurotransmitters that showed that diseases are underlain by peripheral nervous system or adrenal sympathetic overactivity.
Louis F. Reichardt and Fariñas Isabel
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195111668
- eISBN:
- 9780199865833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195111668.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
Neurotrophic factors are important regulators of the development and maintenance of vertebrate nervous system. During the development of the nervous system, neuronal populations undergo a process of ...
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Neurotrophic factors are important regulators of the development and maintenance of vertebrate nervous system. During the development of the nervous system, neuronal populations undergo a process of naturally occurring cell death at a time when their axons are innervating target areas. This mechanism ensures a balance between the size of an innervating population and the size of its target territory. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was the first neurotrophic factor to be discovered. More recent work has shown that other molecules are secreted by target organs that regulate neuronal survival and differentiation. This chapter focuses on neurotrophins with brief descriptions of the actions of these other molecules.Less
Neurotrophic factors are important regulators of the development and maintenance of vertebrate nervous system. During the development of the nervous system, neuronal populations undergo a process of naturally occurring cell death at a time when their axons are innervating target areas. This mechanism ensures a balance between the size of an innervating population and the size of its target territory. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was the first neurotrophic factor to be discovered. More recent work has shown that other molecules are secreted by target organs that regulate neuronal survival and differentiation. This chapter focuses on neurotrophins with brief descriptions of the actions of these other molecules.
