Terry Gourvish
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199250059
- eISBN:
- 9780191719516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250059.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter begins with a discussion of decline in British Rail's financial performance between 1974 and 1979. It then discusses the impetus for organizational reform, the new organization of 1977, ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of decline in British Rail's financial performance between 1974 and 1979. It then discusses the impetus for organizational reform, the new organization of 1977, the subsidiary businesses, British Rail's strained relationship with the government, and the white paper on Nationalized Industries of March 1978.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of decline in British Rail's financial performance between 1974 and 1979. It then discusses the impetus for organizational reform, the new organization of 1977, the subsidiary businesses, British Rail's strained relationship with the government, and the white paper on Nationalized Industries of March 1978.
Jonah D. Levy
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240920
- eISBN:
- 9780191600180
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240922.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The Bismarckian welfare state in France is financed by social security contributions to an even greater degree than is true in Germany. During the oil‐price crises of the 1970s and early 1980s, job ...
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The Bismarckian welfare state in France is financed by social security contributions to an even greater degree than is true in Germany. During the oil‐price crises of the 1970s and early 1980s, job losses could be contained through an expansion of nationalized industries and subsidies to private firms. This changed with the end of dirigisme in industry after 1983. Thereafter, early retirement was expanded to absorb the massive job losses caused by industrial restructuring. Since rising non‐wage labour costs impeded job creation in the private services, the government has shifted part of the burden to a special income tax, whereas attempts by successive governments to reduce the generosity of welfare benefits were typically blocked by large‐scale public protests.Less
The Bismarckian welfare state in France is financed by social security contributions to an even greater degree than is true in Germany. During the oil‐price crises of the 1970s and early 1980s, job losses could be contained through an expansion of nationalized industries and subsidies to private firms. This changed with the end of dirigisme in industry after 1983. Thereafter, early retirement was expanded to absorb the massive job losses caused by industrial restructuring. Since rising non‐wage labour costs impeded job creation in the private services, the government has shifted part of the burden to a special income tax, whereas attempts by successive governments to reduce the generosity of welfare benefits were typically blocked by large‐scale public protests.
Peter Scott
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198783817
- eISBN:
- 9780191826474
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198783817.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Cultural History
Despite being an important telephone pioneer, Britain’s pre-1939 telephone system was characterized by slow diffusion, high charges, and an often, at best, apathetic approach to market expansion on ...
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Despite being an important telephone pioneer, Britain’s pre-1939 telephone system was characterized by slow diffusion, high charges, and an often, at best, apathetic approach to market expansion on the part of its monopoly service provider. This was closely linked to Treasury opposition to investment in this nationalized service, despite such investment offering a good rate of return. The Treasury’s stranglehold on the telephone service became the subject of vigorous political controversy, eventually compelling government to relax Treasury control. However, even supporters of expansion did not envisage the service being extended to working-class or low-income, middle-class households. This chapter explores the constraints facing Britain’s early telephone network and the campaign during the 1930s to expand telephone utilization and diffusion, together with its achievements and limitations. It also discusses how subscribers used their telephones.Less
Despite being an important telephone pioneer, Britain’s pre-1939 telephone system was characterized by slow diffusion, high charges, and an often, at best, apathetic approach to market expansion on the part of its monopoly service provider. This was closely linked to Treasury opposition to investment in this nationalized service, despite such investment offering a good rate of return. The Treasury’s stranglehold on the telephone service became the subject of vigorous political controversy, eventually compelling government to relax Treasury control. However, even supporters of expansion did not envisage the service being extended to working-class or low-income, middle-class households. This chapter explores the constraints facing Britain’s early telephone network and the campaign during the 1930s to expand telephone utilization and diffusion, together with its achievements and limitations. It also discusses how subscribers used their telephones.
