Mark David Spence
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195142433
- eISBN:
- 9780199848812
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195142433.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This book examines the ideal of wilderness preservation in the United States from the antebellum era to the first half of the twentieth century, showing how the early conception of the wilderness as ...
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This book examines the ideal of wilderness preservation in the United States from the antebellum era to the first half of the twentieth century, showing how the early conception of the wilderness as the place where Indians lived (or should live) gave way to the idealization of uninhabited wilderness. It focuses on specific policies of Indian removal developed at Yosemite, Yellowstone, and Glacier national parks from the early 1870s to the 1930s.Less
This book examines the ideal of wilderness preservation in the United States from the antebellum era to the first half of the twentieth century, showing how the early conception of the wilderness as the place where Indians lived (or should live) gave way to the idealization of uninhabited wilderness. It focuses on specific policies of Indian removal developed at Yosemite, Yellowstone, and Glacier national parks from the early 1870s to the 1930s.
Hal K. Rothman
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195311167
- eISBN:
- 9780199788958
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311167.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
National parks have played a unique role in the development of wildfire management on American public lands. With a different mission and powerful meaning to the public, the national parks have been ...
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National parks have played a unique role in the development of wildfire management on American public lands. With a different mission and powerful meaning to the public, the national parks have been a battleground between proponents of fire suppression and proponents of its use as a management tool. This book explains how the national parks have shaped federal fire management. Areas discussed include the military in the national parks (1872-1916), development of fire management structure, the New Deal and fire policy, post-war policies, Yellowstone and Cerro Grande.Less
National parks have played a unique role in the development of wildfire management on American public lands. With a different mission and powerful meaning to the public, the national parks have been a battleground between proponents of fire suppression and proponents of its use as a management tool. This book explains how the national parks have shaped federal fire management. Areas discussed include the military in the national parks (1872-1916), development of fire management structure, the New Deal and fire policy, post-war policies, Yellowstone and Cerro Grande.
Hal K. Rothman
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195311167
- eISBN:
- 9780199788958
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311167.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter discusses the impact of the New Deal on fire management. The New Deal provided the resources that changed the context in which the National Park Service operated. Federal largesse ...
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This chapter discusses the impact of the New Deal on fire management. The New Deal provided the resources that changed the context in which the National Park Service operated. Federal largesse permitted the implementation of a significant fire suppression regime backed by enough work power and resources to inspire confidence in fire suppression in national parks. The New Deal also transformed conservation into a labor policy. Under its auspices, conservation programs ranked as highly as capital development ventures; both put large numbers of people to work.Less
This chapter discusses the impact of the New Deal on fire management. The New Deal provided the resources that changed the context in which the National Park Service operated. Federal largesse permitted the implementation of a significant fire suppression regime backed by enough work power and resources to inspire confidence in fire suppression in national parks. The New Deal also transformed conservation into a labor policy. Under its auspices, conservation programs ranked as highly as capital development ventures; both put large numbers of people to work.
Hal K. Rothman
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195311167
- eISBN:
- 9780199788958
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311167.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on a revolution in the National Park Service's fire policy. The agency decided to allow fires at national parks to “run their course” so long as they stayed within ...
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This chapter focuses on a revolution in the National Park Service's fire policy. The agency decided to allow fires at national parks to “run their course” so long as they stayed within pre-established boundaries and contributed to management objectives. The introduction of fire as a tool in NPS policy also reflected larger changes in federal philosophies and in American society in general.Less
This chapter focuses on a revolution in the National Park Service's fire policy. The agency decided to allow fires at national parks to “run their course” so long as they stayed within pre-established boundaries and contributed to management objectives. The introduction of fire as a tool in NPS policy also reflected larger changes in federal philosophies and in American society in general.
Hal K. Rothman
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195311167
- eISBN:
- 9780199788958
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311167.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter looks at developments of new fire management models during the 1970s and 1980s. Across the national park system, fire management planning moved to the forefront. A significant number of ...
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This chapter looks at developments of new fire management models during the 1970s and 1980s. Across the national park system, fire management planning moved to the forefront. A significant number of plans were written at parks as diverse as Mammoth Cave National Park and Antietam National Battlefield. The new emphasis on fire plans produced a higher caliber of document than ever seen before. Leading scholars played a key role, with many plan concepts stemming from their research.Less
This chapter looks at developments of new fire management models during the 1970s and 1980s. Across the national park system, fire management planning moved to the forefront. A significant number of plans were written at parks as diverse as Mammoth Cave National Park and Antietam National Battlefield. The new emphasis on fire plans produced a higher caliber of document than ever seen before. Leading scholars played a key role, with many plan concepts stemming from their research.
Hal K. Rothman
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195311167
- eISBN:
- 9780199788958
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311167.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter discusses fire suppression after the Second World War. Fire suppression and a growing interest in the use of fire as a management tool collided, highlighted by new experiences within the ...
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This chapter discusses fire suppression after the Second World War. Fire suppression and a growing interest in the use of fire as a management tool collided, highlighted by new experiences within the park system. New ideas emerged throughout the park system and managers at the grassroots level began to experiment with new ideas. The experience of parks in the eastern part of the country also required a different set of precepts for management. The result was wholesale experimentation with fire in some eastern parks even as the Sierra Nevada parks, Yellowstone, and Glacier continued with the old suppression regime.Less
This chapter discusses fire suppression after the Second World War. Fire suppression and a growing interest in the use of fire as a management tool collided, highlighted by new experiences within the park system. New ideas emerged throughout the park system and managers at the grassroots level began to experiment with new ideas. The experience of parks in the eastern part of the country also required a different set of precepts for management. The result was wholesale experimentation with fire in some eastern parks even as the Sierra Nevada parks, Yellowstone, and Glacier continued with the old suppression regime.
Hal K. Rothman
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195311167
- eISBN:
- 9780199788958
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311167.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter discusses fire suppression at national parks by the military beginning in 1886. The military officers who served as the superintendents of the park recognized fire as their greatest ...
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This chapter discusses fire suppression at national parks by the military beginning in 1886. The military officers who served as the superintendents of the park recognized fire as their greatest challenge. There was no such thing as fire training in the United States at the time, and any large blaze could easily overwhelm the limited resources at the park's disposal.Less
This chapter discusses fire suppression at national parks by the military beginning in 1886. The military officers who served as the superintendents of the park recognized fire as their greatest challenge. There was no such thing as fire training in the United States at the time, and any large blaze could easily overwhelm the limited resources at the park's disposal.
Hal K. Rothman
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195311167
- eISBN:
- 9780199788958
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311167.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on early fire management efforts of the National Park Service (NPS). Since its establishment in 1916, the NPS lacked the resources to deal with any major fire. The agency also ...
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This chapter focuses on early fire management efforts of the National Park Service (NPS). Since its establishment in 1916, the NPS lacked the resources to deal with any major fire. The agency also failed to develop an overarching fire policy of any kind, and as a result, the response to fire varied from park to park.Less
This chapter focuses on early fire management efforts of the National Park Service (NPS). Since its establishment in 1916, the NPS lacked the resources to deal with any major fire. The agency also failed to develop an overarching fire policy of any kind, and as a result, the response to fire varied from park to park.
Hal K. Rothman
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195311167
- eISBN:
- 9780199788958
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311167.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter discusses the implications of the fire at Yellowstone National Park in the summer 1988. The fire shattered the existing fire management program, illustrating not only the boundaries ...
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This chapter discusses the implications of the fire at Yellowstone National Park in the summer 1988. The fire shattered the existing fire management program, illustrating not only the boundaries inherent in the implementation of policy, but the inability of current strategies to meet extraordinary challenge. In essence, conflagrations such as the ones that occurred at Yellowstone transformed fire policy from a science-based response to a political issue.Less
This chapter discusses the implications of the fire at Yellowstone National Park in the summer 1988. The fire shattered the existing fire management program, illustrating not only the boundaries inherent in the implementation of policy, but the inability of current strategies to meet extraordinary challenge. In essence, conflagrations such as the ones that occurred at Yellowstone transformed fire policy from a science-based response to a political issue.
Robert W. Righter
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195149470
- eISBN:
- 9780199788934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149470.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The legacies of Hetch Hetchy are numerous. Without the fight, American national parks might be administered by the US Forest Service. The fight was instrumental in the passage of the National Parks ...
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The legacies of Hetch Hetchy are numerous. Without the fight, American national parks might be administered by the US Forest Service. The fight was instrumental in the passage of the National Parks Act of 1916, establishing the National Park Service and defining the mission of American national parks. Also without the Hetch Hetchy fight, dams may have been built in Yellowstone and Glacier National Parks, Dinosaur National Monument, and on either end of Grand Canyon National Park. Over the years, the Hetch Hetchy fight has raised the consciousness of a nation. For the first time the nation questioned the meaning of progress, and in a sense, Hetch Hetchy was a national awakening. Since 1913, the fight has often been used by conservationists as an example of what should not happen to a spectacular mountain valley located in a national park.Less
The legacies of Hetch Hetchy are numerous. Without the fight, American national parks might be administered by the US Forest Service. The fight was instrumental in the passage of the National Parks Act of 1916, establishing the National Park Service and defining the mission of American national parks. Also without the Hetch Hetchy fight, dams may have been built in Yellowstone and Glacier National Parks, Dinosaur National Monument, and on either end of Grand Canyon National Park. Over the years, the Hetch Hetchy fight has raised the consciousness of a nation. For the first time the nation questioned the meaning of progress, and in a sense, Hetch Hetchy was a national awakening. Since 1913, the fight has often been used by conservationists as an example of what should not happen to a spectacular mountain valley located in a national park.
Sadiah Qureshi
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265413
- eISBN:
- 9780191760464
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265413.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Early modern writers had long noted the apparent decimation of some indigenous peoples. However, such discussions took on a new and urgent form in the nineteenth century as a new scientific ...
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Early modern writers had long noted the apparent decimation of some indigenous peoples. However, such discussions took on a new and urgent form in the nineteenth century as a new scientific understanding of extinction as an endemic natural process was established. Many scholars have explored the notion of dying races in histories of colonial contact, modern land rights, or genocide; yet most have overlooked the new epistemological status of extinction as a mechanism for explaining natural change. This chapter explores how this scientific shift became combined with notions of wilderness in the American context to rationalize policies of Indian dispossession, forced removal from their traditional homelands, and the establishment of the world's first national parks. In doing so, it highlights fruitful directions for future histories of heritage, endangerment, and conservation.Less
Early modern writers had long noted the apparent decimation of some indigenous peoples. However, such discussions took on a new and urgent form in the nineteenth century as a new scientific understanding of extinction as an endemic natural process was established. Many scholars have explored the notion of dying races in histories of colonial contact, modern land rights, or genocide; yet most have overlooked the new epistemological status of extinction as a mechanism for explaining natural change. This chapter explores how this scientific shift became combined with notions of wilderness in the American context to rationalize policies of Indian dispossession, forced removal from their traditional homelands, and the establishment of the world's first national parks. In doing so, it highlights fruitful directions for future histories of heritage, endangerment, and conservation.
Robert W. Righter
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195149470
- eISBN:
- 9780199788934
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149470.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This is the story of water, a valley, and a city. The city was San Francisco, the valley was Hetch Hetchy, and the waters were from the Tuolumne River watershed, located within Yosemite National ...
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This is the story of water, a valley, and a city. The city was San Francisco, the valley was Hetch Hetchy, and the waters were from the Tuolumne River watershed, located within Yosemite National Park. In 1905, for the first time in American history, a significant national opposition led by John Muir and the Sierra Club sought to protect the valley from a dam, believing that its beauty should be enjoyed by the American people. On the other side, San Franciso mayor James Phelan believed it was his civic responsibility to provide his 750,000 constituents with a pure, abundant source of water. From 1905 until 1913, the two sides fought over the destiny of the Hetch Hetchy: Would the glacier-carved valley become a reservoir or remain an inviolate part of Yosemite National Park? Finally, Congress decided the issue by passage of the Raker Act, granting the valley to San Francisco's use. By 1923, San Francisco engineers completed the huge O'Shaughnessy Dam, submerging the valley under over 200 feet of water. However, the battle did not end. Who would control the vast watershed of the Tuolumne River: The City of San Francisco or the National Park Service? And would the hydro electric power provide for a city-owned system or would it be sold to a private company? For the first time, the full story of this epic battle is told in an evenhanded way. It is a story without end, however, and the final chapter discusses the idea of removing the dam and restoring the valley, an idea which is gaining currency throughout the US.Less
This is the story of water, a valley, and a city. The city was San Francisco, the valley was Hetch Hetchy, and the waters were from the Tuolumne River watershed, located within Yosemite National Park. In 1905, for the first time in American history, a significant national opposition led by John Muir and the Sierra Club sought to protect the valley from a dam, believing that its beauty should be enjoyed by the American people. On the other side, San Franciso mayor James Phelan believed it was his civic responsibility to provide his 750,000 constituents with a pure, abundant source of water. From 1905 until 1913, the two sides fought over the destiny of the Hetch Hetchy: Would the glacier-carved valley become a reservoir or remain an inviolate part of Yosemite National Park? Finally, Congress decided the issue by passage of the Raker Act, granting the valley to San Francisco's use. By 1923, San Francisco engineers completed the huge O'Shaughnessy Dam, submerging the valley under over 200 feet of water. However, the battle did not end. Who would control the vast watershed of the Tuolumne River: The City of San Francisco or the National Park Service? And would the hydro electric power provide for a city-owned system or would it be sold to a private company? For the first time, the full story of this epic battle is told in an evenhanded way. It is a story without end, however, and the final chapter discusses the idea of removing the dam and restoring the valley, an idea which is gaining currency throughout the US.
Hal K. Rothman
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195311167
- eISBN:
- 9780199788958
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311167.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter discusses the National Park Service's fire management policy after the 1988 Yellowstone fire. The NPS' efforts to mitigate fire and to plan for its management throughout the national ...
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This chapter discusses the National Park Service's fire management policy after the 1988 Yellowstone fire. The NPS' efforts to mitigate fire and to plan for its management throughout the national park system met with great success during the following decade. The development of a national fire planning and management structure — the new standards that the NPS successfully implemented and the remarkable biological renewal of Yellowstone — combined to give the service's fire management greater credibility with the public than it had ever before enjoyed.Less
This chapter discusses the National Park Service's fire management policy after the 1988 Yellowstone fire. The NPS' efforts to mitigate fire and to plan for its management throughout the national park system met with great success during the following decade. The development of a national fire planning and management structure — the new standards that the NPS successfully implemented and the remarkable biological renewal of Yellowstone — combined to give the service's fire management greater credibility with the public than it had ever before enjoyed.
Frederick Rowe Davis
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195310771
- eISBN:
- 9780199790098
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310771.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
By the 1960s, Carr's activities for international sea turtle conservation developed along several pathways. The Caribbean Conservation Corporation and support from the US Navy facilitated Operation ...
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By the 1960s, Carr's activities for international sea turtle conservation developed along several pathways. The Caribbean Conservation Corporation and support from the US Navy facilitated Operation Green Turtle which aimed to re-establish nesting colonies of green turtles all across the Caribbean. As chairman of the Marine Turtle Group of the IUCN, Carr envisioned an ambitious program of international activism on behalf of sea turtles worldwide, but IUCN followed a more conservative path and focused on smaller, regional initiatives. The long and arduous process of establishing Tortuguero National Park revealed the challenges of sea turtle conservation. Finally, despite his early support for sea turtle farming as a possible conservation strategy, Carr criticized efforts to develop the commercial turtle farming on the grounds that in the short run it would stimulate international demand for sea turtle products without significantly increasing supply to circumvent poaching of wild stocks.Less
By the 1960s, Carr's activities for international sea turtle conservation developed along several pathways. The Caribbean Conservation Corporation and support from the US Navy facilitated Operation Green Turtle which aimed to re-establish nesting colonies of green turtles all across the Caribbean. As chairman of the Marine Turtle Group of the IUCN, Carr envisioned an ambitious program of international activism on behalf of sea turtles worldwide, but IUCN followed a more conservative path and focused on smaller, regional initiatives. The long and arduous process of establishing Tortuguero National Park revealed the challenges of sea turtle conservation. Finally, despite his early support for sea turtle farming as a possible conservation strategy, Carr criticized efforts to develop the commercial turtle farming on the grounds that in the short run it would stimulate international demand for sea turtle products without significantly increasing supply to circumvent poaching of wild stocks.
Diana K. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199768677
- eISBN:
- 9780199979608
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199768677.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
As the French conquered North Africa, they fabricated a tale of environmental change that held local North African populations, especially nomads, responsible for ruining what was widely believed in ...
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As the French conquered North Africa, they fabricated a tale of environmental change that held local North African populations, especially nomads, responsible for ruining what was widely believed in Europe to have been a lush, fertile, and forested environment in the classical past, before the “Arab invasions” of the eleventh century. While far from accurate, this French colonial environmental history served—beginning in 1830s Algeria—to undermine the lifeways of indigenous populations: justifying the expropriation of their land and property, alienating tribal forests to the French state, and sedentarizing nomads in the name of environmental protection. One of the most enduring symbols of this transformation may be found in the multiple national parks and nature reserves created by the French in Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco. Developed ostensibly to protect nature and provide areas for scientific study, in practice, parks were built primarily to generate tourism revenue while serving to further monitor and control “problematic populations.” This chapter explores the history of these national parks and the complex, frequently negative effects they had and continue to have on local populations and the environment.Less
As the French conquered North Africa, they fabricated a tale of environmental change that held local North African populations, especially nomads, responsible for ruining what was widely believed in Europe to have been a lush, fertile, and forested environment in the classical past, before the “Arab invasions” of the eleventh century. While far from accurate, this French colonial environmental history served—beginning in 1830s Algeria—to undermine the lifeways of indigenous populations: justifying the expropriation of their land and property, alienating tribal forests to the French state, and sedentarizing nomads in the name of environmental protection. One of the most enduring symbols of this transformation may be found in the multiple national parks and nature reserves created by the French in Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco. Developed ostensibly to protect nature and provide areas for scientific study, in practice, parks were built primarily to generate tourism revenue while serving to further monitor and control “problematic populations.” This chapter explores the history of these national parks and the complex, frequently negative effects they had and continue to have on local populations and the environment.
Neil M. Maher
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195306019
- eISBN:
- 9780199867820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306019.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Chapter Two analyzes CCC conservation projects on a national scale, and links the landscape changes caused by such work to both a broadening of conservationist concerns and to Franklin Roosevelt's ...
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Chapter Two analyzes CCC conservation projects on a national scale, and links the landscape changes caused by such work to both a broadening of conservationist concerns and to Franklin Roosevelt's desire for political support from rural America. It argues that although Corps conservation work appeared haphazard and static, it actually evolved over time and involved two types of labor on a trio of rural landscapes. While the Corps began its work in forests, primarily in the far West, the Dust Bowl of 1934 forced CCC enrollees onto the nation's farms as well, both on the Great Plains and in the soil-eroded South. This first type of conservation work involving both reforestation and soil conservation not only embodied the goals of Progressive era conservationists, who advocated the efficient use of natural resources, but also popularized the New Deal throughout these rural regions. During the late-1930s the Corps expanded its work projects yet again, this time into the country's state and national parks where CCC enrollees built hiking trails, campgrounds, motor roads, and visitor centers to increase public access to outdoor recreation. This second type of Corps work, which echoed the Boy Scouts' desire to rejuvenate Americans through healthful contact with nature, represented a broadening of conservationist ideology beyond the wise use of natural resources to include concern for public health. Chapter Two concludes that the dueling progressive philosophies that influenced Franklin Roosevelt's creation of the CCC—those of the conservation movement and of the Boy Scouts—became physically realized across the New Deal landscape.Less
Chapter Two analyzes CCC conservation projects on a national scale, and links the landscape changes caused by such work to both a broadening of conservationist concerns and to Franklin Roosevelt's desire for political support from rural America. It argues that although Corps conservation work appeared haphazard and static, it actually evolved over time and involved two types of labor on a trio of rural landscapes. While the Corps began its work in forests, primarily in the far West, the Dust Bowl of 1934 forced CCC enrollees onto the nation's farms as well, both on the Great Plains and in the soil-eroded South. This first type of conservation work involving both reforestation and soil conservation not only embodied the goals of Progressive era conservationists, who advocated the efficient use of natural resources, but also popularized the New Deal throughout these rural regions. During the late-1930s the Corps expanded its work projects yet again, this time into the country's state and national parks where CCC enrollees built hiking trails, campgrounds, motor roads, and visitor centers to increase public access to outdoor recreation. This second type of Corps work, which echoed the Boy Scouts' desire to rejuvenate Americans through healthful contact with nature, represented a broadening of conservationist ideology beyond the wise use of natural resources to include concern for public health. Chapter Two concludes that the dueling progressive philosophies that influenced Franklin Roosevelt's creation of the CCC—those of the conservation movement and of the Boy Scouts—became physically realized across the New Deal landscape.
Justin Farrell
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691164342
- eISBN:
- 9781400866496
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691164342.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter shows how materially instrumental or utilitarian aspects of social life can acquire moral and religious meanings. It argues that the use of natural resources in Yellowstone underwent a ...
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This chapter shows how materially instrumental or utilitarian aspects of social life can acquire moral and religious meanings. It argues that the use of natural resources in Yellowstone underwent a process of “moralization” that had important institutional effects on the area (e.g., more government attention, scientific research, censuring, public sentiment, emotional disgust). The chapter documents the emergence and interaction of three “moral visions” (utilitarian, spiritual, biocentric) in Yellowstone in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, in order to explain this process of moralization. To demonstrate the effects of this process, and how the meaning of Yellowstone changed from its early years, the chapter ends with an analysis of how new moral visions were institutionalized into new laws and policies, both nationally and locally, culminating in the creation of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem—thus creating the social conditions for eventual intractable contemporary conflict that would soon follow.Less
This chapter shows how materially instrumental or utilitarian aspects of social life can acquire moral and religious meanings. It argues that the use of natural resources in Yellowstone underwent a process of “moralization” that had important institutional effects on the area (e.g., more government attention, scientific research, censuring, public sentiment, emotional disgust). The chapter documents the emergence and interaction of three “moral visions” (utilitarian, spiritual, biocentric) in Yellowstone in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, in order to explain this process of moralization. To demonstrate the effects of this process, and how the meaning of Yellowstone changed from its early years, the chapter ends with an analysis of how new moral visions were institutionalized into new laws and policies, both nationally and locally, culminating in the creation of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem—thus creating the social conditions for eventual intractable contemporary conflict that would soon follow.
Mark David Spence
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195142433
- eISBN:
- 9780199848812
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195142433.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter demonstrates that Yellowstone provides the first example of removing a native population in order to “preserve” nature. As an empty, seemingly untouched landscape, Yellowstone represents ...
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This chapter demonstrates that Yellowstone provides the first example of removing a native population in order to “preserve” nature. As an empty, seemingly untouched landscape, Yellowstone represents a perfect Eden, a virtual manifestation of God's original design for America. This conception of wilderness preceded the creation of the first national park by a number of years and proved so powerful that early preservationists either dismissed or ignored any evidence of native use and habitation. And later, when park officials did take notice of Indians, they viewed native hunters as a dangerous and unnatural threat to Yellowstone's environment. These ideas shaped park policy for three decades until Yellowstone had indeed become a place that native people neither used nor occupied.Less
This chapter demonstrates that Yellowstone provides the first example of removing a native population in order to “preserve” nature. As an empty, seemingly untouched landscape, Yellowstone represents a perfect Eden, a virtual manifestation of God's original design for America. This conception of wilderness preceded the creation of the first national park by a number of years and proved so powerful that early preservationists either dismissed or ignored any evidence of native use and habitation. And later, when park officials did take notice of Indians, they viewed native hunters as a dangerous and unnatural threat to Yellowstone's environment. These ideas shaped park policy for three decades until Yellowstone had indeed become a place that native people neither used nor occupied.
Mark David Spence
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195142433
- eISBN:
- 9780199848812
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195142433.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter discusses the creation of the National Park Service in 1916, which fulfilled preservationists' long-held dreams for a strong federal commitment to the preservation and enhancement of all ...
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This chapter discusses the creation of the National Park Service in 1916, which fulfilled preservationists' long-held dreams for a strong federal commitment to the preservation and enhancement of all national parks. However, the creation of the National Park Service only perpetuated the same struggle between preservationists and development interests that plagued the management of Yosemite in the 1880s. Like those earlier debates before the California State Assembly, this struggle would also carry over to the new agency's relationship with the Yosemite Indians. In the same year that the park service was established, Yosemite officials and concessionaires inaugurated the Indian Field Days, a festivity designed to “revive and maintain the interest of Indians in their own games and industries, particularly basketry and bead work.”Less
This chapter discusses the creation of the National Park Service in 1916, which fulfilled preservationists' long-held dreams for a strong federal commitment to the preservation and enhancement of all national parks. However, the creation of the National Park Service only perpetuated the same struggle between preservationists and development interests that plagued the management of Yosemite in the 1880s. Like those earlier debates before the California State Assembly, this struggle would also carry over to the new agency's relationship with the Yosemite Indians. In the same year that the park service was established, Yosemite officials and concessionaires inaugurated the Indian Field Days, a festivity designed to “revive and maintain the interest of Indians in their own games and industries, particularly basketry and bead work.”
Ben Campbell
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198078524
- eISBN:
- 9780199082278
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198078524.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
The Himalayas have iconic status in the global biosphere, but how well understood are the relationships between Himalayan people and their environment? How can anthropological approaches to the ...
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The Himalayas have iconic status in the global biosphere, but how well understood are the relationships between Himalayan people and their environment? How can anthropological approaches to the environment help in understanding local people’s responses to nature protection? How does culture figure alongside nature in the modern cosmology of knowledge about the non-human world? Living between Juniper and Palm is an ethnographic study of the Tamang people of the Nepal Himalayas. In approaching issues of sustainability, ecology, and livelihood among the Tamang, the author locates people and environments in a relationship that does not depend upon a split between bio-physical reality and an overlay of cultural meaning. Drawing from various critical perspectives for analysing human–environment relations, including phenomenology and political ecology, the book documents indigenous environmental knowledge—about forests, pathways, animals, and ‘sameness’ and ‘difference’ between humans and non-humans. Modern conservation practices are contrasted to shamanic and Hindu cosmologies, providing a cultural analysis to the power dimensions of ‘participatory conservation’ affected by Nepal’s Maoist civil war. The approach of this book is to describe and analyse perspectives on environmental practices, politics, and narrative discourses in a community that has no idea of the environment as a totality, independent of human presence. For administrators, foresters, and biodiversity scientists, this is precisely what has to be rectified: people are seen as needing to be sectioned off from nature to prevent worsening states of forest, soil, and species loss. The book offers anthropologically informed alternatives for translating sustainability.Less
The Himalayas have iconic status in the global biosphere, but how well understood are the relationships between Himalayan people and their environment? How can anthropological approaches to the environment help in understanding local people’s responses to nature protection? How does culture figure alongside nature in the modern cosmology of knowledge about the non-human world? Living between Juniper and Palm is an ethnographic study of the Tamang people of the Nepal Himalayas. In approaching issues of sustainability, ecology, and livelihood among the Tamang, the author locates people and environments in a relationship that does not depend upon a split between bio-physical reality and an overlay of cultural meaning. Drawing from various critical perspectives for analysing human–environment relations, including phenomenology and political ecology, the book documents indigenous environmental knowledge—about forests, pathways, animals, and ‘sameness’ and ‘difference’ between humans and non-humans. Modern conservation practices are contrasted to shamanic and Hindu cosmologies, providing a cultural analysis to the power dimensions of ‘participatory conservation’ affected by Nepal’s Maoist civil war. The approach of this book is to describe and analyse perspectives on environmental practices, politics, and narrative discourses in a community that has no idea of the environment as a totality, independent of human presence. For administrators, foresters, and biodiversity scientists, this is precisely what has to be rectified: people are seen as needing to be sectioned off from nature to prevent worsening states of forest, soil, and species loss. The book offers anthropologically informed alternatives for translating sustainability.
