Beate Kohler‐Koch
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199252268
- eISBN:
- 9780191601040
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199252262.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The introductory chapter 2 takes up the concept of sensitivity and vulnerability in international interdependence to analyse the complex relationship between EU and national governance and to look at ...
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The introductory chapter 2 takes up the concept of sensitivity and vulnerability in international interdependence to analyse the complex relationship between EU and national governance and to look at the normative implications in terms of efficient and democratic governance in the European system. The achieved high level of interconnectedness between political and societal actors at the European, the national and sub-national levels results in a loss of political control by individual member states, provokes a substantive derogation of national parliamentary democracy, and causes severe irritations as regards the established balance between the economic and political spheres. However, the plurality of state and society actors are sensitive and vulnerable to different degrees and in various ways depending on structural compatibilities, power differentials, and policy styles, which shape conflict management and problem-solving strategies. Their responses to demands for adaptation produce differentiated outcomes and, therefore, contribute to the fragmented and heterogeneous structure of the EU. At the same time, a penetrated system of governance evolves that is extraordinary flexible and generates a multiplicity of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ mechanisms for linking EU and national governance, which smooth the management of multi-level interdependence and assist to overcome democratic derogation.Less
The introductory chapter 2 takes up the concept of sensitivity and vulnerability in international interdependence to analyse the complex relationship between EU and national governance and to look at the normative implications in terms of efficient and democratic governance in the European system. The achieved high level of interconnectedness between political and societal actors at the European, the national and sub-national levels results in a loss of political control by individual member states, provokes a substantive derogation of national parliamentary democracy, and causes severe irritations as regards the established balance between the economic and political spheres. However, the plurality of state and society actors are sensitive and vulnerable to different degrees and in various ways depending on structural compatibilities, power differentials, and policy styles, which shape conflict management and problem-solving strategies. Their responses to demands for adaptation produce differentiated outcomes and, therefore, contribute to the fragmented and heterogeneous structure of the EU. At the same time, a penetrated system of governance evolves that is extraordinary flexible and generates a multiplicity of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ mechanisms for linking EU and national governance, which smooth the management of multi-level interdependence and assist to overcome democratic derogation.
Beate Kohler-Koch (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199252268
- eISBN:
- 9780191601040
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199252262.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
European governance ranks high on the present research agenda on the EU and Europeanization and has attracted considerable attention in public and academic debate over the past decade. This book – a ...
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European governance ranks high on the present research agenda on the EU and Europeanization and has attracted considerable attention in public and academic debate over the past decade. This book – a well-chosen selection from recent studies of leading scholars in the field – takes a special approach to the subject as it highlights the multi-faceted interconnectedness of EU and national governance. It reveals the extent to which the EU has been transformed from a multi-level polity to a system of penetrated governance embracing a ‘communicative universe’ and a European public space. The individual chapters are colourful representations of the different facets of European governance, which come to light when policy formulation and implementation in the EU is understood as network governance linking both different levels of policy-making and a wide variety of state and society actors. On the one hand, the EU and, especially, the Commission refer to an extensive repertoire of ’hard‘ and ’soft‘ procedures and instruments to link a multitude of actors and arenas and, thereby, trigger off substantial change in the member states. On the other hand, national, subnational and societal actors show differentiated modes of response and adaptation to manage the new challenges within the expanding EU system, to cope with common problems and to shape problem-solving strategies according to their own ideas. As the contributions focus on the diverse mechanisms which link EU and national governance they demonstrate the many constraints state and society actors are facing within the Union but also the readiness and capacity of these actors to deal with demands for adjustment and institutional reforms. They also reveal that compliance is a reaction to hierarchical coercion as well as to horizontal enforcement. Eventually, apart from this more functional view, the penetrated system of European goverance is looked at from a normative perspective, thus, investigating both the prospect of improving multi-level representative democracy and the formation of a European public sphere.Less
European governance ranks high on the present research agenda on the EU and Europeanization and has attracted considerable attention in public and academic debate over the past decade. This book – a well-chosen selection from recent studies of leading scholars in the field – takes a special approach to the subject as it highlights the multi-faceted interconnectedness of EU and national governance. It reveals the extent to which the EU has been transformed from a multi-level polity to a system of penetrated governance embracing a ‘communicative universe’ and a European public space. The individual chapters are colourful representations of the different facets of European governance, which come to light when policy formulation and implementation in the EU is understood as network governance linking both different levels of policy-making and a wide variety of state and society actors. On the one hand, the EU and, especially, the Commission refer to an extensive repertoire of ’hard‘ and ’soft‘ procedures and instruments to link a multitude of actors and arenas and, thereby, trigger off substantial change in the member states. On the other hand, national, subnational and societal actors show differentiated modes of response and adaptation to manage the new challenges within the expanding EU system, to cope with common problems and to shape problem-solving strategies according to their own ideas. As the contributions focus on the diverse mechanisms which link EU and national governance they demonstrate the many constraints state and society actors are facing within the Union but also the readiness and capacity of these actors to deal with demands for adjustment and institutional reforms. They also reveal that compliance is a reaction to hierarchical coercion as well as to horizontal enforcement. Eventually, apart from this more functional view, the penetrated system of European goverance is looked at from a normative perspective, thus, investigating both the prospect of improving multi-level representative democracy and the formation of a European public sphere.
Alec Stone Sweet and Thomas Brunell
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199256488
- eISBN:
- 9780191600234
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256489.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
To sustain a viable social science of law and courts, testable propositions, appropriate research designs for testing those hypotheses, and comparative materials are needed; Ch. 4, and the two papers ...
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To sustain a viable social science of law and courts, testable propositions, appropriate research designs for testing those hypotheses, and comparative materials are needed; Ch. 4, and the two papers within it, discuss and use three strategies for building theory through testing and comparing. This second paper, which was originally published in the American Political Science Review in 1998, employs econometric and other modes of statistical analysis as well as qualitative ‘process tracing’ to evaluate specific causal propositions about how European Community (EC) integration and the construction of the European legal system (as enforced by the European Court of Justice) have proceeded. The research design constitutes a mixed means of testing: (1) deductive derivation of hypotheses from materials developed in prior comparative research, (2) collection of data to operationalize the theorized variables, (3) testing of the hypotheses through quantitative data analysis, and (4) cross-checking of these results and exploration of other theorized relationships or dynamics (qualitatively). The research leads Stone Sweet and Brunell to propose a theory of European legal integration (i.e. the process by which Europe has constructed a transnational rule-of-law polity), which integrates three interdependent causal factors: contracting among individuals, third-party dispute resolution, and the production of legal norms. The theory is tested, with reference to the EC, in two stages: first, the construction of the legal system is explained and the relationships between the three key variables are analysed over the life of the EC; second, the impact of the operation of the legal system is examined on governance (i.e. on policy processes and outcomes) at both the national and the supranational levels.Less
To sustain a viable social science of law and courts, testable propositions, appropriate research designs for testing those hypotheses, and comparative materials are needed; Ch. 4, and the two papers within it, discuss and use three strategies for building theory through testing and comparing. This second paper, which was originally published in the American Political Science Review in 1998, employs econometric and other modes of statistical analysis as well as qualitative ‘process tracing’ to evaluate specific causal propositions about how European Community (EC) integration and the construction of the European legal system (as enforced by the European Court of Justice) have proceeded. The research design constitutes a mixed means of testing: (1) deductive derivation of hypotheses from materials developed in prior comparative research, (2) collection of data to operationalize the theorized variables, (3) testing of the hypotheses through quantitative data analysis, and (4) cross-checking of these results and exploration of other theorized relationships or dynamics (qualitatively). The research leads Stone Sweet and Brunell to propose a theory of European legal integration (i.e. the process by which Europe has constructed a transnational rule-of-law polity), which integrates three interdependent causal factors: contracting among individuals, third-party dispute resolution, and the production of legal norms. The theory is tested, with reference to the EC, in two stages: first, the construction of the legal system is explained and the relationships between the three key variables are analysed over the life of the EC; second, the impact of the operation of the legal system is examined on governance (i.e. on policy processes and outcomes) at both the national and the supranational levels.
Patrick Le Galès
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199247967
- eISBN:
- 9780191601088
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019924796X.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
An examination is made of how tensions that develop between supranational and national governance structures are resolved, given the institutionalization taking place at the European level. The focus ...
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An examination is made of how tensions that develop between supranational and national governance structures are resolved, given the institutionalization taking place at the European level. The focus is on two national policy domains – state aids and regional development – and the author explains how, since the mid-1980s, European Union (EU) officials have succeeded in inducing their French counterparts to alter legislation and administrative practices once assumed to be fundamentally immune to external influence – a process that is increasingly referred to as the ‘Europeanization of the nation state’. The view taken is that Europeanization took place in a series of ‘rounds’ that have followed a common sequence: disagreement about the nature and scope of EU rules in national regimes; open contestation between supranational and national officials; the fixing of a new or clarified rule on the part of EU officials; and, finally, the grudging acceptance of the rule by the French. After each round, new patterns of French resistance emerged, but the rules of the game governing these interactions are fixed by the results of previous rounds, and come to be more or less taken for granted by actors at both levels; it is argued that the overall process tends to favour the expansion and diffusion of EU modes of governance, and the weakening of specifically national modes. The chapter is divided into three main sections: the first provides a summary overview of the development of EU competition policy and its intersections with state aids and regional policy; the second focuses on state aids in two sectors (French regional and industrial policy), which are analysed against the backdrop of the development of European competition law; and the third part discusses conflicts over the meaning of European rules in relation to the process of ‘endogenous’ institutional change.Less
An examination is made of how tensions that develop between supranational and national governance structures are resolved, given the institutionalization taking place at the European level. The focus is on two national policy domains – state aids and regional development – and the author explains how, since the mid-1980s, European Union (EU) officials have succeeded in inducing their French counterparts to alter legislation and administrative practices once assumed to be fundamentally immune to external influence – a process that is increasingly referred to as the ‘Europeanization of the nation state’. The view taken is that Europeanization took place in a series of ‘rounds’ that have followed a common sequence: disagreement about the nature and scope of EU rules in national regimes; open contestation between supranational and national officials; the fixing of a new or clarified rule on the part of EU officials; and, finally, the grudging acceptance of the rule by the French. After each round, new patterns of French resistance emerged, but the rules of the game governing these interactions are fixed by the results of previous rounds, and come to be more or less taken for granted by actors at both levels; it is argued that the overall process tends to favour the expansion and diffusion of EU modes of governance, and the weakening of specifically national modes. The chapter is divided into three main sections: the first provides a summary overview of the development of EU competition policy and its intersections with state aids and regional policy; the second focuses on state aids in two sectors (French regional and industrial policy), which are analysed against the backdrop of the development of European competition law; and the third part discusses conflicts over the meaning of European rules in relation to the process of ‘endogenous’ institutional change.
Alec Stone Sweet, Wayne Sandholtz, and Neil Fligstein (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199247967
- eISBN:
- 9780191601088
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019924796X.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
In 1950, a European political space existed, if only as a very primitive site of international governance. Now, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the European Union governs in an ...
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In 1950, a European political space existed, if only as a very primitive site of international governance. Now, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the European Union governs in an ever-growing number of policy domains. Increasingly dense networks of transnational actors representing electorates, member state governments, firms, and specialized interests operate in arenas that are best understood as supranational. At the same time, the capacity of European organizations – the European Central Bank, the European Commission, and the European Court of Justice – to make authoritative policy decisions has steadily expanded, profoundly transforming the very nature of the European polity. This book, a companion volume and extension to European Integration and Supranational Governance (which was published in 1998), offers readers a sophisticated theoretical account of this transformation, as well as original empirical research. Like the earlier book, it was basically funded by a grant from the University of California (Berkeley) Center for German and European Studies, with additional support from the University of California (Irvine) Center for Global Peace and Conflict Studies, and the Robert Schumann Centre for Advanced Study at the European University Institute, San Domenico di Fiesole (partly through the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs). The authors, a small group of social scientists, collaborated for three years and met in four workshops, with penultimate versions of the papers presented at the final conference (at the Schumann Centre) forming the chapters of the book. The editors elaborate an innovative synthesis of institutionalist theory that contributors use to explain the sources and consequences of the emergence and institutionalization of European political arenas. Some chapters examine the evolution of integration and supranational governance across time and policy domain. Others recount more discrete episodes, including the development of women’s rights, the judicial review of administrative acts, a stable system of interest group representation, and enhanced cooperation in foreign policy and security; the creation of the European Central Bank; the emergence of new policy competences, such as for policing and immigration; and the multi-dimensional impact of European policies on national modes of governance.Less
In 1950, a European political space existed, if only as a very primitive site of international governance. Now, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the European Union governs in an ever-growing number of policy domains. Increasingly dense networks of transnational actors representing electorates, member state governments, firms, and specialized interests operate in arenas that are best understood as supranational. At the same time, the capacity of European organizations – the European Central Bank, the European Commission, and the European Court of Justice – to make authoritative policy decisions has steadily expanded, profoundly transforming the very nature of the European polity. This book, a companion volume and extension to European Integration and Supranational Governance (which was published in 1998), offers readers a sophisticated theoretical account of this transformation, as well as original empirical research. Like the earlier book, it was basically funded by a grant from the University of California (Berkeley) Center for German and European Studies, with additional support from the University of California (Irvine) Center for Global Peace and Conflict Studies, and the Robert Schumann Centre for Advanced Study at the European University Institute, San Domenico di Fiesole (partly through the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs). The authors, a small group of social scientists, collaborated for three years and met in four workshops, with penultimate versions of the papers presented at the final conference (at the Schumann Centre) forming the chapters of the book. The editors elaborate an innovative synthesis of institutionalist theory that contributors use to explain the sources and consequences of the emergence and institutionalization of European political arenas. Some chapters examine the evolution of integration and supranational governance across time and policy domain. Others recount more discrete episodes, including the development of women’s rights, the judicial review of administrative acts, a stable system of interest group representation, and enhanced cooperation in foreign policy and security; the creation of the European Central Bank; the emergence of new policy competences, such as for policing and immigration; and the multi-dimensional impact of European policies on national modes of governance.
Kenneth Dyson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198714071
- eISBN:
- 9780191782558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198714071.003.0017
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter examines sovereign creditworthiness as a problem in building sub-national fiscal capacity; why it matters; why it generates controversy about its purpose; and how it relates to historic ...
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This chapter examines sovereign creditworthiness as a problem in building sub-national fiscal capacity; why it matters; why it generates controversy about its purpose; and how it relates to historic grand bargains about the basis of national cohesion and exhibits path dependency. It makes a distinction between formal and material sub-national fiscal capacity, emphasizing the importance of structural imbalances, regional balance sheets, ‘stand-alone’ fiscal capacity, and ‘system strength’. The chapter highlights the distinctive characteristics of sub-national fiscal governance. It also shows the growing significance of international credit ratings and EU fiscal surveillance, leading to tightening of hierarchical controls and of market-based discipline. The chapter examines the determinants of sub-national credit ratings. A comparison is made of sub-national fiscal capacity in the United States, Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. The conclusion considers the reframing of sub-national fiscal governance under EMU and economic and financial crisis.Less
This chapter examines sovereign creditworthiness as a problem in building sub-national fiscal capacity; why it matters; why it generates controversy about its purpose; and how it relates to historic grand bargains about the basis of national cohesion and exhibits path dependency. It makes a distinction between formal and material sub-national fiscal capacity, emphasizing the importance of structural imbalances, regional balance sheets, ‘stand-alone’ fiscal capacity, and ‘system strength’. The chapter highlights the distinctive characteristics of sub-national fiscal governance. It also shows the growing significance of international credit ratings and EU fiscal surveillance, leading to tightening of hierarchical controls and of market-based discipline. The chapter examines the determinants of sub-national credit ratings. A comparison is made of sub-national fiscal capacity in the United States, Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. The conclusion considers the reframing of sub-national fiscal governance under EMU and economic and financial crisis.
John H. Dunning
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296058
- eISBN:
- 9780191596209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296053.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This introductory chapter seeks to identify the key themes , albeit, in an abbreviated form. In particular, it examines four aspects of the governance of modern states, which need reappraising in the ...
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This introductory chapter seeks to identify the key themes , albeit, in an abbreviated form. In particular, it examines four aspects of the governance of modern states, which need reappraising in the light of the globalization of economic activity. These aspects are as follows: first, the distinction between the systemic and the operational roles of governments; second, the country‐specific factors most likely to affect this role, and especially how these change as countries move along their development paths; third, the kinds of responses of governments to globalization; and, fourth, the appropriate territorial jurisdiction of governments—for example, supra‐national, national, or sub‐national. The last part of the introduction briefly highlights the main features of each of the succeeding chapters.Less
This introductory chapter seeks to identify the key themes , albeit, in an abbreviated form. In particular, it examines four aspects of the governance of modern states, which need reappraising in the light of the globalization of economic activity. These aspects are as follows: first, the distinction between the systemic and the operational roles of governments; second, the country‐specific factors most likely to affect this role, and especially how these change as countries move along their development paths; third, the kinds of responses of governments to globalization; and, fourth, the appropriate territorial jurisdiction of governments—for example, supra‐national, national, or sub‐national. The last part of the introduction briefly highlights the main features of each of the succeeding chapters.
John H. Dunning
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296058
- eISBN:
- 9780191596209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296053.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter has two main tasks. The first is to trace the lineage of academic writings since the time of Adam Smith on the respective roles of markets, hierarchies, inter‐firm alliances, and ...
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This chapter has two main tasks. The first is to trace the lineage of academic writings since the time of Adam Smith on the respective roles of markets, hierarchies, inter‐firm alliances, and governments as modes of organizing economic activity in a capitalist economy, and also to analyse why, and in what ways, economists, political scientists, and organizational theorists have differed in their interpretation of the optimal role of governments. The second is to examine the implications of the internationalization, and more recently, the globalization of economic activity for the governance of resource creation and deployment, and the extent to which national administrations and supra‐national regimes need to modify their agendas and policy prescriptions in the light of the growing mobility of many tangible and intangible assets. The chapter further argues that changing patterns of demand and technological advances—especially as they have impacted on the coordinating and transaction costs of value‐added activity, and on the institutions and cultural infrastructure underpinning such activity —have critically affected the merits of alternative modes of economic organization, and that, over the years, the optimal combination of these modes has undergone a marked change. The four main sections of the chapter examine the main historical thrust of thinking about the economic legitimacy of democratically elected governments over the past 200 years; analyse some of the main justifications for government intervention set out in the literature, and then evaluate these justifications; and lastly, analyse the implications of the spatial widening of value‐added activity, suggesting that such widening, and, in particular, the emergence of the globalizing economy is significantly affecting ’best‐practice’ organizational arrangements for both the creation and the deployment of domestic resources.Less
This chapter has two main tasks. The first is to trace the lineage of academic writings since the time of Adam Smith on the respective roles of markets, hierarchies, inter‐firm alliances, and governments as modes of organizing economic activity in a capitalist economy, and also to analyse why, and in what ways, economists, political scientists, and organizational theorists have differed in their interpretation of the optimal role of governments. The second is to examine the implications of the internationalization, and more recently, the globalization of economic activity for the governance of resource creation and deployment, and the extent to which national administrations and supra‐national regimes need to modify their agendas and policy prescriptions in the light of the growing mobility of many tangible and intangible assets. The chapter further argues that changing patterns of demand and technological advances—especially as they have impacted on the coordinating and transaction costs of value‐added activity, and on the institutions and cultural infrastructure underpinning such activity —have critically affected the merits of alternative modes of economic organization, and that, over the years, the optimal combination of these modes has undergone a marked change. The four main sections of the chapter examine the main historical thrust of thinking about the economic legitimacy of democratically elected governments over the past 200 years; analyse some of the main justifications for government intervention set out in the literature, and then evaluate these justifications; and lastly, analyse the implications of the spatial widening of value‐added activity, suggesting that such widening, and, in particular, the emergence of the globalizing economy is significantly affecting ’best‐practice’ organizational arrangements for both the creation and the deployment of domestic resources.
Mariano Torcal, Eduard Bonet, and Marina Costa Lobo
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199602346
- eISBN:
- 9780191739163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602346.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, Comparative Politics
This chapter analyses Representation. It focuses on people’s evaluations of the EU Parliament and Commission and on the perceived responsiveness of European Union institutions. It is argued that as ...
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This chapter analyses Representation. It focuses on people’s evaluations of the EU Parliament and Commission and on the perceived responsiveness of European Union institutions. It is argued that as citizens become more acquainted with the EU, instrumental motivations acquire greater importance vis à vis affective heuristics in evaluating the mechanisms of political representation in the European Union. The chapter explores the roles that egocentric and socio-tropic evaluations, national political cues and political awareness exert on people’s trust in and perceptions of EU institutions. It concludes that trust and perceptions of institutional responsiveness depend primarily on affective support, instrumental sociotropic support, and evaluations of national institutions. However, the distinctive role that these three attitudes play in increasing or decreasing the level of EU institutional trust is conditioned by a series of macro-structural characteristics, including the quality of national governance, the balance of EU fiscal transfers and the level of EU politicization.Less
This chapter analyses Representation. It focuses on people’s evaluations of the EU Parliament and Commission and on the perceived responsiveness of European Union institutions. It is argued that as citizens become more acquainted with the EU, instrumental motivations acquire greater importance vis à vis affective heuristics in evaluating the mechanisms of political representation in the European Union. The chapter explores the roles that egocentric and socio-tropic evaluations, national political cues and political awareness exert on people’s trust in and perceptions of EU institutions. It concludes that trust and perceptions of institutional responsiveness depend primarily on affective support, instrumental sociotropic support, and evaluations of national institutions. However, the distinctive role that these three attitudes play in increasing or decreasing the level of EU institutional trust is conditioned by a series of macro-structural characteristics, including the quality of national governance, the balance of EU fiscal transfers and the level of EU politicization.
Hendrik Wagenaar, Helga Amesberger, and Sietske Altink
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781447324249
- eISBN:
- 9781447324256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447324249.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter depicts policy formulation as an ‘organised anarchy’ of agenda setting and political decision-making that expresses itself in an ongoing tension between institutionalised political ...
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This chapter depicts policy formulation as an ‘organised anarchy’ of agenda setting and political decision-making that expresses itself in an ongoing tension between institutionalised political rationality and public discourse. The emergence of policy agendas and the introduction of legislation are associated less with a particular identifiable phase of the policy process than with the contingent interactions of policy networks and institutions. This unruly process is strongly influenced by discourse, in both countries the worldwide neo-abolitionist discourse. In the Netherlands national policy swung from the halting legislative decision to decriminalize brothels, back to a national policy of control and containment. Austria’s policy was traditionally aimed at the control of a stigmatised activity, through measures such as compulsory STD checks, unfavorable fiscal measures, and immigration laws that prevent sex workers to have full access to the labour market. In both countries we observed that at the national level the sex trade is shaped as much, or perhaps even more, by laws that are tangential to prostitution (immigration, tax, social security and labour law) as by laws that are specifically directed at it.Less
This chapter depicts policy formulation as an ‘organised anarchy’ of agenda setting and political decision-making that expresses itself in an ongoing tension between institutionalised political rationality and public discourse. The emergence of policy agendas and the introduction of legislation are associated less with a particular identifiable phase of the policy process than with the contingent interactions of policy networks and institutions. This unruly process is strongly influenced by discourse, in both countries the worldwide neo-abolitionist discourse. In the Netherlands national policy swung from the halting legislative decision to decriminalize brothels, back to a national policy of control and containment. Austria’s policy was traditionally aimed at the control of a stigmatised activity, through measures such as compulsory STD checks, unfavorable fiscal measures, and immigration laws that prevent sex workers to have full access to the labour market. In both countries we observed that at the national level the sex trade is shaped as much, or perhaps even more, by laws that are tangential to prostitution (immigration, tax, social security and labour law) as by laws that are specifically directed at it.
Vibert C. Cambridge
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781628460117
- eISBN:
- 9781626746480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628460117.003.0011
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This concluding chapter illustrates how Guyana, in its three eras of governance (matured colonialism, internal self-government, post-colonial era), has faced a range of persistent problems which ...
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This concluding chapter illustrates how Guyana, in its three eras of governance (matured colonialism, internal self-government, post-colonial era), has faced a range of persistent problems which demanded the active engagement of the state. It has been suggested that what was needed was a Napoleon type of leader to resolve these persistent problems. In addition, the musical demands of an active state exerted substantial influence on musical life in the society. This influence came from the state's demand for music's ceremonial, mobilization, propaganda, and strategic-communication roles, including the provision of entertainment through “bread and circuses.” Ultimately, those sectors of society that were excluded from the process of national governance have drawn upon their musical assets to call for accountability, to shine spotlights on corruption and inefficiency, and to express their frustrations and aspirations.Less
This concluding chapter illustrates how Guyana, in its three eras of governance (matured colonialism, internal self-government, post-colonial era), has faced a range of persistent problems which demanded the active engagement of the state. It has been suggested that what was needed was a Napoleon type of leader to resolve these persistent problems. In addition, the musical demands of an active state exerted substantial influence on musical life in the society. This influence came from the state's demand for music's ceremonial, mobilization, propaganda, and strategic-communication roles, including the provision of entertainment through “bread and circuses.” Ultimately, those sectors of society that were excluded from the process of national governance have drawn upon their musical assets to call for accountability, to shine spotlights on corruption and inefficiency, and to express their frustrations and aspirations.
Dirk Bönker
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450402
- eISBN:
- 9780801463884
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450402.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter examines the navalist project as an exercise in social imperialism, relating naval expansion to matters of governance and reform and aiming at the forging of a cohesive nation in the ...
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This chapter examines the navalist project as an exercise in social imperialism, relating naval expansion to matters of governance and reform and aiming at the forging of a cohesive nation in the crucible of world power. In both Germany and the United States, makers of navalism offered social-imperial formulations that related the pursuit of global power and maritime force to matters of national governance, reform, and societal order. Transcending the two navies' pursuit of institutional power, societal resources, and public prominence, these formulations centered on the (re)making of both countries as integral nation-states. This chapter provides an overview of German visions of the state, along with the navy's pursuit of maritime force and global power in relation to the notion of Germany as an industrial nation and the strategy of national integration. It also discusses U.S. articulation of a social–imperialist politics and how navalists linked the pursuit of maritime force and global power to the cause of moral reform and national regeneration that entailed the promise of a newly reinvigorated militant nationalism.Less
This chapter examines the navalist project as an exercise in social imperialism, relating naval expansion to matters of governance and reform and aiming at the forging of a cohesive nation in the crucible of world power. In both Germany and the United States, makers of navalism offered social-imperial formulations that related the pursuit of global power and maritime force to matters of national governance, reform, and societal order. Transcending the two navies' pursuit of institutional power, societal resources, and public prominence, these formulations centered on the (re)making of both countries as integral nation-states. This chapter provides an overview of German visions of the state, along with the navy's pursuit of maritime force and global power in relation to the notion of Germany as an industrial nation and the strategy of national integration. It also discusses U.S. articulation of a social–imperialist politics and how navalists linked the pursuit of maritime force and global power to the cause of moral reform and national regeneration that entailed the promise of a newly reinvigorated militant nationalism.
Vibert C. Cambridge
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781628460117
- eISBN:
- 9781626746480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628460117.003.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This chapter explains this book's contribution to the study of the interactions between the national governance practices and musical communities in the Caribbean. Specifically, it examines these ...
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This chapter explains this book's contribution to the study of the interactions between the national governance practices and musical communities in the Caribbean. Specifically, it examines these interactions in Guyana during the three political eras of its transition from being a British colony to an independent nation state. The term musical communities here refers to discrete musical traditions, instruments, and repertoire found in Guyana's urban, rural, and hinterland regions and reflects the nation's multi-ethnic heritage. To contextualize the phases of twentieth-century governance practices in Guyana, the book outlines some key aspects of the state's political, economic, social, and cultural life. These include the peopling of Guyana; governance of the society, specifically the urban-based ruling elite and the plantocracy; residential patterns and cultural life; and patterns of resistance to the colonial order.Less
This chapter explains this book's contribution to the study of the interactions between the national governance practices and musical communities in the Caribbean. Specifically, it examines these interactions in Guyana during the three political eras of its transition from being a British colony to an independent nation state. The term musical communities here refers to discrete musical traditions, instruments, and repertoire found in Guyana's urban, rural, and hinterland regions and reflects the nation's multi-ethnic heritage. To contextualize the phases of twentieth-century governance practices in Guyana, the book outlines some key aspects of the state's political, economic, social, and cultural life. These include the peopling of Guyana; governance of the society, specifically the urban-based ruling elite and the plantocracy; residential patterns and cultural life; and patterns of resistance to the colonial order.
Ciaran Driver and Grahame Thompson (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- July 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198805274
- eISBN:
- 9780191843402
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198805274.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
This book addresses major modern controversies in corporate governance, clarifying the issues at stake and assessing the arguments for corporate reform. The main focus is on governance of the large ...
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This book addresses major modern controversies in corporate governance, clarifying the issues at stake and assessing the arguments for corporate reform. The main focus is on governance of the large organizations that employ the majority of workforces in developed economies and which account for most of the finance and refinance of the private sector. Shareholder value and shareholder primacy are now under increasing scrutiny having previously been positioned as natural precepts of governance. The book joins that debate with a critique and also with suggestions for company reform that allow for plurality within jurisdictions: the trust firm, industrial foundations, social enterprises, the ‘benefit corporation’, restricted voting rights, employee representation etc. The book addresses several sets of controversies in corporate governance. Part 1 places the corporate form within the context of legal constitution and governmental regulation. The second set of chapters considers corporate governance systems and their role in innovation and adaptation. The chapters in part 3 discuss labour relations and worker involvement in the governance of companies. Part 4 widens the focus to consider effects external to the firm—on consumer interests and the environment. What these issues point to is that the modern corporation is not only an economic institution but also a cultural and political one, reflecting the firm’s role in civil society The overall theme is that the corporate governance agenda has been on the wrong track and needs to be fundamentally reset.Less
This book addresses major modern controversies in corporate governance, clarifying the issues at stake and assessing the arguments for corporate reform. The main focus is on governance of the large organizations that employ the majority of workforces in developed economies and which account for most of the finance and refinance of the private sector. Shareholder value and shareholder primacy are now under increasing scrutiny having previously been positioned as natural precepts of governance. The book joins that debate with a critique and also with suggestions for company reform that allow for plurality within jurisdictions: the trust firm, industrial foundations, social enterprises, the ‘benefit corporation’, restricted voting rights, employee representation etc. The book addresses several sets of controversies in corporate governance. Part 1 places the corporate form within the context of legal constitution and governmental regulation. The second set of chapters considers corporate governance systems and their role in innovation and adaptation. The chapters in part 3 discuss labour relations and worker involvement in the governance of companies. Part 4 widens the focus to consider effects external to the firm—on consumer interests and the environment. What these issues point to is that the modern corporation is not only an economic institution but also a cultural and political one, reflecting the firm’s role in civil society The overall theme is that the corporate governance agenda has been on the wrong track and needs to be fundamentally reset.
Ursula Daxecker and Brandon Prins
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- February 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780190097394
- eISBN:
- 9780190097424
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190097394.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter first describes geographic and temporal trends in the frequency of attacks in Nigeria and Somalia. It then reviews the development of piracy in both countries, paying particular ...
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This chapter first describes geographic and temporal trends in the frequency of attacks in Nigeria and Somalia. It then reviews the development of piracy in both countries, paying particular attention to local governance capacity. Similarly to the analyses of Indonesia in Chapter 6, this chapter notes a clear curvilinear association between nighttime light emissions and sophisticated pirate attacks against steaming ships on the open water. The findings are stronger in Nigeria than in Somalia, but this is to be expected given low variance in local capacity across the Somali state. Significantly, the empirical evidence presented on Nigeria and Somalia supports the findings from Chapter 6. Pirates locate in spaces characterized by intermediate state capacity, places with some infrastructural development and elites who can be bribed to look the other way. The evidence presented in this chapter shows considerably less piracy in areas with very weak or very strong governance.Less
This chapter first describes geographic and temporal trends in the frequency of attacks in Nigeria and Somalia. It then reviews the development of piracy in both countries, paying particular attention to local governance capacity. Similarly to the analyses of Indonesia in Chapter 6, this chapter notes a clear curvilinear association between nighttime light emissions and sophisticated pirate attacks against steaming ships on the open water. The findings are stronger in Nigeria than in Somalia, but this is to be expected given low variance in local capacity across the Somali state. Significantly, the empirical evidence presented on Nigeria and Somalia supports the findings from Chapter 6. Pirates locate in spaces characterized by intermediate state capacity, places with some infrastructural development and elites who can be bribed to look the other way. The evidence presented in this chapter shows considerably less piracy in areas with very weak or very strong governance.
Bruce Kogut
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017275
- eISBN:
- 9780262301572
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017275.003.0253
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter discusses the importance of comparing national governance systems. It explains that comparative structural analysis of macroinstitutions has a difficult time in determining why countries ...
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This chapter discusses the importance of comparing national governance systems. It explains that comparative structural analysis of macroinstitutions has a difficult time in determining why countries do not just converge into one system because institutions are rooted in norms and social rules. It highlights the need to develop models based on micro-to-macro generative social science and highlights the slow emergence of a transnational global order whose structure is the product of the wide variety of social rules found across countries.Less
This chapter discusses the importance of comparing national governance systems. It explains that comparative structural analysis of macroinstitutions has a difficult time in determining why countries do not just converge into one system because institutions are rooted in norms and social rules. It highlights the need to develop models based on micro-to-macro generative social science and highlights the slow emergence of a transnational global order whose structure is the product of the wide variety of social rules found across countries.
Peter Squires
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861347305
- eISBN:
- 9781447301950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861347305.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter observes that the emergence of a substantive concern with what became known as ‘community safety’ policy marked a significant shift in forms of local and national governance. It notes ...
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This chapter observes that the emergence of a substantive concern with what became known as ‘community safety’ policy marked a significant shift in forms of local and national governance. It notes that this shift had far-reaching implications for local authorities, for crime and disorder management, for the politics of community, for social policy, and for the variety of agencies (the police, local authorities, probation, Drug Action Teams, witness support services, and so on) that following the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act, came to form the Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnership (CDRPs), charged with the responsibility of delivering local crime and disorder reduction strategy.Less
This chapter observes that the emergence of a substantive concern with what became known as ‘community safety’ policy marked a significant shift in forms of local and national governance. It notes that this shift had far-reaching implications for local authorities, for crime and disorder management, for the politics of community, for social policy, and for the variety of agencies (the police, local authorities, probation, Drug Action Teams, witness support services, and so on) that following the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act, came to form the Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnership (CDRPs), charged with the responsibility of delivering local crime and disorder reduction strategy.
George Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- April 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198836544
- eISBN:
- 9780191873737
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198836544.003.0017
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter examines why Yemen’s constitutional transition during the period 2011–15 failed. In 2011 a popular uprising forced Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh to resign. Neighboring Arab ...
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This chapter examines why Yemen’s constitutional transition during the period 2011–15 failed. In 2011 a popular uprising forced Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh to resign. Neighboring Arab countries soon got involved in steering the constitutional process, which included a National Dialogue to address the design of a new constitution. The dialogue recommended a new federal regime, but failed to resolve the critical issue of the number and boundaries of states. The document presented in January 2015 by the Constitutional Drafting Committee tasked to draft a new constitution was deeply flawed and became the trigger for civil war. The chapter first considers the context leading up to the National Dialogue before discussing the outcomes of the constitutional process and three lessons that can be drawn from it: the role and design of sub-national governance arrangements; political legitimacy and process in a constitutional transition; and a more integrated approach to transitions.Less
This chapter examines why Yemen’s constitutional transition during the period 2011–15 failed. In 2011 a popular uprising forced Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh to resign. Neighboring Arab countries soon got involved in steering the constitutional process, which included a National Dialogue to address the design of a new constitution. The dialogue recommended a new federal regime, but failed to resolve the critical issue of the number and boundaries of states. The document presented in January 2015 by the Constitutional Drafting Committee tasked to draft a new constitution was deeply flawed and became the trigger for civil war. The chapter first considers the context leading up to the National Dialogue before discussing the outcomes of the constitutional process and three lessons that can be drawn from it: the role and design of sub-national governance arrangements; political legitimacy and process in a constitutional transition; and a more integrated approach to transitions.