Wesley G. Skogan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195154580
- eISBN:
- 9780199944033
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154580.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Highly popular with both the public and political leaders, community policing is the most important development in law enforcement in the last twenty-five years. But does it really work? Can police ...
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Highly popular with both the public and political leaders, community policing is the most important development in law enforcement in the last twenty-five years. But does it really work? Can police departments fundamentally change their organization? Can neighborhood problems be solved? In the early 1990s, Chicago, the nation's third-largest city, instituted the nation's largest community policing initiative. This book provides a comprehensive evaluation of that citywide program, examining its impact on crime, neighborhood residents, and the police. Based on the results of a thirteen-year study, including interviews, citywide surveys, and sophisticated statistical analyses, it reveals a city divided among African Americans, whites, and Latinos. By looking at the varying effects community policing had on each of these groups, the book provides an analysis of what works and why. As the use of community policing increases and issues related to race and immigration become more pressing, it will serve the needs of an increasing amount of students, scholars, and professionals interested in the most effective and harmonious means of keeping communities safe.Less
Highly popular with both the public and political leaders, community policing is the most important development in law enforcement in the last twenty-five years. But does it really work? Can police departments fundamentally change their organization? Can neighborhood problems be solved? In the early 1990s, Chicago, the nation's third-largest city, instituted the nation's largest community policing initiative. This book provides a comprehensive evaluation of that citywide program, examining its impact on crime, neighborhood residents, and the police. Based on the results of a thirteen-year study, including interviews, citywide surveys, and sophisticated statistical analyses, it reveals a city divided among African Americans, whites, and Latinos. By looking at the varying effects community policing had on each of these groups, the book provides an analysis of what works and why. As the use of community policing increases and issues related to race and immigration become more pressing, it will serve the needs of an increasing amount of students, scholars, and professionals interested in the most effective and harmonious means of keeping communities safe.
Todd R Clear
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195305791
- eISBN:
- 9780199943944
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305791.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
At no time in history, and certainly in no other democratic society, have prisons been filled so quickly and to such capacity than in the United States. And nowhere has this growth been more ...
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At no time in history, and certainly in no other democratic society, have prisons been filled so quickly and to such capacity than in the United States. And nowhere has this growth been more concentrated than in the disadvantaged—and primarily minority—neighborhoods of America's largest urban cities. In the most impoverished places, as much as 20% of the adult men are locked up on any given day, and there is hardly a family without a father, son, brother, or uncle who has not been behind bars. While the effects of going to and returning home from prison are well-documented, little attention has been paid to the impact of removal on neighborhoods where large numbers of individuals have been imprisoned. In the first detailed, empirical exploration of the effects of mass incarceration on poor places, this book demonstrates that in high doses incarceration contributes to the very social problems it is intended to solve—it breaks up family and social networks; deprives siblings, spouses, and parents of emotional and financial support; threatens the economic and political infrastructure of already struggling neighborhoods; and destabilizes the community, thus further reducing public safety. Especially at risk are children who, research shows, are more likely to commit a crime if a father or brother has been to prison. Demonstrating that the current incarceration policy in urban America does more harm than good, from increasing crime to widening racial disparities and diminished life chances for youths, the book argues that we cannot overcome the problem of mass incarceration concentrated in poor places without incorporating an idea of community justice into our failing correctional and criminal justice systems.Less
At no time in history, and certainly in no other democratic society, have prisons been filled so quickly and to such capacity than in the United States. And nowhere has this growth been more concentrated than in the disadvantaged—and primarily minority—neighborhoods of America's largest urban cities. In the most impoverished places, as much as 20% of the adult men are locked up on any given day, and there is hardly a family without a father, son, brother, or uncle who has not been behind bars. While the effects of going to and returning home from prison are well-documented, little attention has been paid to the impact of removal on neighborhoods where large numbers of individuals have been imprisoned. In the first detailed, empirical exploration of the effects of mass incarceration on poor places, this book demonstrates that in high doses incarceration contributes to the very social problems it is intended to solve—it breaks up family and social networks; deprives siblings, spouses, and parents of emotional and financial support; threatens the economic and political infrastructure of already struggling neighborhoods; and destabilizes the community, thus further reducing public safety. Especially at risk are children who, research shows, are more likely to commit a crime if a father or brother has been to prison. Demonstrating that the current incarceration policy in urban America does more harm than good, from increasing crime to widening racial disparities and diminished life chances for youths, the book argues that we cannot overcome the problem of mass incarceration concentrated in poor places without incorporating an idea of community justice into our failing correctional and criminal justice systems.
Lisa L. Miller
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195331684
- eISBN:
- 9780199867967
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331684.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter begins with a discussion of the need to re-vision political mobilization and interest group activity through the lens provided by politicized urban neighborhoods. The scholarly emphasis ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the need to re-vision political mobilization and interest group activity through the lens provided by politicized urban neighborhoods. The scholarly emphasis on formal organization, resource mobilization, and policy strategies often obscures low-income residents' active political engagement with a full range of quality-of-life issues, from graffiti, vandalism, and illegal billboard advertisements to aggressive drug dealing, hate crimes, and gun violence. The chapter details the interest group environment on the crime issue in two large urban locales, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. At the urban level—unlike the state and national levels—this chapter reveals a stunning array of broadly focused citizen groups that are active and regular participants in crime control politics. These groups range from formal organizations, such as long-standing community councils, to informal and new organizations formed in the aftermath of tragic, violent crimes. They interact with lawmakers through legislative hearings but also through a wide range of informal contacts. In contrast, police and prosecutors are more limited in their interaction with legislators, which shifts problem definitions and policy frames away from punishing offenders and toward broader social problems facing high-crime communities.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the need to re-vision political mobilization and interest group activity through the lens provided by politicized urban neighborhoods. The scholarly emphasis on formal organization, resource mobilization, and policy strategies often obscures low-income residents' active political engagement with a full range of quality-of-life issues, from graffiti, vandalism, and illegal billboard advertisements to aggressive drug dealing, hate crimes, and gun violence. The chapter details the interest group environment on the crime issue in two large urban locales, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. At the urban level—unlike the state and national levels—this chapter reveals a stunning array of broadly focused citizen groups that are active and regular participants in crime control politics. These groups range from formal organizations, such as long-standing community councils, to informal and new organizations formed in the aftermath of tragic, violent crimes. They interact with lawmakers through legislative hearings but also through a wide range of informal contacts. In contrast, police and prosecutors are more limited in their interaction with legislators, which shifts problem definitions and policy frames away from punishing offenders and toward broader social problems facing high-crime communities.
Lisa L. Miller
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195331684
- eISBN:
- 9780199867967
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331684.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter explores in more detail the nature and quality of interaction citizen groups have with the policy process in the two urban locales studied. In particular, the chapter addresses the two ...
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This chapter explores in more detail the nature and quality of interaction citizen groups have with the policy process in the two urban locales studied. In particular, the chapter addresses the two major questions left unanswered by the empirical analyses of the previous chapters: First, are the broad citizen groups that are active at the local level participating meaningfully in the policy process? Second, are they contributing anything substantially different from other groups? This chapter offers a more in-depth analysis of the local data in an effort to answer these complicated and underexplored questions and argues that the groups mobilized locally around urban crime problems frequently present policy frames that are substantially different from those promulgated by criminal justice agencies, professional associations, and highly active single-issue groups. Indeed, the deep connection urban dwellers have to crime, its causes, and its consequences makes their perspective unique and highly practical. Most notably, the policy environment for responding to crime at the local level is considerably more focused on victims—specifically on harm reduction—than is the environment at the state and national levels, where criminal justice agencies and narrow victims' groups dominate and focus much attention on punishing offenders.Less
This chapter explores in more detail the nature and quality of interaction citizen groups have with the policy process in the two urban locales studied. In particular, the chapter addresses the two major questions left unanswered by the empirical analyses of the previous chapters: First, are the broad citizen groups that are active at the local level participating meaningfully in the policy process? Second, are they contributing anything substantially different from other groups? This chapter offers a more in-depth analysis of the local data in an effort to answer these complicated and underexplored questions and argues that the groups mobilized locally around urban crime problems frequently present policy frames that are substantially different from those promulgated by criminal justice agencies, professional associations, and highly active single-issue groups. Indeed, the deep connection urban dwellers have to crime, its causes, and its consequences makes their perspective unique and highly practical. Most notably, the policy environment for responding to crime at the local level is considerably more focused on victims—specifically on harm reduction—than is the environment at the state and national levels, where criminal justice agencies and narrow victims' groups dominate and focus much attention on punishing offenders.
Amin Ghaziani
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691158792
- eISBN:
- 9781400850174
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691158792.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
Gay neighborhoods, like the legendary Castro District in San Francisco and New York's Greenwich Village, have long provided sexual minorities with safe havens in an often unsafe world. But as our ...
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Gay neighborhoods, like the legendary Castro District in San Francisco and New York's Greenwich Village, have long provided sexual minorities with safe havens in an often unsafe world. But as our society increasingly accepts gays and lesbians into the mainstream, are “gayborhoods” destined to disappear? This book provides an incisive look at the origins of these unique cultural enclaves, the reasons why they are changing today, and their prospects for the future. Drawing on a wealth of evidenc—including census data, opinion polls, hundreds of newspaper reports from across the United States, and more than 100 original interviews with residents in Chicago, one of the most paradigmatic cities in America—the book argues that political gains and societal acceptance are allowing gays and lesbians to imagine expansive possibilities for a life beyond the gayborhood. The dawn of a new post-gay era is altering the character and composition of existing enclaves across the country, but the spirit of integration can coexist alongside the celebration of differences in subtle and sometimes surprising ways. Exploring the intimate relationship between sexuality and the city, the book reveals how gayborhoods, like the cities that surround them, are organic and continually evolving places. Gayborhoods have nurtured sexual minorities throughout the twentieth century and, despite the unstoppable forces of flux, will remain resonant and revelatory features of urban life.Less
Gay neighborhoods, like the legendary Castro District in San Francisco and New York's Greenwich Village, have long provided sexual minorities with safe havens in an often unsafe world. But as our society increasingly accepts gays and lesbians into the mainstream, are “gayborhoods” destined to disappear? This book provides an incisive look at the origins of these unique cultural enclaves, the reasons why they are changing today, and their prospects for the future. Drawing on a wealth of evidenc—including census data, opinion polls, hundreds of newspaper reports from across the United States, and more than 100 original interviews with residents in Chicago, one of the most paradigmatic cities in America—the book argues that political gains and societal acceptance are allowing gays and lesbians to imagine expansive possibilities for a life beyond the gayborhood. The dawn of a new post-gay era is altering the character and composition of existing enclaves across the country, but the spirit of integration can coexist alongside the celebration of differences in subtle and sometimes surprising ways. Exploring the intimate relationship between sexuality and the city, the book reveals how gayborhoods, like the cities that surround them, are organic and continually evolving places. Gayborhoods have nurtured sexual minorities throughout the twentieth century and, despite the unstoppable forces of flux, will remain resonant and revelatory features of urban life.
Yannis M. Ioannides
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691126852
- eISBN:
- 9781400845385
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691126852.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Just as we learn from, influence, and are influenced by others, our social interactions drive economic growth in cities, regions, and nations—determining where households live, how children learn, ...
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Just as we learn from, influence, and are influenced by others, our social interactions drive economic growth in cities, regions, and nations—determining where households live, how children learn, and what cities and firms produce. This book synthesizes the recent economics of social interactions for anyone seeking to understand the contributions of this important area. Integrating theory and empirics, the book explores theoretical and empirical tools that economists use to investigate social interactions, and shows how a familiarity with these tools is essential for interpreting findings. It makes work in the economics of social interactions accessible to other social scientists, including sociologists, political scientists, and urban planning and policy researchers. Focusing on individual and household location decisions in the presence of interactions, the book shows how research on cities and neighborhoods can explain community composition and spatial form, as well as changes in productivity, industrial specialization, urban expansion, and national growth. It examines how researchers address the challenge of separating personal, social, and cultural forces from economic ones. It provides a toolkit for the next generation of inquiry, and argues that quantifying the impact of social interactions in specific contexts is essential for grasping their scope and use in informing policy. Revealing how empirical work on social interactions enriches our understanding of cities as engines of innovation and economic growth, the book carries ramifications throughout the social sciences and beyond.Less
Just as we learn from, influence, and are influenced by others, our social interactions drive economic growth in cities, regions, and nations—determining where households live, how children learn, and what cities and firms produce. This book synthesizes the recent economics of social interactions for anyone seeking to understand the contributions of this important area. Integrating theory and empirics, the book explores theoretical and empirical tools that economists use to investigate social interactions, and shows how a familiarity with these tools is essential for interpreting findings. It makes work in the economics of social interactions accessible to other social scientists, including sociologists, political scientists, and urban planning and policy researchers. Focusing on individual and household location decisions in the presence of interactions, the book shows how research on cities and neighborhoods can explain community composition and spatial form, as well as changes in productivity, industrial specialization, urban expansion, and national growth. It examines how researchers address the challenge of separating personal, social, and cultural forces from economic ones. It provides a toolkit for the next generation of inquiry, and argues that quantifying the impact of social interactions in specific contexts is essential for grasping their scope and use in informing policy. Revealing how empirical work on social interactions enriches our understanding of cities as engines of innovation and economic growth, the book carries ramifications throughout the social sciences and beyond.
Richard E. Ocejo
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155166
- eISBN:
- 9781400852635
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155166.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
Once known for slum-like conditions in its immigrant and working-class neighborhoods, New York City's downtown now features luxury housing, chic boutiques and hotels, and, most notably, a vibrant ...
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Once known for slum-like conditions in its immigrant and working-class neighborhoods, New York City's downtown now features luxury housing, chic boutiques and hotels, and, most notably, a vibrant nightlife culture. While a burgeoning bar scene can be viewed as a positive sign of urban transformation, tensions lurk beneath, reflecting the social conflicts within postindustrial cities. This book examines the perspectives and actions of disparate social groups who have been affected by or played a role in the nightlife of the Lower East Side, East Village, and the Bowery. Using the social world of bars as windows into understanding urban development, it argues that the gentrifying neighborhoods of the postindustrial city are increasingly influenced by upscale commercial projects, causing significant conflicts for the people involved. The book explores what community institutions, such as neighborhood bars, gain or lose amid gentrification. It considers why residents continue unsuccessfully to protest the arrival of new bars, how new bar owners produce a nightlife culture that attracts visitors rather than locals, and how government actors, including elected officials and the police, regulate and encourage nightlife culture. By focusing on commercial newcomers and the residents who protest local changes, the book illustrates the contested and dynamic process of neighborhood growth. Delving into the social ecosystem of one emblematic section of Manhattan, it sheds fresh light on the tensions and consequences of urban progress.Less
Once known for slum-like conditions in its immigrant and working-class neighborhoods, New York City's downtown now features luxury housing, chic boutiques and hotels, and, most notably, a vibrant nightlife culture. While a burgeoning bar scene can be viewed as a positive sign of urban transformation, tensions lurk beneath, reflecting the social conflicts within postindustrial cities. This book examines the perspectives and actions of disparate social groups who have been affected by or played a role in the nightlife of the Lower East Side, East Village, and the Bowery. Using the social world of bars as windows into understanding urban development, it argues that the gentrifying neighborhoods of the postindustrial city are increasingly influenced by upscale commercial projects, causing significant conflicts for the people involved. The book explores what community institutions, such as neighborhood bars, gain or lose amid gentrification. It considers why residents continue unsuccessfully to protest the arrival of new bars, how new bar owners produce a nightlife culture that attracts visitors rather than locals, and how government actors, including elected officials and the police, regulate and encourage nightlife culture. By focusing on commercial newcomers and the residents who protest local changes, the book illustrates the contested and dynamic process of neighborhood growth. Delving into the social ecosystem of one emblematic section of Manhattan, it sheds fresh light on the tensions and consequences of urban progress.
Yannis M. Ioannides
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691126852
- eISBN:
- 9781400845385
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691126852.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the location decisions of individuals, with particular emphasis on neighborhood effects in housing markets and how they relate to the role of prices in rationing admission to ...
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This chapter examines the location decisions of individuals, with particular emphasis on neighborhood effects in housing markets and how they relate to the role of prices in rationing admission to communities and neighborhoods in market economies. It begins by introducing models of individual location decisions that rely on the characteristics approach in the presence of contextual effects and use individual dwelling units as the object of choice. It then presents examples of sorting models that allow for choice of neighborhood with endogenous contextual effects, followed by a discussion of models and associated empirical results for neighborhood choice and housing as a joint decision that allow for social effects. It also describes models of location decisions, proposed by Thomas Schelling, that take into account the influence of racial preferences and neighbors' reactions. Finally, it looks at hierarchical models of community choice with social interactions.Less
This chapter examines the location decisions of individuals, with particular emphasis on neighborhood effects in housing markets and how they relate to the role of prices in rationing admission to communities and neighborhoods in market economies. It begins by introducing models of individual location decisions that rely on the characteristics approach in the presence of contextual effects and use individual dwelling units as the object of choice. It then presents examples of sorting models that allow for choice of neighborhood with endogenous contextual effects, followed by a discussion of models and associated empirical results for neighborhood choice and housing as a joint decision that allow for social effects. It also describes models of location decisions, proposed by Thomas Schelling, that take into account the influence of racial preferences and neighbors' reactions. Finally, it looks at hierarchical models of community choice with social interactions.
Richard Alba and Nancy Foner
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161075
- eISBN:
- 9781400865901
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161075.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter examines the residential contexts of immigrant families, which also affect the starting point for the second generation. Fears that immigrants and their children will end up living in ...
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This chapter examines the residential contexts of immigrant families, which also affect the starting point for the second generation. Fears that immigrants and their children will end up living in “parallel societies” like the black ghettoes of American cities are vastly overblown. Nevertheless, neighborhoods of immigrant concentration, at least for low-status groups, may create marked disadvantages. The chapter assesses the actual extent, and consequences, of residential segregation, and looks at the role of public policies in shaping these patterns. Neighborhoods are often the places where immigrant minorities and native majorities have initial contacts and thus where the impacts of immigration on the mainstream society are particularly salient. The chapter then considers the emergence of “super-diverse” neighborhoods.Less
This chapter examines the residential contexts of immigrant families, which also affect the starting point for the second generation. Fears that immigrants and their children will end up living in “parallel societies” like the black ghettoes of American cities are vastly overblown. Nevertheless, neighborhoods of immigrant concentration, at least for low-status groups, may create marked disadvantages. The chapter assesses the actual extent, and consequences, of residential segregation, and looks at the role of public policies in shaping these patterns. Neighborhoods are often the places where immigrant minorities and native majorities have initial contacts and thus where the impacts of immigration on the mainstream society are particularly salient. The chapter then considers the emergence of “super-diverse” neighborhoods.
Richard E. Ocejo
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155166
- eISBN:
- 9781400852635
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155166.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter examines entrepreneurialism in the form of small-business ownership as an example of local place making. It starts with an episode from a community board meeting that shows how ...
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This chapter examines entrepreneurialism in the form of small-business ownership as an example of local place making. It starts with an episode from a community board meeting that shows how neighborhood residents use their community ideology to act against a Lower East Side bar owner named Sasha. It then turns to the story of the author's first visit to Sasha's unique, upscale cocktail bar before considering who has opened bars in these downtown neighborhoods since the start of their gentrification, how owners understand their role in their neighborhood, and how new bars reinforce preexisting social bonds among groups while supporting rarefied taste communities. The chapter shows that bar owners represent “place entrepreneurs” who collectively construct an image of downtown as a destination for nightlife. It concludes by showing how new downtown nightlife has transformed from being for communities of newcomers in the area to being for groups of visitors to the area.Less
This chapter examines entrepreneurialism in the form of small-business ownership as an example of local place making. It starts with an episode from a community board meeting that shows how neighborhood residents use their community ideology to act against a Lower East Side bar owner named Sasha. It then turns to the story of the author's first visit to Sasha's unique, upscale cocktail bar before considering who has opened bars in these downtown neighborhoods since the start of their gentrification, how owners understand their role in their neighborhood, and how new bars reinforce preexisting social bonds among groups while supporting rarefied taste communities. The chapter shows that bar owners represent “place entrepreneurs” who collectively construct an image of downtown as a destination for nightlife. It concludes by showing how new downtown nightlife has transformed from being for communities of newcomers in the area to being for groups of visitors to the area.
Mario Luis Small
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195384352
- eISBN:
- 9780199869893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195384352.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter examines which childcare centers were likely to exhibit those organizational ties that provided resources useful to mothers. The chapter pays special attention to neighborhood context, ...
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This chapter examines which childcare centers were likely to exhibit those organizational ties that provided resources useful to mothers. The chapter pays special attention to neighborhood context, examining whether childcare centers tended to be more or less connected when located in poor neighborhoods. It finds that many actors played a role in the prevalence of organizational ties, including parents, powerful external non‐profit organizations, and the state. In addition, using survey data on nearly 300 childcare centers in New York City, it finds that childcare centers tended to have more, not fewer connections if they were located in high poverty areas.Less
This chapter examines which childcare centers were likely to exhibit those organizational ties that provided resources useful to mothers. The chapter pays special attention to neighborhood context, examining whether childcare centers tended to be more or less connected when located in poor neighborhoods. It finds that many actors played a role in the prevalence of organizational ties, including parents, powerful external non‐profit organizations, and the state. In addition, using survey data on nearly 300 childcare centers in New York City, it finds that childcare centers tended to have more, not fewer connections if they were located in high poverty areas.
Mario Luis Small
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195384352
- eISBN:
- 9780199869893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195384352.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter contrasts the organizational embeddedness perspective to the standard social capital perspective. It argues for a focus not merely on structure and position but also on context, everyday ...
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This chapter contrasts the organizational embeddedness perspective to the standard social capital perspective. It argues for a focus not merely on structure and position but also on context, everyday interaction, and routine organizations. After summarizing the mechanisms by which childcare centers brokered social and organizational ties, the chapter specifically examines the operation of these mechanisms in other organizations studied by social scientists, including neighborhood restaurants, hair salons, prisons, churches, grocery stores, and bathhouses. The chapter concludes by discussing the implications of the embeddedness perspective for three critical questions in the study social inequality: how people find jobs, how they acquire health insurance, and how they respond to conditions in their neighborhoods.Less
This chapter contrasts the organizational embeddedness perspective to the standard social capital perspective. It argues for a focus not merely on structure and position but also on context, everyday interaction, and routine organizations. After summarizing the mechanisms by which childcare centers brokered social and organizational ties, the chapter specifically examines the operation of these mechanisms in other organizations studied by social scientists, including neighborhood restaurants, hair salons, prisons, churches, grocery stores, and bathhouses. The chapter concludes by discussing the implications of the embeddedness perspective for three critical questions in the study social inequality: how people find jobs, how they acquire health insurance, and how they respond to conditions in their neighborhoods.
Friedhelm Waldhausen, Bjørn Jahren, and John Rognes
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157757
- eISBN:
- 9781400846528
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157757.003.0003
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Geometry / Topology
This chapter deals with simple maps of finite simplicial sets, along with some of their formal properties. It begins with a discussion of simple maps of simplicial sets, presenting a proposition for ...
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This chapter deals with simple maps of finite simplicial sets, along with some of their formal properties. It begins with a discussion of simple maps of simplicial sets, presenting a proposition for the conditions that qualify a map of finite simplicial sets as a simple map. In particular, it considers a simple map as a weak homotopy equivalence. Weak homotopy equivalences have the 2-out-of-3 property, which combines the composition, right cancellation and left cancellation properties. The chapter proceeds by defining some relevant terms, such as Euclidean neighborhood retract, absolute neighborhood retract, Čech homotopy type, and degeneracy operator. It also describes normal subdivision of simplicial sets, geometric realization and subdivision, the reduced mapping cylinder, how to make simplicial sets non-singular, and the approximate lifting property.Less
This chapter deals with simple maps of finite simplicial sets, along with some of their formal properties. It begins with a discussion of simple maps of simplicial sets, presenting a proposition for the conditions that qualify a map of finite simplicial sets as a simple map. In particular, it considers a simple map as a weak homotopy equivalence. Weak homotopy equivalences have the 2-out-of-3 property, which combines the composition, right cancellation and left cancellation properties. The chapter proceeds by defining some relevant terms, such as Euclidean neighborhood retract, absolute neighborhood retract, Čech homotopy type, and degeneracy operator. It also describes normal subdivision of simplicial sets, geometric realization and subdivision, the reduced mapping cylinder, how to make simplicial sets non-singular, and the approximate lifting property.
Evelyn M. Perry
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469631387
- eISBN:
- 9781469631400
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631387.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
“We are in a bind,” writes Evelyn M. Perry. While conventional wisdom asserts that residential racial and economic integration holds great promise for reducing inequality in the United States, ...
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“We are in a bind,” writes Evelyn M. Perry. While conventional wisdom asserts that residential racial and economic integration holds great promise for reducing inequality in the United States, Americans are demonstrably not very good at living with difference. Perry’s analysis of the multiethnic, mixed-income Milwaukee community of Riverwest, where residents maintain relative stability without insisting on conformity, advances our understanding of why and how neighborhoods matter. In response to the myriad urban quantitative assessments, Perry examines the impacts of neighborhood diversity using more than three years of ethnographic fieldwork and interviews. Her in-depth examination of life “on the block” expands our understanding of the mechanisms by which neighborhoods shape the perceptions, behaviors, and opportunities of those who live in them. Perry challenges researchers’ assumptions about what “good” communities look like and what well-regulated communities want. Live and Let Live shifts the conventional scholarly focus from “What can integration do?” to “How is integration done?”Less
“We are in a bind,” writes Evelyn M. Perry. While conventional wisdom asserts that residential racial and economic integration holds great promise for reducing inequality in the United States, Americans are demonstrably not very good at living with difference. Perry’s analysis of the multiethnic, mixed-income Milwaukee community of Riverwest, where residents maintain relative stability without insisting on conformity, advances our understanding of why and how neighborhoods matter. In response to the myriad urban quantitative assessments, Perry examines the impacts of neighborhood diversity using more than three years of ethnographic fieldwork and interviews. Her in-depth examination of life “on the block” expands our understanding of the mechanisms by which neighborhoods shape the perceptions, behaviors, and opportunities of those who live in them. Perry challenges researchers’ assumptions about what “good” communities look like and what well-regulated communities want. Live and Let Live shifts the conventional scholarly focus from “What can integration do?” to “How is integration done?”
Valentina Napolitano
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233188
- eISBN:
- 9780520928473
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233188.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This book explores issues of migration, medicine, religion, and gender in this analysis of everyday practices of urban living in Guadalajara, Mexico. Drawing on fieldwork over a ten-year period, it ...
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This book explores issues of migration, medicine, religion, and gender in this analysis of everyday practices of urban living in Guadalajara, Mexico. Drawing on fieldwork over a ten-year period, it paints a picture of daily life in a low-income neighborhood of Guadalajara. The book portrays the personal experiences of the neighborhood's residents while engaging with important questions about the nature of selfhood, subjectivity, and community identity as well as the tensions of modernity and its discontents in Mexican society.Less
This book explores issues of migration, medicine, religion, and gender in this analysis of everyday practices of urban living in Guadalajara, Mexico. Drawing on fieldwork over a ten-year period, it paints a picture of daily life in a low-income neighborhood of Guadalajara. The book portrays the personal experiences of the neighborhood's residents while engaging with important questions about the nature of selfhood, subjectivity, and community identity as well as the tensions of modernity and its discontents in Mexican society.
Douglas S. Massey, Len Albright, Rebecca Casciano, Elizabeth Derickson, and David N. Kinsey
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691196138
- eISBN:
- 9781400846047
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691196138.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
Under the New Jersey State Constitution as interpreted by the State Supreme Court in 1975 and 1983, municipalities are required to use their zoning authority to create realistic opportunities for a ...
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Under the New Jersey State Constitution as interpreted by the State Supreme Court in 1975 and 1983, municipalities are required to use their zoning authority to create realistic opportunities for a fair share of affordable housing for low- and moderate-income households. Mount Laurel was the town at the center of the court decisions. As a result, Mount Laurel has become synonymous with the debate over affordable housing policy designed to create economically integrated communities. What was the impact of the Mount Laurel decision on those most affected by it? What does the case tell us about economic inequality? This book undertakes a systematic evaluation of the Ethel Lawrence Homes—a housing development produced as a result of the Mount Laurel decision. The book assesses the consequences for the surrounding neighborhoods and their inhabitants, the township of Mount Laurel, and the residents of the Ethel Lawrence Homes. Their analysis reveals what social scientists call neighborhood effects—the notion that neighborhoods can shape the life trajectories of their inhabitants. The book proves that the building of affordable housing projects is an efficacious, cost-effective approach to integration and improving the lives of the poor, with reasonable cost and no drawbacks for the community at large.Less
Under the New Jersey State Constitution as interpreted by the State Supreme Court in 1975 and 1983, municipalities are required to use their zoning authority to create realistic opportunities for a fair share of affordable housing for low- and moderate-income households. Mount Laurel was the town at the center of the court decisions. As a result, Mount Laurel has become synonymous with the debate over affordable housing policy designed to create economically integrated communities. What was the impact of the Mount Laurel decision on those most affected by it? What does the case tell us about economic inequality? This book undertakes a systematic evaluation of the Ethel Lawrence Homes—a housing development produced as a result of the Mount Laurel decision. The book assesses the consequences for the surrounding neighborhoods and their inhabitants, the township of Mount Laurel, and the residents of the Ethel Lawrence Homes. Their analysis reveals what social scientists call neighborhood effects—the notion that neighborhoods can shape the life trajectories of their inhabitants. The book proves that the building of affordable housing projects is an efficacious, cost-effective approach to integration and improving the lives of the poor, with reasonable cost and no drawbacks for the community at large.
Janet L. Abu-Lughod
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195328752
- eISBN:
- 9780199944057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328752.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
Almost half a century has now elapsed since the 1960s when African American neighborhoods in more than 300 cities experienced civil disorders or ghetto uprisings. The book looks in detail at six ...
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Almost half a century has now elapsed since the 1960s when African American neighborhoods in more than 300 cities experienced civil disorders or ghetto uprisings. The book looks in detail at six major race-related riots/revolts, which represent distinctive types and took place within different spatially organized patterns of segregation. If space is one key to understanding such changes, time is of course the second. No city's experiences are independent of larger historical trends, even though they may be played out in ways that are relatively unique to place. This chapter reviews the temporal cycles of population movements and interracial relations, chiefly as they have affected coexistence and conflict in three cities—Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles.Less
Almost half a century has now elapsed since the 1960s when African American neighborhoods in more than 300 cities experienced civil disorders or ghetto uprisings. The book looks in detail at six major race-related riots/revolts, which represent distinctive types and took place within different spatially organized patterns of segregation. If space is one key to understanding such changes, time is of course the second. No city's experiences are independent of larger historical trends, even though they may be played out in ways that are relatively unique to place. This chapter reviews the temporal cycles of population movements and interracial relations, chiefly as they have affected coexistence and conflict in three cities—Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles.
Abigail Perkiss
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801452284
- eISBN:
- 9780801470851
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801452284.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
In the 1950s and 1960s, as the white residents, real estate agents, and municipal officials of many American cities fought to keep African Americans out of traditionally white neighborhoods, ...
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In the 1950s and 1960s, as the white residents, real estate agents, and municipal officials of many American cities fought to keep African Americans out of traditionally white neighborhoods, Philadelphia's West Mount Airy became one of the first neighborhoods where residents came together around a community-wide mission toward intentional integration. As West Mount Airy experienced transition, homeowners fought economic and legal policies that encouraged white flight and threatened the quality of local schools, seeking to find an alternative to racial separation without knowing what they would create in its place. This book tells the story of West Mount Airy, drawing on archival research and oral history interviews with residents to trace their efforts, which began in the years following World War II and continued through the turn of the twenty-first century. The organizing principles of neighborhood groups like the West Mount Airy Neighbors Association (WMAN) were fundamentally liberal and emphasized democracy, equality, and justice; the social, cultural, and economic values of these groups were also decidedly grounded in middle-class ideals and white-collar professionalism. As the book shows, this liberal, middle-class framework would ultimately become contested by more militant black activists and from within WMAN itself, as community leaders worked to adapt and respond to the changing racial landscape of the 1960s and 1970s. The West Mount Airy case stands apart from other experiments in integration because of the intentional, organized, and long-term commitment on the part of WMAN to biracial integration and, in time, multiracial and multiethnic diversity.Less
In the 1950s and 1960s, as the white residents, real estate agents, and municipal officials of many American cities fought to keep African Americans out of traditionally white neighborhoods, Philadelphia's West Mount Airy became one of the first neighborhoods where residents came together around a community-wide mission toward intentional integration. As West Mount Airy experienced transition, homeowners fought economic and legal policies that encouraged white flight and threatened the quality of local schools, seeking to find an alternative to racial separation without knowing what they would create in its place. This book tells the story of West Mount Airy, drawing on archival research and oral history interviews with residents to trace their efforts, which began in the years following World War II and continued through the turn of the twenty-first century. The organizing principles of neighborhood groups like the West Mount Airy Neighbors Association (WMAN) were fundamentally liberal and emphasized democracy, equality, and justice; the social, cultural, and economic values of these groups were also decidedly grounded in middle-class ideals and white-collar professionalism. As the book shows, this liberal, middle-class framework would ultimately become contested by more militant black activists and from within WMAN itself, as community leaders worked to adapt and respond to the changing racial landscape of the 1960s and 1970s. The West Mount Airy case stands apart from other experiments in integration because of the intentional, organized, and long-term commitment on the part of WMAN to biracial integration and, in time, multiracial and multiethnic diversity.
Amin Ghaziani
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691158792
- eISBN:
- 9781400850174
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691158792.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
This book explores why gay neighborhoods are changing in the so-called post-gay era so as to better understand how shifting conceptions of sexuality—especially allegations that its significance is ...
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This book explores why gay neighborhoods are changing in the so-called post-gay era so as to better understand how shifting conceptions of sexuality—especially allegations that its significance is declining in terms of how we define ourselves and how we structure our everyday lives—affect where we choose to live. It examines the conditions under which gayborhoods can retain their resonance for certain people, despite ongoing gay flight and a steady stream of straight newcomers into them. It also considers the possibility that new gay and lesbian settlements are emerging, if we just know how and where to look for them. In the course of the discussion, the book highlights the multiple, seemingly contradictory meanings that gayborhoods have for both gays and straight residents; why those meanings matter; and how they inform the many material stakes that are involved for those who live in and visit these places.Less
This book explores why gay neighborhoods are changing in the so-called post-gay era so as to better understand how shifting conceptions of sexuality—especially allegations that its significance is declining in terms of how we define ourselves and how we structure our everyday lives—affect where we choose to live. It examines the conditions under which gayborhoods can retain their resonance for certain people, despite ongoing gay flight and a steady stream of straight newcomers into them. It also considers the possibility that new gay and lesbian settlements are emerging, if we just know how and where to look for them. In the course of the discussion, the book highlights the multiple, seemingly contradictory meanings that gayborhoods have for both gays and straight residents; why those meanings matter; and how they inform the many material stakes that are involved for those who live in and visit these places.
Amin Ghaziani
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691158792
- eISBN:
- 9781400850174
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691158792.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
This chapter examines the perspectives of Chicago residents regarding the so-called “triggers” and how they are remapping the relationship between their sexuality and the city. Sexuality does not ...
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This chapter examines the perspectives of Chicago residents regarding the so-called “triggers” and how they are remapping the relationship between their sexuality and the city. Sexuality does not have a singular spatial expression. This is becoming truer over time, and it is a strong indicator of assimilation. Post-gays insist that they are culturally similar to straights, and they perceive many different neighborhoods in the city as possible places to live. The chapter considers how these two familiar mechanisms work as gays and lesbians pass through certain momentous junctures in their lives. These triggers include growing older, the coming of age of a new generation, and the Internet. Thus, the “idea of all gays living in one space,” if it was ever true, is now moribund in a post-gay era. The chapter also asks why there are mixed feelings about whether gayborhoods will remain meaningful for queer youth later in their lives.Less
This chapter examines the perspectives of Chicago residents regarding the so-called “triggers” and how they are remapping the relationship between their sexuality and the city. Sexuality does not have a singular spatial expression. This is becoming truer over time, and it is a strong indicator of assimilation. Post-gays insist that they are culturally similar to straights, and they perceive many different neighborhoods in the city as possible places to live. The chapter considers how these two familiar mechanisms work as gays and lesbians pass through certain momentous junctures in their lives. These triggers include growing older, the coming of age of a new generation, and the Internet. Thus, the “idea of all gays living in one space,” if it was ever true, is now moribund in a post-gay era. The chapter also asks why there are mixed feelings about whether gayborhoods will remain meaningful for queer youth later in their lives.
